Evaluation of turmeric accessions for quality

One hundred and eighty four accessions ofCurcuma were analysed for curing percentage (dry recovery), essential oil, oleoresin and curcumin contents. Curing percentage varied from 13.5 to 32.4. The cultivar Konni had the maximum percentage of oleoresin (19.2). The volatile oil content was more inC. aromatica than inC. domestica. Curcumin content varied from 2.3% in cultivar Hahim to 10.9% in cultivar Edapalayam. However, curcumin content was comparatively lower in six exotic types as well as in 14 related species. The importance of quality aspects with respect to breeding is discussed.Contribution No. 493 of Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod-670 124, Kerala, India.     

Effect of alkaline treatment (‘akanwu’) and supplementary value of corn or crayfish on the protein quality of breadfruit (Treculia Africana)

The effect of treatment and supplementary value of corn (C) or crayfish (CR) on the protein quality of breadfruit (Treculia Africana) flours were studied in eighteen young rats. The 7030 or 701515 (Protein basis) combinations of breadfruit flours and corn or crayfish or both provided 1.6g N/100 g diet for the 35 day study. The addition of akanwu to the cooking water reduced cooking time and crude protein and saved fuel. The addition of akanwu and replacement of CR with C was not beneficial as judged by the parameters tested except for the wt. gain and PER. On the other hand, when crayfish was the only source of supplementary protein (30%) to breadfruit cooked without akanwu there were increases in all parameters tested over those with added akanwu except for the N intake, wt. gain, and PER.These results appear to suggest that addition of akanwu to TA was detrimental to its protein utilization and that TA appears to be an economic source of N in areas where it is a staple. Based on the results of this study, one would suggest that the use of akanwu as a tenderizer should be seriously looked into before further use.     

A study to determine an equation of enveloping curve for regional flood peaks by maximum rainfall data

In this paper, Creagers equation and Groups equation are algebraically examined to determine an equation of an enveloping curve for regional flood peaks from the viewpoint of the curve profile. The applicability of a small drainage area with little observed data on flood peak discharge was examined in comparison to specific flood peak discharge calculated by a rational formula using data of maximum rainfall. In the algebraical consideration, the Creagers equation had an extreme value at a drainage area A=1.0 km², and the specific flood peak discharge became a maximum. Flood peak discharge calculated by Groups equation had an extreme value at a drainage area A=6,568 km², and it became a maximum. Except for Hokkaido, in catchment areas not exceeding 1,178 km², Groups curve q _K was closer to the curve q _DAD of specific flood discharge than Creagers curve qc. From the above research results, the Groups equation is applicability better than the Creagers equation, as the drainage area A is 1,178 km² or less.     

Influence of grain quality,heat, and processing time on the reduction of aflatoxin B1 levels in ‘tuwo’ and ‘ogi’: Two cereal-based products

During the production of tuwo from laboratory-contaminated corn (AFB₁:150 mcg/kg) and sorghum (AFB₁:87.5 mcg/kg) grains, reductions in the aflatoxin-B₁ levels of pastes boiled for 30 min and 60 min were found to be 68.0% and 80.8%, respectively. In the preparation of ogi from contaminated corn and sorghum grains, reductions of about 72.5% and 71.4%, respectively, were obtained after fermentation at ambient conditions. Reconstitution of ogi paste into a porridge (akamu) considerably reduced the AFB level.     

Fluorodensitometric estimation of cucurbitacin-C in leaves ofCucumis sativus L.

A quantitative method for the determination of cucurbitacin-C inCucumis sativus L. is presented. Crude chloroform extracts of the leaves were subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC). After treatment with antimony trichloride and heating, the fluorescence of the spots was measured with a flying spot densitometer.     

Reversed phase HPLC analysis of α- and β-carotene from selected raw and cooked vegetables

Traditional AOAC colorimetric procedures for carotenoid analysis are known to lack specificity and accuracy. Newer HPLC methods provide the investigator with a more precise tool for carotenoid quantification in foods and tissues. In the present studies, reverse phase HPLC was utilized to evaluate the - and -carotene content in raw and cooked leaves of lettuce, spinach and winged bean as well as in the carrot root. The vegetables were boiled or steamed and the true retention of - and -carotene in the cooked products was determined. Boiling for 30 minutes resulted in a 53 and 40% loss of -carotene from lettuce and carrots, respectively. Full retention or even an increase in -carotene content in boiled winged bean leaves and spinach was noted. Steaming resulted in very good retention of - and - carotene in all vegetables (83–139% retention). Thus, although cooking procedures (especially boiling) may result in oxidative loss of carotenoids in some vegetables, heat treatment increases the chemical extractability of - and -carotene in others. The presence of carotenoproteins in some vegetables may effect the heat stability of extractability of - and - carotene.     

