甘蓝型油菜苗期抗旱性鉴定及综合抗旱指标筛选

为系统评价甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）苗期的抗旱性,筛选出合理的油菜抗旱指标,为区域栽培提供材料和理论依据,对10种甘蓝型油菜品种和材料采取持续干旱（控水15d）和正常浇水两种处理,针对温室控水试验结果,分析干旱胁迫对油菜生理生化、生长发育、根系形态等34个指标的影响,结合综合抗旱系数、因子分析和隶属函数进行综合评价;在此基础上,运用聚类分析和灰色关联度分析筛选抗旱性评价指标和划分抗旱类型。结果表明,CDC值（综合抗旱系数）和加权抗旱系数均与相对产量呈显著正相关。根据CDC值,材料抗旱性由强到弱为：145027 > 绵油11 >万油27 > 渝油28 > 汉油8号>中双11号>德杂油5号>万油25 >GH06 > GH04/GH02。对CDC值聚类分析,可将10种参试材料抗旱性聚为3级,其中145027为Ⅰ级,绵油11、万油27、渝油28、汉油8号、中双11号 为Ⅱ级,德杂油5号、万油25、GH06、GH04/GH02为Ⅲ级。关联度分析结果表明,光合参数指标、含水量指标、植株 形态和根系性状指标与油菜苗期的抗旱性关系密切。      

续随子苗期抗旱性综合评价的初步研究

以不同地理来源续随子品系为试验材料,分别在干旱胁迫及对照条件下对其形态及生理指标进行测定,并用基于主成分分析的隶属函数综合评价法对各品系抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,5个供试续随子品系抗旱性的综合评价值依次为安徽（0.839）>河南（0.524）>吉林（0.321）>福建（0.275）>重庆（0.179）,安徽续随子品系在综合评价中表现出较强的抗旱优势,可作为续随子抗旱性研究的代表材料。以抗旱性综合评价值为因变量、以单项指标相对值为自变量,建立了评价续随子抗旱性的最优回归方程;筛选出MDA含量、SOD酶活性和根冠比等3个对续随子抗旱性有显著影响的指标。在苗期抗旱性鉴定中,有选择地检测这些指标有助于提高续随子抗旱性的鉴定效率。     

大豆品种抗旱性早期鉴定方法

为探讨鉴定大豆品种抗旱性的简易方法,依据吸水后48h的发芽率对109个大豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级。继而在萌发期、营养生长期(V3)和生殖生长期(R4)进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证大豆植株的抗旱性。结果发现,大豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,吸水后48h发芽率与抗旱性密切相关。幼苗侧根数量、主根长度和根系干重与抗旱性呈显著(P0.05)相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在V3期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%～11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著(P0.05)高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在R4期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著(P0.05)高于普通品种。鼓粒期(R6)普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。研究结果表明,大豆种子48h发芽率可作为大豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期大豆对水分胁迫最敏感。     

苎麻品种抗旱性早期鉴定研究

本文首次用抗旱指数（ Ｒ Ｉ） 等指标对苎麻基因型抗旱性进行了鉴定。结果表明：圆叶青、沅江黄壳早和沅江稀节巴为抗旱性较强的基因型, 抗旱性较弱的基因型包括资兴绿麻和新宁箭杆麻。苎麻抗旱性早期鉴定的途径和指标的研究结果表明： Ｒ Ｗ Ｃ（ 相对含水量） 、 Ｐ Ｏ Ｄ（ 过氧化物酶） 、 Ｐｒｏｉｎｅ（ 脯氨酸） 与抗旱指数呈正相关, 而 Ｒ Ｐ Ｐ（ 细胞膜透性） 、 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ（ 丙二醛） 则与抗旱指数呈负相关。苎麻扦插（４５ 天） 苗在渗透胁迫４ 小时测定相关生理生化指标,其中 Ｒ Ｗ Ｃ 、 Ｐｒｏｌｉｎｅ 和 Ｐ Ｏ Ｄ 活性与抗旱指数呈正相关,而 Ｒ Ｐ Ｐ 和 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 则与抗旱指数呈负相关, 采用模糊隶属法用上述五种生理生化指标对１３ 个基因型抗旱性进行了早期鉴定,此法简便有效,准确性高。     

