温度对豆天蛾发育历期及取食量的影响

近年来豆天蛾作为一种昆虫源食品受到人们的关注,研究了温度对豆天蛾幼虫发育历期及取食量的影响。结果表明:3~5龄幼虫在5个温度条件下发育速率随温度的升高先增加后降低,(28±1)℃为发育速率的顶点;3~5龄幼虫在5个温度下的总取食量分别为10.7、10.4、10.8、11.1和10.7 g。总取食量、日取食量和日增重随温度的升高而先升高后下降,且均在(28±1)℃条件下出现最大值。为探索人工饲养豆天蛾的最适温度条件提供一定的理论基础。     

人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的饲养与繁殖

利用生命表法研究一种人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明：人工饲料饲养条件下茶尺蠖能够正常生长发育,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率和卵孵化率分别为90.50%、86.29%和91.03%,与茶树嫩梢饲养比较差异不显著。人工饲料饲养幼虫化蛹率为85.52%,低于茶树嫩梢饲养87.50%的化蛹率。取食人工饲料的茶尺蠖幼虫历期和世代历期分别为20βd和39.62βd,较茶树嫩梢饲养历期分别增加了1.44βd和2.41βd,但两者无显著差异。人工饲料饲养茶尺蠖雌成虫寿命显著高于对照,单雌产卵286.9粒,较茶树嫩梢饲养增加14.82%。幼虫种群存活率曲线呈死亡率-年龄增函数,死亡主要发生在后期（化蛹）个体中,与茶树嫩梢饲养差异不显著;实验种群生命表参数种群内禀增长力和周限增长率分别为0.113和1.119,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间较茶树嫩梢饲养增加了2.43βd和0.265βd,种群趋势指数87.21,表明采用人工饲料饲养的茶尺蠖种群数量呈显著上升趋势。     

人工饲料饲养稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育与繁殖

 利用生命表法研究了一种人工饲料饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明,人工饲料饲养条件下稻纵卷叶螟幼虫能够完成生长发育并化蛹。幼虫历期28.1 d,蛹历期10.1 d, 较水稻离体叶片饲养分别延长6.1 d和1.7 d。成虫单雌产卵41.6粒,较离体叶片饲养增加26.2%。幼虫种群存活率曲线呈死亡率 年龄降函数,与离体叶片饲养差异不显著。实验种群生命表参数种群净增殖率、内禀增长力和周限增长率分别为17.6928、0.0884和1.0924,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间较离体叶片饲养增加4.9 d和 1.3 d,种群趋势指数为3.26,表明采用人工饲料饲养的稻纵卷叶螟种群数量呈上升趋势。     

吉林省玉米螟的化性类型与其主要特性的关系

针对吉林省东部、西部地区的亚洲玉米螟一化性和二化类型种群,研究玉米螟滞育与饲养温度的关系、自交后代和杂交F1代的滞育后发育历期及在不同生态区的一代化蛹率。研究表明:人工累代饲养的两种化性类型玉米螟发育历期比较一致,但降低饲养温度后,滞育率则表现出明显不同,一化性类型玉米螟滞育率显著高于二化性类型。两种类型玉米螟人工饲养的后代,经诱导滞育后仍然存在滞育后发育历期上的差异,与其越冬代所具有的滞育后发育历期特性相似。两种类型玉米螟杂交F1代滞育后发育历期特性的表现因双亲在杂交组合中的相互关系而异,正交与反交组合F1代的滞育后发育历期差异显著。在吉林省东部、中部、西部3个生态区内,虽然相同类型玉米螟的化蛹率有较大区别,但在同一生态区内两种类型玉米螟的化蛹率仍具有显著差异,二化性类型玉米螟的化蛹率明显高于一化性类型。     

橘小实蝇生物学及防治研究

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是我国南方水果生产上危害最为严重的害虫之一。对橘小实蝇在18,20,25,28,30℃下卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期及室内条件下成虫羽化、取食、交配、产卵等生物学特性的研究,结果表明,橘小实蝇卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期随温度的降低而延长,其发育最适温度为25～28℃。在25℃下,卵、幼虫、蛹的平均发育历期分别为1.5,16和13d;在28℃下,卵、幼虫、蛹的平均发育历期分别为1.3,14和12.5d。橘小实蝇的防治措施多使用不育处理技术,引进利用"性诱剂"捕杀柑橘小实蝇技术,达到安全、环保防治的效果。     