Effect of traditional open sun-drying and solar cabinet drying on carotene content and vitamin A activity of green leafy vegetables

Dried green leafy vegetables constitute a major dietary source of provitamin A carotenoids for people living in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. In the present study, eight vegetable varieties commonly consumed in these areas were either traditionally sun-dried or solar-dried, and the amount of provitamin A carotenoids were determined by HPLC. In the fresh blanched leaves, the contents of -carotene, -carotene, 9-cis--carotene and 13-cis--carotene were in the range of 526–917, 12–39, 80–136 and 16–40 g/g dry matter/basis; dmb, respectively. The average amounts of all-trans--carotene in the leaves after blanching, solar drying and open sun-drying were 662, 502 and 353 g/g dmb, respectively, all significantly different from each other (p <0.001). The average amounts of all-trans--carotene were 21, 15 and 8 g/g dmb (p <0.05) and of 9-cis--carotene 101, 82 and 63 g/g dmb (p <0.05) in the blanched, solar-dried and open sun-dried samples, respectively. Estimation of the amount of retinol equivalents provided by the dried vegetables for preparation of an edible portion of 100 g relish showed that solar-dried vegetables contributed more (between 120–275%) than the recommended level of vitamin A, and on average 43% more retinol equivalents than relishes of open sun-dried vegetables.Thus, it is concluded that the amount of provitamin A-carotenes in traditionally treated vegetables were highly reduced by open sun-drying while solar drying resulted in significantly more retention of the carotenes. All-trans--carotene and 9-cis--carotene were similarly affected as all-trans--carotene by the two drying methods. Consumption of a 100 g portion of solar-dried vegetable relish could provide the recommended daily intake of vitamin A.     

Über die Einwirkung einiger Ätherischer Öle auf höhere Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen phytodynamischer Eigenschaften ätherischer Öle sind Versuche über Wirkung von AetheroleumLavandulae, Menthae, Rosmarini, Salviae undThymi auf das Auskeimen eingeweichter und trockener Achänen des Salats(Lactuca sativa L.), sowie auf das Wachstum der Keimlinge dieser Achänen, durchgeführt worden. Ätherische Öle wurden in gelöstem oder dampfförmigem Zustand (Atmosphäre) angewendet.Festgestellt wurde, daß Atmosphäre oder Lösung schwächerer Konzentration der angewendeten ätherischen Öle fast nie inhibitorisch auf das Auskeimen der eingeweichten Achänen wirkt, aber, daß eine solche Wirkung auf trockene Achänen sehr ausgeprägt ist. Lösungen ätherischer Öle wirken schwächer als ihre Atmosphären. Atmosphären und Lösungen aller angewendeten ätherischen Öle zeigen weder eine Regelmäßigkeit in ihrer Wirkung auf das Auskeimen der Achänen, noch können Gruppen ätherischer Öle hervorgehoben werden, welche ständig ähnlich wirken.Das Wachstum der Keimlinge ist gehemmt durch die Wirkung der Lösung ätherischer Öle, bedeutender in Fällen, in denen das Auskeimen der Achänen schwächer ist. Das Längenwachstum der Keimlinge ist immer im größeren Maße als das Auskeimen gehemmt.Die inhibitorische Wirkung auf beide beobachteten Prozesse ist proportional der Konzentration der Atmosphäre oder Lösung.

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Summary In the course of examinations on phytodynamic properties of volatile oils, assays with respect to the effect of Aetherol.Lavandulae, Menthae, Rosmarini, Salviae andThymi on germination of moistened and of dry lettuce achenes(Lactuca sativa L.), as well as on growth of the germ sprouted from these achenes have been carried out. The volatile oils were applied either in form of solution or as vapour (atmosphere).It has been stated that atmospheres as well as solutions of lower concentrations of the applied volatile oils hardly ever act inhibitory on germination of moistened achenes, whilst on dry achenes it proved to be rather considerable. The effect of solutions, on germination of achenes, is less raised than that of atmospheres of volatile oils.Neither do atmospheres as well as solutions of all the applied volatile oils constantly show a certain regularity in effect on germination of achenes nor could any volatile oil group of a similarly constant effect be stated.The longitudinal growth of germs is inhibited by the effect of volatile oil solutions, however, it is stronger when a slower germination of achenes is in question. The longitudinal growth is more inhibited than the process of germination.The inhibitory effect on both processes is proportional to the concentration of the atmosphere or of the solution.