渗透胁迫条件下不同抗旱性小麦品种萌发期生理生化指标的变化

为给小麦苗期抗旱鉴定提供依据。以17个抗旱性不同的小麦品种为材料，在渗透胁迫（-0．975MPa）条件下。研究了小麦萌发后期部分生理生化指标的变化，并在旱棚池栽控水条件下对品种的抗旱性进行了比较鉴定。结果表明，在渗透胁迫条件下，不同小麦品种萌发期胚芽鞘的脯氨酸含量、胚芽鞘和胚根的MDA含量升高，而胚芽鞘和胚根的SOD、CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量下降。其中胚芽鞘脯氨酸含量、CAT活性、SOD活性均与抗旱指数、抗旱系数相关极显著，反映抗旱性强弱趋势基本一致，可作为小麦早期的抗旱性鉴定指标。渗透胁迫条件下胚芽鞘脯氨酸、CAT和SOD的T／CK值（胁迫测定值／对照值）分别大于2．2、0．8和0．8为强抗旱性品种，而抗旱性弱的品种则分别小于1.5、0．65和0．4。     

隶属函数法鉴定油菜甘芥种间杂交后代的抗旱性

在大田水分胁迫条件下,采用隶属函数值法、灰色关联度分析法结合聚类分析,研究58份甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜的种间杂交后代,分析其单株产量、主花序产量和品质性状的差异。结果表明,单株分枝数和有效角果数与抗旱性显著相关,而角粒数和千粒重与抗旱性关联性较弱。在水分胁迫条件下,抗旱材料主花序的三个性状,即含油量、蛋白质含量和千粒重,在强抗、较抗、不抗材料间的差异均达到1%显著水平,且与单株产量的关联度在50%以上,其中主花序籽粒的含油量及千粒重升高,蛋白质含量降低。利用水分胁迫下三个性状的差异变化可对抗旱油菜进行初步筛选。通过筛选,获得2007M004、2007M018和2007M027三份平均隶属函数值≥0.413的抗旱材料。     

花生抗旱性与生理生态指标关系的研究

用干旱棚分别在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下，研究了抗旱性不同的4个花生品种叶片相对含水量、失水率、萎蔫指数、株高、根干重，座果的变化与品种抗旱性的关系，并用隶属函数进行抗旱性综合分析，结果表明：4个花生品种各项抗旱性生理及形态指标的变化与抗旱指数的相关性大小次序是：根干重、叶片萎蔫指数、叶片失水率、叶片相对含水量、座果率、株高。品种综合抗旱性强弱为：远杂9307、远杂9102、豫花6号、白沙1016。     

人工模拟水分胁迫条件下小麦幼苗抗旱性鉴评指标的分析

为了明确小麦幼苗抗旱性鉴定评价的最佳时期和有效指标,以小麦加倍单倍体(Doubled haploid,DH)群体的150个株系为材料,采用模拟干旱胁迫法,研究了水分胁迫及复水条件下,幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、根冠比、根干重和最大根长等五个抗旱相关性状的动态变化和遗传力,分析了各性状及其与平均隶属函数值之间的关系.结果表明,在水分胁迫72 h(WS72)和复水24 h(RW24)时,基因型之间的性状变异范围较大,是进行幼苗抗旱性鉴定评价的较好时期;平均隶属函数值不仅受各性状的直接影响,还受到性状之间交互作用的影响.在选择适当的与抗旱性关系密切性状的基础上,估算平均隶属函数,作为评价抗旱性的综合指标,可能是进行作物抗旱性综合评价的有效途径.     