温度对豆卷叶螟Lamprosema indicata(Fabricius)生长发育的影响

为探明温度对大豆主要害虫豆卷叶螟生长发育的影响,以大豆叶片为主要寄主饲料,研究了19,22,25,28,31℃共5个恒温处理对豆卷叶螟不同虫态的发育历期、发育速率和存活率的影响。结果表明:在19~31℃范围内,随着温度升高,各虫态的发育历期均缩短,发育速率与温度呈显著正相关。豆卷叶螟卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代发育起点温度分别为9.89,10.90,11.18,19.57和13.49℃,有效积温依次为75.16,193.39,98.59,48.34和431.04 d·℃。豆卷叶螟种群存活曲线属于DeveyⅢ型,表现为卵期的高死亡率。这些结果为豆卷叶螟的预测预报提供了基础参考数据。     

不同温度下的菠萝洁粉蚧实验种群生命表研究

组建了菠萝洁粉蚧在 5 个恒温、4 个变温下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：在 16~32 ℃，菠萝洁粉蚧的发育速率总体上随着温度的升高而加快，并符合二次回归模型；菠萝洁粉蚧若虫期、产雌前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为 12.43、12.65、12.55 ℃，有效积温分别为 602.71、169.43、770.98 DD。实验温度下，南瓜饲养菠萝洁粉蚧雌虫世代历期介于 45.40~205.00 d，最适温度为 27 ℃。菠萝洁粉蚧种群趋势指数介于 0.68~39.86，24 ℃时达到最大值；变温下，26/21 ℃为最适梯度温度，种群趋势指数 57.36。分析表明，梯度温度比恒温更有利于菠萝洁粉蚧的生长发育和种群的增长，菠萝洁粉蚧在华南地区一年中大多数月份里将呈种群增长态势。     

不同温度条件下油棕象甲实验种群生命表研究

在16、20、24、28、32℃5个温度梯度下,观察油棕象甲(Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust)各虫态的生长发育历期和存活率,组建油棕象甲的实验种群生命表。结果表明,在16~32℃温度范围内,油棕象甲各虫态的发育历期随温度的变化而变化,在28℃时,油棕象甲各虫态及全世代的发育历期最短,存活率最高,产卵量最大。在16~32℃温度下,油棕象甲全世代平均发育历期分别为33.68、22.30、15.10、10.30和12.01 d。卵期、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、预蛹期、蛹期、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为13.13、13.38、11.59、10.97、4.56、9.84、10.96和13.38℃;有效积温分别为13.57、13.44、18.79、25.53、79.11、47.62、25.98和214.09日度。种群趋势指数(I)在16~32℃温度范围内均大于1,内禀增长率(rm)均大于0,这说明油棕象甲的种群呈增长趋势。油棕象甲在28℃时种群趋势指数和內禀增长率最高,分别为18.944 2和0.285 6;其次为24℃,其生长发育及其繁殖的最适温区为24~28℃。     

豆大蓟马的生物学特性研究

豆大蓟马[Megalurothrips usitatus(Bagnall)]是海南豇豆的重要害虫,是影响豇豆质量安全的主要因素。通过室内试验,对豆大蓟马的发育速率、有效积温、产卵量和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:在15~35℃温度范围内,豆大蓟马的世代发育历期为10.57~46.29 d,其中卵期为2.72~8.71 d,若虫期为3.54~16.24 d,预蛹期为0.76~3.62 d,蛹期为2.02~8.74 d,产卵前期为1.00~9.16 d;各虫态发育速率与温度呈二次回归关系,且呈显著相关;卵、若虫、预蛹及蛹期的发育起点温度分别为6.18、9.80、9.37、8.83℃,有效积温依次为76.55、76.77、17.06、46.73日·度,完成世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.35℃和238.87日·度;温度对豆大蓟马的存活率影响显著;成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短,15℃下平均寿命为63.24 d,35℃下平均寿命为11.20 d;30℃时产卵量最高,平均产卵232.78粒/雌,分别是15℃和35℃下的3.84倍和8.87倍。本研究结果为进一步开展豆大蓟马的科学防控提供了基础资料。     

温度及补充营养对黄野螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

黄野螟（Heortia vitessoides Moore）是白木香的重要害虫。本文研究了温度和补充营养对该虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在15、19、23、27、31 ℃ 5个恒温条件下,黄野螟各虫态及世代的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;该虫在11、35 ℃条件下均不能完成一个世代的发育。该虫卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为8.26、8.79、11.97、11.49、5.62、9.22 ℃;有效积温分别为150.73、291.45、37.23、138.66、93.83、718.10 d? ℃。该虫在云南西双版纳州年发生代数为6代。10%蔗糖水为该虫最佳补充营养。研究结果可为该虫的室内饲养、预测预报及田间防控提供科学依据。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.