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Zakljuak U okviru ispitivanja fitodinamskog svojstva eterskih ulja vreni su pokusi djelovanja Aetheroleum Lavandulae, Menthae, Rosmarini, Salviae i Thymi na klijanje kvaenih i suhih roki salate(Lactuca sativa L.), te na rast klica razvitih iz tih roki. Eterska ulja su primijenjena u obliku otopine ili hlapljevine (atmosfere).Utvrdjeno je da atmosfere ili otopine slabijih koncentracija eterskih ulja gotovo nikad ne djeluju inhibitorno na isklijavanje kvaenih roki, dok je takvodjelovanje na suhe roke vrlo znatno. Na isklijavanje slabije djeluju otopine od atmosfera eterskih ulja. Atmosfere i otopine svih primijenjenih eterskih ulja niti stalno pokazuju neku pravilnost u djelovanju na isklijavanje roki niti se mogu uturditigrupe eterskih ulja koje bi se stalno odlikovale slinim djelovanjem.Duinski rast klica je koen djelovanjem otopina eterskih ulja, a znatniji je u sluojevima u kojima je isklijavanje roki brojnije. Duinski rast sam je u veoj mjeri koen od isklijavanja.Inhibitorno je djelovanje u oba promatrana procesa proporcionalno s koncentracijom atmosfere ili otopine.

     

Traditional production and chemical composition ofNdaleyi,a Nigerian fermented pearl millet food

Ndaleyi, a fermented, sun dried agglomerated powder produced from pearl millet or sorghum is one of the most popular foods consumed in Nigeria, mostly by the Kanuri people of Borno State. Its traditional production is described. The mean yields ofndaleyi (mainly starch),chir (millet gluten) and bran (overtail orbina) were 30.6, 22.5 and 21.5%, recpectively. A mean yield loss of 20% was observed. Chemical analysis revealed thatchir and bran have higher protein, fat and ash contents thanndaleyi. The titratable acidities (as percent lactic acid) ofndaleyi andchir were 0.9 and 0.3, while their pH values were 3.3 and 3.5, respectively.     

Protein quality and digestibility of new high-lysine barley varieties in growing rats

Four new high-lysine barley mutants, the variety Lysimax, with the high-lysine genelys3a and the mutants mother variety Sultan were grown in a field trial in 1993 at Risø, Denmark. Mutants 609, 1242, 1385 and 1405 yielded in the range of 89 to 98 percent and cv Lysimax yielded 102 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). One-thousand kernel weights for the mutants were in the range of 87 to 97 percent and cv Lysimax 83 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). Protein contents of the mutants were slightly higher, in the range of 13.2 to 13.6 percent, than of cv Sultan (13.1 percent) and Lysimax which had a protein content of 12.6 percent. Fat content was higher in Lysimax and in the mutants except for mutant 1385 than in cv Sultan while dietary fibre contents of the barleys were similar. The levels of -glucans and starch were usually lower in Lysimax and in the mutants. The highest lysine levels: 4.6, 4.0 and 3.7 g/16 g N occurred in cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 3.3, 3.3 and 3.2 for cv Sultan and mutants 1242 and 1385, respectively. Mutants 609 and 1405 and cv Lysimax also had higher levels of threonine, histidine and valine. The increased lysine contents resulted in large, at most 20 percent, increases in biological value; 88.8, 81.7 and 78.3 percent for cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 74.2 percent for cv Sultan. True protein digestibilities and energy digestibilities were slightly lower in Lysimax than in Sultan, 5.3 and 4.3 percentage units, respectively. It is concluded that the development of high-lysine barley varieties is very beneficial for meeting the requirements of indispensable amino acids for humans and monogastric animals. In addition, nitrogen excretion into the environment is drastically reduced due to the higher biological values of the mutants.     

Production,nutritional profiles and storability of ‘aadun’ and ‘kokoro’: Two corn products

Aadun and kokoro were produced from maize grains by processes involving roasting, kneading, spicing, and frying. Aadun with a moisture content (MC) of 12.5%, pH 5.3 had the following composition: crude protein, 7.49%; fat, 28.5%; total carbohydrate, 60.0%; ash, 3.0% and energy value, 3,600 kcal/kg whilst kokoro with a MC of 16% and pH 5.1 had, respectively: 6.42%; 22.9%; 66.6%; 2.84% and 3,550 kcal/kg. Whilst aadun and kokoro stored under ambient conditions (28±2°C; 75–80% RH) became mouldy within 7 days, samples treated with 1% butyl paraben did not develop off-colour and mouldiness.     