3种类型油菜对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为了解芸薹属亚种间抗旱差异，选育抗旱材料，以3种类型油菜（甘蓝型油菜Q2、芥菜型油菜新油9号、白 菜型油菜L14）为实验材料，采用盆栽控水法，测定干旱胁迫下油菜叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、水分等生理生 化指标，研究3种类型油菜对干旱胁迫的生理响应和抗旱机制。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫的加重，三个不同油菜品 种抗旱指标存在差异，其叶片的总生物量、离体叶片失水速率（RWL）、叶片相对含水量(RWC)，叶绿素荧光参数及气 体交换参数呈降低趋势，其中新油9号的光合系统受到的影响最小，Q2的光合系统受损最严重；根冠比、丙二醛 （MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）呈升高趋势，其中L14的SOD、POD活性在所有植物中升幅最 大，干旱下分别为胁迫前的2.92、4.14倍。此外，3种类型油菜各有机溶质的积累量存在较大的差异，Q2和新油9号 积累最多的是脯氨酸（Pro），分别增至原来的12.37、6.60倍，L14则积累较多的可溶性蛋白（SP），增至原来的6.55倍。 隶属函数法分析得出抗旱性强弱顺序为：芥菜型油菜新油9号>白菜型油菜L14>甘蓝型油菜Q2。综上表明：油菜可 以通过生长调节、光合抑制调节、活性氧代谢调节和渗透调节4种途径共同作用来响应干旱胁迫。     

干旱胁迫下不同大豆品系生理指标变化与抗旱性关系的研究

选用同一大豆杂交组合亲本产生的4个品系为试验材料．于营养生长期干旱胁迫条件下,测定叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、渗透势等生理指标,并结合株重、粒数、粒重等农艺性状,通过抗旱隶属函数值对各品系的抗旱性级别进行了划分．进而对各品系生理指标与其抗旱隶属函数值做了相关和回归分析。结果表明：相对含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量与抗旱性呈正相关;而相对电导率、渗透势与抗旱性呈负相关。综合分析得出4个品系抗旱性从强到弱的次序为：73—2（圆叶紫花）、73—1（尖叶白花）、73—3（圆叶白花）、73—4（尖叶紫花）．     

Physiological and anatomical changes in two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes under drought stress conditions

Understanding the mechanisms of drought resistance in crop species is crucial for the selection and breeding of tolerant rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties. The present study aimed to assess the physiological and anatomical responses of two rapeseed genotypes, P287 (drought-tolerant) and T88 (drought-sensitive) under three intensities of drought stress. All physiological and anatomical parameters related to drought acclimation were significantly altered in both genotypes under stress conditions. At the fourth-leaf stage, the relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein content, malondialdehyde content, and the activities of peroxidase and catalase in P287 were significantly higher than those in T88, particularly under severe drought conditions. After rehydration, all physiological indexes recovered rapidly, especially in P287. In addition, under drought stress, compared with T88, P287 had thicker palisade tissue, thinner spongy tissue, higher ratio of chloroplast length to chloroplast width, higher stomatal density and stomatal closure rate. Overall, the interaction between physiological and anatomical features improved the drought tolerance of P287 under drought stress conditions.     

续随子苗期抗旱性综合评价

以不同地理来源续随子品系为试验材料,分别在干旱胁迫及对照条件下测定其形态及生理指标,并用基于主成分分析的隶属函数综合评价法对各品系抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明,5个供试续随子品系抗旱性的综合评价值依次为安徽(0.839)>河南(0.524)>吉林(0.321)>福建(0.275)>重庆(0.179).安徽续随子品系在综合评价中表现出较强的抗旱优势,可作为续随子抗旱性研究的代表材料.以抗旱性综合评价值为因变量,以单项指标相对值为自变量,建立了评价续随子抗旱性的最优回归方程;筛选出MDA含量、SOD酶活性和根冠比等3个对续随子抗旱性有显著影响的指标.在苗期抗旱性鉴定中,有选择地检测这些指标有助于提高续随子抗旱性的鉴定效率.     

