地膜覆盖对小麦土壤水热状况及灌浆特性的影响

为探索适合旱地小麦新品种普冰151的高产栽培模式,在关中平原西部杨凌地区550mm降水条件下,对覆膜穴播、起垄覆膜沟播和露地条播小麦的土壤水热状况、灌浆特性及产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,地膜小麦的土壤含水量在越冬至拔节期高于露地条播,有利于冬前形成壮苗和早春返青,拔节期之后覆膜穴播小麦田土壤含水量最低(除0～20cm);覆膜于小麦拔节期前增温、保温效果显著,拔节期后地温较对照有所降低;覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播平均灌浆速率比露地条播分别提高11.9%和5.5%,且能延长灌浆持续期;与露地条播相比,覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播分别增产10.8%和4.9%,差异显著。综上所述,覆膜穴播小麦在保墒、保温及增产方面表现最好,起垄覆膜沟播次之;地膜小麦是适宜半湿润易旱地区小麦高产栽培方式。     

覆膜穴播方式对旱地小麦田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累的影响

为明确全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下旱地小麦土壤氮素的转化规律,采用比色法测定了全膜覆土穴播、传统地膜穴播和露地穴播冬、春小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,在一次性基施氮肥后的第3年,0~60cm土层硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,硝态氮大部分累积在土壤中下层(80~160cm)。随着春(冬)小麦的生长发育,各处理土壤硝态氮含量均呈"S"型变化,在120~160cm土层会出现一高峰值。相比露地穴播,全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播能更好地利用0~80cm土层硝态氮。铵态氮含量在耕层土壤中较高,且随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播减少了春(冬)小麦各生育时期0~60cm土层的铵态氮含量。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

为探讨西北半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖麦田水分利用特征和增产效果,通过田间试验,以露地条播为对照(CK),研究了3种不同覆盖处理[秸秆带状覆盖常规条播(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖宽幅条播(SM2)和全膜覆土穴播(PM)]对旱地冬小麦田土壤含水量、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播均可显著改善小麦全生育期0~20cm以及开花前20~90cm土壤墒情,但开花后20~90cm以及全生育期90~200cm土壤墒情普遍不如CK。3种覆盖处理均能促进冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用,显著提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播生育期耗水量分别比CK增加4.6%和7.6%。秸秆带状覆盖在孕穗前0~200cm土壤墒情与全膜覆土穴播无显著差异,孕穗期开始则好于全膜覆土穴播;全膜覆土穴播0~200cm土壤贮水消耗量显著高于秸秆带状覆盖,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例则略低于秸秆带状覆盖。3种覆盖处理均显著提高产量和水分利用效率,PM、SM1和SM2较CK分别增产36.8%、29.7%和27.5%,水分利用效率分别提高27.3%、23.9%和22.7%。产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.97*)。覆盖处理中,全膜覆土穴播产量虽最高,但从产量、水分利用效率和经济效益角度综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖优于全膜覆土穴播。因此认为,秸秆带状覆盖是一种更加高产高效、适宜在西北半干旱雨养区推广的覆盖种植方式。     

基于典范对应分析PPC生物降解膜覆盖条件下土壤温度、相对含水量的综合分析

为探讨PPC黑色、白色全生物降解膜与普通黑、白地膜不同类型地膜覆盖对旱地花生田土壤水分和温度变化动态的影响,以露地栽培为对照,测定了不同类型地膜覆盖垄作花生各生育时期耕层土壤温度和土壤相对含水量(0~15 cm)变化情况.结果 表明:全监测期内,PPC白色全降解膜地表(0 cm土层)和5 cm土层平均温度分别比对照提高1.24℃和0.62℃,15 cm处地温差异较小.覆盖地膜对0 cm土层土壤温度日平均变幅影响最大,最大变幅达7℃.覆膜处理相同土层土壤相对含水量均比对照有所增加,土层越深,相对含水量越高.基于典范对应分析法对土壤温度和相对含水量进行综合评价,结果显示,不同处理在14:00点时对土壤温度和相对含水量的影响均较大.     

覆膜种植方式对西藏青稞光合特性及产量的影响

为筛选西藏地区青稞高产栽培的最佳覆膜种植方式,在西藏自治区日喀则市边雄乡,通过随机区组试验,以当地农民传统条播种植为对照(CK),比较分析了渗水地膜覆盖穴播(SS)、降解地膜覆盖穴播(JJ)、普通地膜覆盖穴播(PT)、垄膜条播(LT)、垄膜带状播种(LD)方式下青稞的光合特性、产量及其构成的差异。结果表明,与CK相比,5种覆膜种植方式下青稞叶片相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均不同程度提高,其中LD处理总体上保持最优。JJ、SS、PT、LT、LD处理的平均产量分别达4 560、4 425、4 335、4 635和4 740kg·hm~(-2),均显著高于CK,其中LD处理的增产幅度达到61.69%。因此,在本试验条件下垄膜带状播种是西藏地区高产栽培的最佳覆膜种植方式。     