Microbiological evaluation of tofu and tempeh during processing and storage

Tofu samples consisting of Fresh Tofu, Herb Tofu, Tofu Paste, Fried Tofu, Tofu Burger, Smoked Tofu and different types of herbs used for making Herb Tofu were analysed for their microbiological load. Tempeh samples consisted of cook water, inoculated beans and fresh tempeh. Fresh Tofu and Herb Tofu had high bacterial counts (10⁵ cfu/g). Tofu Burger and Smoked Tofu had counts around 10⁴ cfu/g. Tofu Paste and Fried Tofu had low counts (<10² cfu/g). Cutting board, knife and frequent hand contact with product were the major sources of contamination for tofu. Herbs used for making Herb Tofu were highly contaminated (>10⁵ cfu/g). Cook water and cooked beans for tempeh production had lower counts (10⁴ cfu/g). Initial count of fresh tempeh was high (about 10⁸ cfu/g). Most products had counts of >10⁶ cfu/g after 7 days of cold storage. The microbiological quality of the product may improve if producers avoid unnecessary contamination during processing.     

Die Qualität der Getreideproteine aus der Sicht des Pflanzenzüchters

Zusammenfassung Physikalisch-chemische Methoden zur Fraktionierung von Samenproteinen sowie andere indirekte Methoden zur Erfassung der Proteinqualität, wie z.B. des DBC-(Dye-Binding-Capacity) Verfahren, korrelieren in der Regel recht gut mit dem Gehalt bestimmter Aminosäuren im Protein von Cerealien. Da die direkten Bestimmungsverfahren von Aminosäuren in Hydrolysaten aber häufig genauer, leichter zu standardisieren und vor allem auch auf alle Getreidearten universell anwendbar sind, wurden sehr leistungsfähige Mikromethoden zur gleichzeitigen direkten Bestimmung desa-Aminostickstoff-und des Lysingehaltes in Salzsäurehydrolysaten entwickelt.Es wird gezeigt, daß der Lysingehalt des gesamten Gerstensamenproteins zu über 90% von den Proteinkomponenten des triploiden Endosperms abhängt. Diese Tatsache in Verbindung mit den entwickelten Mikromethoden ermöglichen es dem Pflanzenzüchter, die Selektion von lysinreichen Genotypen an einzelnen Samen vorzunehmen. Dazu wird eine Endospermscheibe von etwa 1 mm Dicke analysiert und — sofern gewünscht — der Restsamen mit dem Embryo zu einer Pflanze aufgezogen. Bei diesem als Halbkorntechnik bezeichnetem Verfahren, geht keine genetische Information verloren. Es ermöglicht dem Züchter die Selektion bereits an F₂-Samen (Samen von F₁-Pflanzen) anstatt an F₃-Samen (Samen von F₂-Pflanzen) vorzunehmen. Mögliche Rückkreuzungsprogramme erfordern weniger Zeit. Auch die Zuchtkontrolle und die Erhaltungszucht wird wesentlich erleichtert.

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The quality of cereal proteins from the plantbreeder's viewpoint

In order to get information about the most valuable proteins of cereal seeds, methods for separating their proteins have been developed all over the world. After trying to adapt these methods for a plantbreeding programme and finding them unsuitable, new micromethods for the determination of lysine and totala-amino nitrogen in hydrolysates were worked out. These micromethods proved to be accurate, extremely sensitive, and suited for routine determinations.The authors show that the amino acid composition of the whole barley seed is to more than 90% dependent upon the protein components of the triploid endosperm. Consequentely the selection for protein quality e.g. lysine content of the protein can be carried out on endosperm slices of 1 mm thickness (10 mg). This so called half-seed-technique enables the plantbreeder to cultivate the embryo from the remaining part of the seed. Thus no genetic information is lost and the selection can be carried out on seeds of F₁-plants (F₂-seeds) instead of F₂—plants. Models of backcross programmes are discussed taking advantage of the new analytical methods and the half seed technique.

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Vortrag gehalten anläßlich der gemeinsamen Tagung der Confoederatio internationalis ad qualitates plantarum edulium perquirendas (CIQ) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung e.V. (DGQ) vom 4. bis 7. Oktober 1972 in Berlin-West.     

Nutrient and nutritional evaluation of sinasin prepared in two ways

Two types of sinasin, a rice-based fermented kanuri flat bread, were prepared and evaluated for their nutrient content and nutritional qualities. The preparation of the sinasin entailed using traditional and developed methods. The nutritional qualities of the products were evaluated in Wistar-strain albino rats using the Food Efficiency Ratio (FER), and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) methods. There was a higher protein content (11.11 percent) in the traditional sinasin than in the developed sinasin (9.93 percent). However, a one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in FER, but a significantly different mean PER (p<0.01) of 1.3 and 1.5 for the traditional and developed sinasin respectively. The two methods of preparation of the sinasin, their nutrient composition and nutritional qualities are described in this paper.     