Association and Heritability Studies for Drought Resistance under Varied Moisture Stress Regimes in Backcross Inbred Population of RiceAssociation and Heritability Studies for Drought Resistance under Varied Moisture Stress Regimes in Backcross Inbred Population of Rice

Drought stress is one of the major constraints affecting rice production and yield stability in the rainfed regions. To understand the physiological basis of drought resistance related component traits, we used a backcross inbred population of rice under three kinds of moisture regimes viz., non-stress, moderate （24.48%） and severe stress （73.97%） conditions which reflect the differential responses of the genotypes to varying stress intensities. The plot yield, 1000-grain weight, panicle exsertion and canopy air temperature difference exhibited high heritability under the control conditions, whereas spikelet sterility and single plant yield exhibited high heritability under the moderate stress conditions. Traits such as days to 50% flowering, plant height and osmotic potential showed high heritability under the severe stress conditions. Plot yield under stress was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index and 1000-grain weight, but negatively associated with leaf rolling score and days to 50% flowering. The drought susceptibility index and drought response index were negatively correlated between each other both under the moderate and severe stress conditions. The derived traits viz., difference in panicle length between the control and the severe stress was associated with osmotic adjustment measured under field conditions. Difference in plant height and panicle length was negatively associated with plot yield under stress.     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowland: 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance

A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to examine the magnitude of yield responses of diverse genotypes to drought stress environments and to identify traits that may confer drought resistance to rainfed lowland rice. One hundred and twenty eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions.Under severe drought conditions, the maintenance of PWP of genotypes played a significant role in determining final grain yield. Because of their smaller plant size (lower total dry matter at anthesis) genotypes that extracted less soil water during the early stages of the drought period, tended to maintain higher PWP and had a higher fertile panicle percentage, filled grain percentage and final grain yield than other genotypes. PWP was correlated with delay in flowering (r=−0.387) indicating that the latter could be used as a measure of water potential under stress. Genotypes with well-developed root systems extracted water too rapidly and experienced severe water stress at flowering. RPR which showed smaller coefficient of variation was more useful than root mass density in identifying genotypes with large root system.Under less severe and prolonged drought conditions, genotypes that could achieve higher plant dry matter at anthesis were desirable. They had less delay in flowering, higher grain yield and higher drought response index, indicating the importance of ability to grow during the prolonged stress period.Other shoot characters (osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf rolling, leaf death) had little effect on grain yield under different drought conditions. This was associated with a lack of genetic variation and difficulty in estimating trait values precisely.Under mild stress conditions (yield loss less than 50%), there was no significant relationship between the measured drought characters and grain yield. Under these mild drought conditions, yield is determined more by yield potential and phenotype than by drought resistant mechanisms per se.     

干旱胁迫对小麦花药培养的影响

为拓宽抗旱春小麦花培育种的亲本资源,明确干旱胁迫对小麦花药培养的影响,对甘肃省主栽的7个抗旱春小麦品种的花药培养特性进行了研究,并对筛选出的兼具较强抗旱性和优良花药培养特性的品种陇春27号及其他三个优良花培材料,通过诱导培养基中添加120mg·L~(-1)的PEG及旱地种植,进而进行花药培养。结果表明,供试的4个小麦基因型材料的愈伤组织诱导均受到抑制,但受抑制的程度不同,其抗旱系数排序在两种干旱胁迫处理下高度一致;田间抗旱性鉴定结果表明,4个基因型材料的抗旱性强弱不同;其愈伤组织的抗旱系数与抗旱性之间显著相关。     