环渤海低平原区青贮玉米垄作覆膜种植模式研究初报

为探索环渤海低平原区青贮玉米最佳种植模式,本试验以等行距露地平作为对照,研究了6种种植模式对青贮玉米光合特性、产量及耕层土壤水分、温度变化的影响。结果表明,宽窄行种植和起垄覆膜均能提高青贮玉米的光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,同时各覆膜处理均能提高0~20 cm土层的土壤含水量和土壤温度。其中40/70垄作膜侧模式效果最优,较对照增产30.52%,差异达到显著水平。综合分析认为,40/70垄作膜侧模式具有土壤增温、集雨保墒、促进光合、稳产增产作用,在春季干旱少雨的滨海平原区具有广阔的应用前景。     

高油大豆优质高产同步旱作栽培体系的研究

为建立高油大豆优质高产同步旱作栽培体系,进行了抗(耐)旱高油高产大豆品种(系)筛选,土壤水份对高油大豆产量和油分含量的影响,蓄水保墒耕作技术研究,大豆行间覆膜栽培技术对产量的影响等单项研究及对高油高产抗旱单项栽培技术组装研究.结果如下:筛选出适宜黑龙江省大豆主产区种植的抗(耐)旱高油大豆品种黑农37、黑农41、黑农44、舍丰40、垦农4、红丰11、黑河27、合丰47;黑农41品种,任何生育时期受到干旱胁迫都会对其产量和油分含量造成负面影响,其干旱胁迫影响程度表现为:结荚-鼓粒期》鼓粒期》结荚期》花期》苗期,以结荚～鼓粒期干旱胁迫影响最大,可使单株产量下降27.1%,油分下降12.6%;秋翻秋起垄整地是较好蓄水保墒耕作技术,较春搅茬起垄有较明显增产效果,增产幅度为14.28%～16.67%;黑农44品种适宜种植密度垄上穴播为20～25万株hm-2,垄上双条播为25万株hm-2;大豆行间覆膜栽培技术在适应推广区域内是一项具有显著增产效果和推广价值的栽培技术,其增产幅度为13.55%～25.4%;提出建立高油大豆高产高油同步旱作栽培技术体系的最佳模式:以高油品种黑农44为核心,在蓄水保墒的秋翻秋起垄的耕作基础上,配之穴播 优化施肥(N7 P14 K10) 抗旱种衣剂 抗旱叶面肥 行间覆膜.     

宁南山区马铃薯不同栽培方式试验比较

研究比较了垄上覆膜、垄上未覆膜、双行靠3种栽培方式。结果表明:起垄覆膜比双行靠能显著提高马铃薯单株薯块重,提高产量,提高土壤温度,保持土壤湿度,增加土壤耕层0～40cm土层含水量,生育期提前,提高产量构成因素,使产量提高43.67%。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响

为了解小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培的效果,以冬小麦兰天26号为研究对象,分析了秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2)、全膜覆土穴播(PC)和无覆盖露地(CK)下旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,穗数、穗粒数和产量较CK分别增加13.4%~20.2%、26.7%~33.3%和41.3%~69.1%,但秸秆带状覆盖与PC间产量差异不显著。秸秆带状覆盖显著降低了全生育期0~25cm土壤平均温度,土温较CK低1.4~2.0℃;随着生育进程的推进和土层的加深,秸秆带状覆盖表现出增温和降温的"双重效应",SC1在返青期5cm土层和拔节期5和10cm土层增温,SC2在越冬期5和10cm土层及拔节期5cm土层增温,其余各时期各土层秸秆带状覆盖均表现出降温效应,且总体上降温效应大于增温效应;秸秆带状覆盖较PC和CK减小全生育期土壤日变化幅度;SC1、SC2的全生育期有效积温较CK分别减少86.6和69.8℃,使得秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦较CK晚熟15d。从环保和可持续发展等方面综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖较全膜覆土穴播在西北旱作区更具优越性。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对旱作春小麦土壤温度和籽粒产量的影响

为了解不同覆膜方式对西北黄土高原旱作春小麦的调温和增产效果,以露地穴播为对照,研究了全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播对春小麦生育期土壤温度和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在春小麦不同生育时期,覆膜处理存在增温和降温的双重效果。地膜覆盖在春小麦生长初期有明显的增温效果,0~25 cm土层的平均温度比对照提高0.31~0.93 ℃,其中春小麦苗期全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理在5 cm土层的温度最高,比露地穴播处理提高了0.80 ℃。在春小麦扬花期和灌浆期,覆膜处理下0~25 cm土层的温度分别比对照降低了0.25和0.43 ℃,全膜平作无土穴播处理的降幅最大,分别达到0.63和0.89 ℃。3种覆膜栽培处理0~25 cm土壤温度的变异系数（18.24%~20.33%）均低于露地穴播处理（20.50%）,以全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理的土壤温度波动最小。不同覆膜穴播处理间的单位面积穗数和穗粒数有显著差异,分别比露地穴播处理增加了4.07%~6.60%和3.00%~15.53%,而千粒重差异不显著。全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播处理均可使春小麦显著增产,增产率分别为21.08%、21.92%和9.64%,前两个覆膜处理间产量差异不显著,但二者产量均显著高于全膜平作无土穴播处理。因此,在本试验条件下,全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作覆土穴播是旱作春小麦实现高产的最佳覆膜栽培方式。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

施肥对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了小麦花生两熟制栽培条件下,有机肥（圈肥和豆饼）与无机肥（三料复合肥）配施及单施对小麦花生两熟制作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明施肥不仅能提高麦油两作的产量,同时对提高产品的品质亦有明显的作用,有机肥与化肥配施效果优于单施有机肥或化肥。