Neue Gemüsesorten für den Qualitätsanbau für die Verarbeitung

Zusammenfassung Bei einigen für die verarbeitende Industrie wichtigen Arten und zwar bei Buschbohnen, Erbsen, Spinat, Möhren, Freilandgurken, Rote Rüben, Knollensellerie und Puffbohnen werden die in den letzten Jahren neu auf dem Markt erschienenen Sorten besprochen, soweit sie sich für den vorgenannten Zweck eignen. Unter dem Begriff Qualität werden die von Schuphan definierten Begriffe äußere Beschaffenheit, Gebrauchswert und Biologischer Wert verstanden. Auf Wunsch wird der Krankheitsresistenz ganz besondere Beachtung geschenkt und die gegen die wichtigsten Krankheiten resistenten Sorten bei der jeweiligen Art werden entsprechend hervorgehoben. So werden die gegen Colletotrichum lind. sowie gegen Virus 1 resistenten Sorten bei Buschbohnen, die gegen falschen Mehltau widerstandsfähigen Spinatsorten und bei Freilandgurken, die gegen Krätze und Mosaik toleranten sowie bitterstoffreien Sorten vorgestellt. Bei Erbsen werden die für die Gefrier- und Naßkonservierung geeigneten Sorten, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Korngröße (Sortierung) und Kornfärbung herausgestellt. Ähnliches gilt für die Puffbohne. Bei Möhren wird vor allem der Carotingehalt der neuen Sorten dem der alten gegenübergestellt, während bei Sellerie die weißkochenden oder die bezüglich der Knollenform und bei Rote Rüben, die hinsichtlich der intensiven Fleischfärbung und der Rübenform verbesserten Sorten besprochen werden.

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New vegetable varieties for technological preservation

New varieties of French beans, peas, broad beans, cucumbers, spinach, carrots, celery and red beets for preservation are discussed.The term quality implies shape, agricultural value and biological value of a variety as defined by Schuphan. Special attention has been given to the varieties' resistance to disease. Mentioned are varieties of French beans resistant toColletotrichum lind. and common bean mosaic, pea varieties resistant toFusarium oxysp., cucumber varieties resistant toCladosporium cucum. and mosaic and free of bitter matter, and spinach varieties resistant toPeronospora spin.Characteristics of new pea and broad bean varieties suitabele for canning and freezing are discussed with regard to size and colour of grains. The carotin content of new carrot varieties is compared with that of standard varieties. Further, new celery and beet varieties with superior shape and improved colouring of roots are discussed.

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Resume Parmi les légumes servant de matière première aux industries de mise en conserve, beaucoup ont fait récemment l'objet de sélections nouvelles, conduisant à l'introduction sur le marché de variétés améliorées: haricots verts, pois, épinards, carottes, cornichons de pleine terre, betteraves rouges, céleris-raves, fèves; nous décrirons ces variétés, dans la mesure de leur aptitude à la conserverie. La qualité que nous envisagons est celle définie par Schuphan; portant sur les critères de conformation d'aptitude à l'utilisation, et de valeur nutritionelle. Une attention particulière est consacrée, sur demande, à la résistance aux maladies; dans chaque genre, nous décrivons les cultivars résistants.Ainsi, nous décrivons les variétés de haricots verts résistant à l'anthracnose, au virus 1, les variétés d'épinards résistant au faux mildiou, les variétés de cornichons de pleine terre tolérantes auCladosporium cucumerinum et à la Mosaique, et qui soient dépourvues d'amertume. Nous décrivons les variétés de Pois aptes à la congélation ou à la conservation en boite, par la taillé et la couleur de la graine; nous en faisons autant pour les fèves. Les nouvelles variétés de Carottes se distinguent par leur taux de caroténoides; les nouvelles variétés de céleris restent blanches à la cuisson, et ont une forme plus commodes. Les betteraves-rouges nouvelles sont plus colorées, et de formes plus pratiques.

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Vortrag gehalten am 20. April 1971 in Geisenheim/Rhg. anläßlich der Vortragstagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) (DGQ) e.V.     

Effects of malting on the milling performance and acceptability of bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea Thouars) seeds and products

Germinated bambara groundnut was dried by three methods – oven-drying at 50 °C, in a solar drier at 38–42 °C, and sun drying at 28 ± 2 °C. The samples were milled into flour, and made into okpa, a steamed gel. Flour yield increased only in oven-dried malts. The quality of the okpa based on appearance and taste decreased with malting time; solar drying resulted in the poorest product because of its dark color.     

