花生主要数量性状相关遗传参数分析

对花生主要数量性状进行了相关遗传参数分析，结果表明：结果枝数、饱果数的相关遗传力大于小区籽仁产量的遗传力；饱果数对小区籽仁产量的遗传变异贡献率最大；饱果数、百果重、出米率对小区籽仁产量的直接作用较强。提示在花生高产育种中，应注重结果枝数、饱果数、百果重和出米率等性状的选择。     

11个瓠瓜品种主要农艺性状的相关与通径分析

对11个瓠瓜品种的14个农艺性状进行相关与通径分析。结果表明，小区前期产量与雌花开花期、子房柱宽为极显著相关，相关系数依次为-0.83、0.73；小区产量与单瓜重、小区采瓜数、小区前期产量为显著相关，相关系数依次为0.76、0.85、0.65；通径与回归分析的结果表明，子房柱形指数对前期产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为1.401 5，单瓜重对产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为0.789 0。因此，在瓠瓜早熟性育种实践中，应注重选择雌花期早、子房粗短、瓜形比较短的类型；在丰产性育种实践中，应着重选择单瓜重、结瓜数多的类型。     

大麦多数量性状相关分析

本文遗传相关通径分析结果如下:穗长、穗粒重两性状对小区产量直接影响较大;每穗实粒数和每穗不实粒数两性状对小区产量直接影响很小,但通过其他性状对小区产量的间接负影响很大;每穗总粒数对小区产量直接负影响很大;株高通过其他性状对小区产量间接正影响很大。     

玉米数量性状的多元遗传分析

用多元遗传统计分析方法分析了17个玉米品种12个性状的遗传关系。结果表明:小区产量、行粒数、株高的变异系数较大,分别为9.23%、7.49%和7.21%,生育期和出籽率变异系数最小,分别为1.98%和1.86%;小区产量与出籽率呈极显著的正相关,行粒、穗长、穗粗、千粒重也与小区产量呈正相关;前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达80.35%。性状间的这种相关关系反映了数量性状遗传的"一因多效"和"多因共效"特性及相关性状间的协同变异趋势。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的,对品种选择时,应注意选择产量和出籽率、行粒、穗行、千粒重均高的品种。     

国外早熟大豆冠层粒重分布与产量的关系

对国外早熟大事产冠层产量分布特点及冠层产量百分比与小区产量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：品种之间在产量空间分布的上层产量及下层产量存在显著差异，中层产量差异不显著；上层产量与小区产量呈显著正相关，下层产量与小区产量呈显著负相关，中层产量与小区产量无明显相关；在产量冠层结构中，上中层产量占全株产量比重较大的品种，其最终产量也相应较高。     

粳稻不同生态类型间F1的杂种优势及其亲本的配合力分析

 用8个不同生态类型的粳稻品种配成8×8双列杂交，研究8个重要农艺性状的杂种优势以及亲本的配合力。结果表明，不同生态类型间杂种F1 各性状的优势有正有负。56个F1组合平均, 小区产量性状表现19.5%的高亲优势, F1小区产量超过高亲值的组合占87.5%，其余7个性状的F1值位于中亲值与高亲值之间。 在不同生态类型所构成的总体中，株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和小区产量4个性状的加性遗传方差和非加性遗传方差同等重要；抽穗期、穗长、单株有效穗3个性状的加性遗传方差更重要；千粒重性状非加性遗传方差更为重要。小区产量和产量构成因素一般配合力效应和特殊配合力效应方差较大的亲本是秀水04和3726；特殊配合力效应大且综合性状优良的组合是越光/秀水04。     

陆地棉杂种F_2主要经济性状的投影寻踪回归分析

用投影寻踪回归技术 ,对陆地棉杂种 F2 进行产量组分等影响因子分析表明 ,衣分是对皮棉产量的第一贡献因子 ,与遗传相关 ,通径分析的结果相反。发现了在非正态分布情况下 ,遗传相关、通径分析会严重偏离自然规律的现象。     

陆地棉杂种F2主要经济性状的投影寻踪回归分析

用投影寻踪回归技术,对陆地棉杂种F2进行产量组分等影响因子分析表明,衣分是对皮棉产量的第一贡献因子,与遗传相关,通径分析的结果相反.发现了在非正态分布情况下,遗传相关、通径分析会严重偏离自然规律的现象.     

巴西橡胶数量遗传的初步研究 Ⅰ(a):多无性系广义遗传力与遗传相关的估算

保亭热带作物研究所1967年定植的12个巴西橡胶无性系的系比试验为完全随机区组设计,小区5株,三次重复,各小区均在1975年开割。1979年用它们10个数量性状的资料进行了广义遗传力与遗传相关的统计分析,讨论了选择指数在橡胶育种中的意义。其初步结果摘要如下: 1.虽然由于分析中混有环境和观测效应的干扰,限制排胶指数的广义遗传力是-5.78～-1.86。但本研究还是证明了无论根据小区平均还是根据品系平均所估算的广义遗传力值,它们的等级仍然是一致的。其中以堵塞指数与干胶含量较高,树围、排胶指数和干物质分配率居中,累积系数、干物质增重及相对产量较低,唯独干胶产量的广义遗传力是最低的。这就说明在橡胶育种中单选干胶产量是不可靠的而且进展不大。 2.除限制排胶指数以外,对我们所研究性状各自与株年干胶产量的遗传相关(r_g)估值作了比较。它们之中以树围、相对产量、排胶指数和干物质分配率各自与株年干胶产量的遗传相关为最高(r_g≥0.70),其他是最低的(r_g≤0.33)。 3.用单选株年干胶产量为标准比较了一些选择指数的相关遗传进度。证明汉凭产量进行选择的进度最低,藉助于树围、排胶指数、干物质分配率与产量四性状所组成的选择指数来进行选择似乎是适当的。     

红花种子产量选择指数的研究

本试验用9个栽培红花品种为材料,研究种子产量的选择指数。结果表明,小区种子产量的遗传力、遗传进度都很低,直接选择效果差,通过相关性状进行间接选择其效亦不好.根据大多数选择指数方程对小区种子产量进行选择的遗传进度(86％),比进行直接选择或通过相关性状进行间接选择时的为快,选择效果较好.百粒重和单株粒重是决定小区种子产量的两个关键性状,单株无效果球数亦是影响产量的重要因素之一,选择时应重视.用选择指数对供试的9个品种评审结果表明,单选无刺是综合性状优良的高产品种,B—54是综合性状最差的低产品种。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.