不同基因型玉米自交系的抗旱性研究与评价

通过田间直接鉴定,采用模糊函数法,以抗旱隶属度、产量抗旱系数和抗旱指数为评价参数,分析各性状与参数间的关系,并运用主成分分析选择出有效的评价参数和指标,对各自交系进行抗旱性综合评价和聚类分析。结果表明,干旱导致玉米自交系的散粉至吐丝期间隔增加,光合叶面积减少,株高和穗位高降低,茎秆变细,穗短小,秃尖多,穗粒数少,粒重轻,最终导致产量下降。不同基因型间因抗旱性差异而所受影响明显不同,各自交系抗旱性强弱与干旱条件下的性状表现有较大关系,其中79-1E、交51、苏1-1和18599的抗旱性较好。各评价参数中,以产量抗旱指数和抗旱隶属度与干旱条件下各性状之间呈极显著或显著相关。抗旱指数、抗旱隶属度、产量和叶面积是抗旱性综合评价最有效的参数和指标。     

转ABP9基因冬小麦的抗旱性评价

为了解转ABP9基因冬小麦材料的抗旱性,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对32份转ABP9冬小麦株系及其受体亲本石4185的主要农艺性状和抽穗期部分生理指标进行了测定,并采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量(D)值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析。结果表明,采用隶属函数值法和D值法评价时,分别有6和10份转基因小麦材料的抗旱性较受体亲本石4185增强。各农艺性状和生理指标依照与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次为单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA含量、SOD活性、株高、有效分蘖。因此,在对转ABP9基因抗旱小麦进行鉴定筛选时,应主要以单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数等农艺性状作为参考,适当考虑生理指标的影响;由于不同指标或性状对小麦抗旱性的贡献不同,采用抗旱性度量值较平均隶属函数值进行抗旱性综合评价更为可靠。     

甘薯植株形态、生长势和产量与品种抗旱性的关系

对水分胁迫下甘薯（IpomoceabatatasLam.）植株形态、生长势和产量性状等指标与品种抗旱性关系的研究结果表明,水分胁迫下不同甘薯品种叶片厚度（包括栅栏组织、海绵组织的厚度及叶片总厚度）、藤叶和块根烘干率比对照均有所增加,叶片大小、叶面积指数（LAD、比叶面积SLA）、主蔓长、主蔓粗、节间长、藤叶和块根重量（鲜、干重）均不同程度减小。栅栏组织厚度、经济系数LAI、分枝数、块根干重及块根烘干率的相对值（占对照%）与品种抗旱性呈显著或极显著正相关（=0.5566～0.9352∶P<0.05,0.01）,主蔓长、节间长及SLA的相对值与品种抗旱性呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.5289～-0.737;P<0.05,0.01）,带有直立或缠绕性株型的比纯粹匍匐型品种的抗旱性强。     

Variation in root system architecture and drought response in rice (Oryza sativa): Phenotyping of the OryzaSNP panel in rainfed lowland fields

Root growth at soil depths below 30 cm may provide access to critical soil water reserves during drought in rainfed lowland rice. In this study, the OryzaSNP panel, a set of 20 lines representing genetic diversity in rice used for the discovery of DNA sequence polymorphisms, was evaluated for root characteristics in the field over three seasons varying in drought severity. Root length density (RLD) at a depth of 30–45 cm varied up to 74–92% among genotypes under drought stress (2008–2009 dry seasons), ranging from 0.024 to 0.23 cm cm⁻³ in 2008 and from 0.19 to 0.81 cm cm⁻³ in 2009. Real-time monitoring of soil moisture profiles revealed significant differences among genotypes, and these differences were correlated with RLD at those soil depths. Among the lines evaluated, the Aus isozyme group, particularly the genotype Dular, showed greater drought resistance associated with deep root growth and the highest drought response index (less reduction in yield by drought stress). Since the set of genotypes used in this study has been completely sequenced for SNP markers, the phenotypic information on root growth and drought avoidance responses presented here could be used in initial analysis of the genetic basis of dehydration avoidance traits and in facilitating improvement in drought resistance in rice.