Der Zucker-, Eiweiß- und Vitamingehalt des Beerenzapfensaftes von Juniperus drupacea Labill. („Andiz Pekmezi“)

Zusammenfassung Das von den anatolischen Bergbauern aus den Beerenzapfen vonJuniperus drupacea bereitete Mus (Andiz Pekmezi) enthält außer beträchtlichen Mengen an Zucker (hauptsächlich Glucose, Fructose und Saccharose) und einem ansehnlichen Eiweißgehalt beachtliche Konzentrationen an wasserlöslichen Vitaminen.Besonders hoch ist der (relative) Gehalt an Vitamin B₁, Vitamin C, Nikotinsäure und meso-Inosit, mittel an Vitamin B₂, Pantothensäure und Vitamin B₆, gering an Biotin und vor allem an Folsäure.Insgesamt ist das Andiz Pekmezi hinsichtlich seines Vitamingehaltes den vitaminreichsten Pflanzensäften vergleichbar.

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The jam, which is prepared from the strobiles ofJuniperus drupacea by the farmers in the mountains of Anatolia was analyzed. Besides considerable amounts of sugars (mainly glucose, fructose and sucrose) and protein it contains valuable concentrations of water soluble vitamins.Very high is the (relative) amount of thiamine, ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid and inositol, considerable the one of riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B₆, low of biotin and folic acid.All together, the vitamine content of Andiz pekmezi is comparable with that of the plant saps most rich in vitamins.

     

Nutrient and antinutrient composition of three varieties ofPiper species

The proximate composition of three varieties ofPiper guineense (Odusa — Ibibio/Efik) viz. Uyat Odusa (cultivated and peppery), Eting-keni Ikot (wild forest variety) and Eting-keni mben inyang (wild, riverine variety), were determined using available standard methods. Also determined were mineral, antinutrient and ascorbate levels. The cultivated pepperic variety had the highest content of crude protein and moisture (18.9% and 97% respectively) while the wild, riverine variety had the highest content of ether extract, carbohydrate and calories (7.79%, 63.38% and 398 cals respectively). The cultivated variety had appreciable amounts of phosphorus (1.12 mg/100 g), potassium (1.2 mg/100 g), sodium (0.24 mg/100 g), zinc (0.18 mg/100 g), and copper (0.18 mg/100 g) while the forest variety contained more of calcium (12.38 mg/100 g), magnesium (1.21 mg/100 g) and iron (0.85 mg/100 g). The wild riverine variety appeared to have the least mineral content but had the highest ascorbate level of 173.4 mg/100 g. Of four antinutrients assayed, the cultivated pepperic one had the least quantities while the forest variety was highest in hydrocyanic acid (85.8 mg/100 g) and glucosinolates (0.20 mg/100 g). The wild riverine variety had the highest level of total oxalate (165.0 mg/100 g). These quantities are however far below documented toxic levels.     

Verbreitung des Wissens über die ‘innere’ Qualität von Gemüse und Obst in der Öffentlichkeit

Zusammenfassung Anhand praktischer Beispiele werden qualitätsrelevante Problemkreise vorgestellt und eingehend diskutiert, so Erzeugerberatung — Weg der Ware vom Erzeuger zum Verbraucher — Äußere Beschaffenheit — Innerer Wert — Präsentation der Verkaufsware — Erhaltung der Frische — Berücksichtigung ernährungsphysiologischer Kriterien. Es wird ein Publikationsmodell — bereits 1950 entwickelt — vorgeschlagen, das weite Kreise der Züchter, der Erzeuger, der Fabrikanten, des Handels und der interessierten Verbraucherschaft sowohl ansprechen als auch das Verständnis der einzelnen Gruppen untereinander wecken könnte.Denn letztlich sollte es doch im Bermühen des Erzeugers, des Transporteurs, des Handels, des Verarbeiters von Obst und Gemüse in erster Linie darum gehen, das Wohlergehen, die Gesunderhaltung des Verbrauchers im Auge zu haben. Das wäre jedenfalls die Vorstellung und Erwartung der ernährungsphysiologisch und ernährungs-hygienisch ausgerichteten Qualitätsforscher.

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Public extension about the inner Quality of Vegetables and Fruit

As usually practized in vegetable and fruit cultivation problems relevant to the inner quality are presented and discussed, e.g. Information of consumers, Shipping products from producer to consumer, External Quality — inner Quality — Offering of products — Conserving of freshness — Regarding the nutritional value.In order to evaluate these problems a close co-operation of breeders, producers, manufacturers, dealers and the interested consumers seem to be necessary. This is possible through a model and system of information, similar to the so-called AZA which were first published in 1950.

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Referat, gehalten auf der Sitzung der neukonstituierten Kommission Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der DGQ am 1.10.1976 in Geisenheim/Rhein.     

Zur Chemotaxonomie der Möhre (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.))

Zusammenfassung Gute Bekömmlichkeit, hohe Gehalte an dem Provitamin A Carotin sowie eine gute therapeutische Wirkung bei der gefürchteten Säuglings-Enteritis machen die Möhre zum wichtigsten Gemüse in der Säuglings- und Kleinkinder-Ernährung.Entwicklungsphysiologische Untersuchungen gaben Aufschluß über die Bildung der ätherischen Öle in Speicherwurzeln von 2 Möhrensorten in Verbindung mit anderen wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen. In einer Vegetationszeit von fast vier Monaten entwickelten sich die Möhren vom Fadentyp über Bündelmöhre zur verkaufsfähigen Möhre ohne Kraut und zur überständigen Ware. Der Gehalt an ätherischen Öl nahm mit zunehmender Wurzelentwicklung stark ab, der Carotingehalt dagegen stark zu. Ein ähnliches antagonistisches Verhalten zeigten die Mono- und Disaccharide.5 jährige Untersuchungen der ätherischen Öle und ihrer Bestandteile von 8 verschiedenen Sorten und Herkünften von Spätmöhren des gleichen Standorts (Geisenheim/Rheingau) gestatteten statistische Auswertungen über signifikante Abhängigkeit von genetischen und ökologischen Faktoren.Von den 13 identifizierten Bestandteilen des ätherischen Möhrenöls ließen 5 (-Pinen, Camphen, Myrcen, -Phellandren und Bisabolen) weder einen gerichteten bzw. statitistisch gesicherten Einfluß der Sorte, noch einen solchen der Witterung des Vegetationsjahres erkennen.Von den übrigen 8 Komponenten konnten 3 (Sabinen, l-Limonen und Caryophyllen) sowohl in genetischer Hinsicht über die jeweilige Sorte als auch ökologisch über die Witterung während der Vegetationsjahre beeinflußt werden. 2 Bestandteile des ätherischen Möhrenöls (-Pinen und -Terpinen) erwiesen sich als nur sortenabhängig, während 3 (-Terpinen, p-Cymol und Terpinolen) nur auf Witterungseinflüsse in den verschiedenen Jahren reagierten.Die wohlschmeckende Herkunft IV der Sorte Lange rote stumpfe ohne Herz mit relativ hohem Carotingehalt hatte gesicherte Befunde über besonders hohe l-Limonen- und -Pinengehalte, aber sehr geringe Sabinen- und Caryophyllengehalte. -Pinen hatte in einer unserer früheren Untersuchungen gegen häufige Erreger der Säuglingsenteritis (Escherichia coli Stamm 0127 :B 8 undStaphylococcus aureus) die weitaus beste bakterizide und bakteriostatische Wirkung aller damals identifizierten Bestandteile des ätherischen Möhrenöls erbracht. Die bakteriostatische Wirkung erwies sich bei l-Limonen als genau so stark gegen E. coli wie bei -Pinen. Nur gegenStaphylococcus aureus war -Pinen wirksamer als l-Limonen.Auf Grund dieser und weiterer, hier nicht genannter Ergebnisse werden Möglichkeiten zur Züchtung wertstoffreicher Diätmöhren erörtert. In diesem Zusammenhang steht auch generell die biochemische Qualitätsbeurteilung im Vergleich zu der der Handelsklassen und EWG-Qualitätsnormen zur Diskussion. Auf die Doppelrolle des ätherischen Möhrenöls einerseits als erwünschtes Diäteticum und andererseits als unerwünschtes Lösungsmittel und Rückstandsreservoir für fettlösliche, toxische Pestizide (Dienmittel und Phosphorsäureester) wird abschließend hingewiesen.

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Chemotaxonomic studies on carrots (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.))The composition of the essential oil constituents of the carrot root in response to cultivar and site

Wholesomeness, high contents of carotene and a good therapeutical effect toward the feared infant's enteritis are the reason why carrots play a most important rôle in infant feeding.Physiological studies in tap roots of 2 carrot cultivars gave particulars of the formation of essential oils as well as of other constituents important in nutrition during a 4 month's cultivation during summer. Up to beginning with the primary development of root to the bunched carrot state, further to the state of normal ripeness and to a rather overripe state the contents of essential oils decreased considerably, while carotene contents showed an entirely reversed tendancy during the same period of development. A similar antagonistic reaction was observed in the behaviour of Mono- and Disaccharides.5 year's determinations of essential oil and its constituents of 8 different cultivars and races of carrots grown every year on the same site (Geisenheim/Rhine) allow statistical evaluations regarding significant dependence on genetical and ecological factors.5 out of 13 identified constituents of essential root oil of carrots (-pinene, camphene, myrcene,a-phellandrene and bisabolene) did not react on any influence of cultivars and weather conditions in different years. On the other hand 3 out of the remaining 8 constituents (sabinene, l-limonene, caryophyllene) were influenced both by cultivars and weather conditions. 2 constituents (-pinene, -terpinene) were found to be dependent on cultivars, while 3 (-terpinene, p-cymole, terpinolene) proved to react on weather conditions in different years.Race IV of cultivar Long red stumpy without core relatively high in carotene content and of very good taste showed significant very high contents in l-limonene and in -pinene, but very low ones in sabinene and in caryophyllene. In earlier investigations of our institute -pinene proved to be far more efficient regarding bactericidal and bacteriostatical effect against germs ofEscherichia coli (race 0127 :B 8) andStaphylococcus aureus, both feared causes of infant's enteritis, than any other of the investigated essential oil constituents of carrot root. As far as the bacteriostatic effect was concerned l-limonene proved to be as efficient againstE. coli as -pinene, but not againstStaphylococcus aureus. Here -pinene was found more efficient.Possibilities to breed carrots of high dietetic efficiency and problems of quality evaluation on a biochemical scale are discussed finally. The double rôle of essential root oil of carrots on one side as a desired dieteticum in infant's nutrition on the other side as solvent of undesired fat soluble toxic pesticides (cyclo dienes and organophosphates) is worth to be mentioned.

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Résumé Appetissantes, riches en carotène provitamin A, capables d'agir contre la redoutable entérite des nouveaux nés, les carottes sont le légume de plus important dans l'alimentation des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants.La formation des huiles essentielles a été étudiée au cours du développement ontogénique dans deux variétés de carottes, en liaison avec d'autres constituants importants des tissues. En quatre mois de végétation, les carottes passent du stade filiforme au stade cordiforme, et de là au stade de légume commercialisable, sans la partie aérienne, et de bonne conservation. Le taux d'huiles essentielles diminue fortement au cours du développement de la racine, tandis que le taux de carotène augmente beaucoup. Les mono- et disaccharides se comportent aussi de façon antagoniste. Nos recherches ont porté, durant 5 ans, sur les constituants des huiles essentielles de 8 variétés et selections différentes, mais cultivées dans les mêmes conditions (Geisenheim dans le Rheingau); l'exploitation statistique des résultats permet d'établir des relations significatives avec les facteurs génétiques et écologiques.Sur 13 constituants identifiés dans l'huile essentielle de carottes, 5 (-pinène, camphène, myrcène, -phellandrène, bisabolène) ne paraissent dépendre ni de la variété, ni du climat, d'après les données statistiquement valables.Parmi les 8 autres constituants, 3 (sabinène, l-limonène, caryophyllène) dépendent de la variété, et du climat de l'année de culture. 2 constituants (-pinène, -terpinène) semblent ne dépendre que de la variété, 3 autres (-terpinène, p-cymol, terpinolène) ne varient que sous l'action des facteurs climatologiques des diverses années. La variété longue rouge arrondie sans coeur de la sélection IV, remarquable par son goût agréable, à taux de carotène relativement, élevé, a, d'une façon certaine, des taux de l-limonène et de -pinène particulièrement élevés, des taux très faibles de sabinène et de caryophyllène.Des recherches antérieures nous avaient montré que le -pinène a de beaucoup la meilleure action bactéricide et bactériostatique contre les agents fréquents de l'entérite des nourrissons (Escherichia coli, race 0127 :B 8, etStaphylococcus aureus) en comparaison avec tous les autres constituants identifiés dans les huiles essentielles des carottes.L'action bactériostatique du l-limonène contre leE. coli est exactement aussi grande que celle du -pinène; cependant le -pinène est plus actif contreStaphylococcus aureus que le l-limonène.Ces résultats, et d'autres que nous ne pouvons que résumer ici, permettent de sélectionner des carottes diététiques riches en principes utiles. La qualité biochimique d'une façon générale se discute par rapport aux catégories commerciales et aux normes de qualité du marché commun.Signalons pour terminer que les huiles essentielles de carottes, qui apparaissent comme des élements de la qualité diététique, sont aussi des dissolvants indésirables et des réservoirs de résidus pour des pesticides liposolubles, et toxiques (produits diéniques, esters phosphorus).

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Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Bad Godesberg unterstützte teilweise das Forschungsvorhaben finanziell, wofür ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen Dank aussprechen möchte.

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Vortrag gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung der Internationalen Vereinigung zur Erforschung der Qualität von Nahrungspflanzen (CIQ) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) (DGQ) in Mainz (25.–27. März 1969) am 25.3.1969.