河南南阳地区棉花农药施用情况调查

分析了1998年至今南阳棉田农药施用次数的变化，并初步分析引起这种变化的因素，为进一步控制南阳棉田农药的施用量提供参考。     

伊犁河谷棉田农药减量增效控害技术

为有效控制棉田农药使用量,促进农业可持续发展,新疆生产建设兵团第四师依托棉花农药减量增效控害核心示范区建设,于2015―2020年开展了一系列棉田病虫害物理、生物防控试验示范,以及新农药、农药助剂的试验示范,掌握了辖区内棉花病虫害发生特点,总结出以病虫害监测为基础,农业、物理、生物、化学防治措施一体化的综合防治方法,形成了棉田农药减量增效控害技术体系,实现了农药减量增效控害的目的。     

沿海棉田套种蔬菜农药污染治理初探

近年来，随着种植业结构的调整，棉田间套种蔬菜面积逐步扩大，提高了土地利用率和单位面积经济效益，但化工产品在农田的投入也日趋增多，农产品的污染问题愈加突出，特别是残留在蔬菜上的高毒农药，酿成的中毒事故屡有发生。同时，由于经济的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的消费观念也在逐渐改变，对“绿色食品”、“有机食品”的需求量逐年增加。为解决棉田套种蔬菜质量与产量的矛盾，我们对棉田间套种蔬菜农药污染及其治理进行了初步探讨。１　农药污染原因１．１　直接污染——防治蔬菜病虫使用农药。棉田间套种蔬菜病害发生种类较多，西…     

新疆棉田农药药害类型及补救措施

近年来,在新疆地区棉花生产中,使用除草剂、生长调节剂、杀虫剂等农药已成为棉花高产栽培必不可少的技术措施.但在棉田使用农药过程中,由于农药品种选择错误、使用浓度过大、使用方法不当等原因常造成棉花药害,导致品质下降、减产甚至绝收.根据多年对棉田各种农药药害情况的观察,结合生产实践,现提出对棉田农药药害进行以下四种综合分类:     

农药对棉花产量效应的探讨

棉田多次施用农药后,对棉花产量的效应涉及到农药的经济效益。对此,各地反映颇多,众说不一。为了研究不同类型的农药在棉田上多次施用后对棉花产量的效应以及治虫的效果如何?我们于1982年组织7个县11个单位进行试验。今将各类农药对棉红     

沿海地区棉田捕食性天敌种群动态及其保护利用

通过１０多年系统调查棉田捕食性天敌及棉铃虫卵的消长动态，与８０年代相比，９０年代棉田捕食性天敌种类和数量锐减，种群结构发生变化，增殖速率十分缓慢。相关分析表明，化学农药使用次数增加是棉田天敌下降的主要原因，其次是气候条件，此外，农药品种的变化对天敌也有较大影响。对比分析棉铃虫与天敌系统调查资料，得出棉田天敌的控制期、药剂的控制期和天敌的保护期，为保护利用天敌和药控棉铃虫相协调提供科学依据。     

棉田使用农药的现状及发展趋势

长期以来棉田使用农药的品种单一、过于集中 ,造成棉田害虫抗性增强 ,并有可能出现导致部分害虫大发生的灾害现象 ,还造成使用中人体中毒和使用后环境中毒。1棉田使用化学杀虫剂的现状及后果棉田主要害虫有 :地老虎、棉蚜、棉蓟马、盲蝽象、玉米螟、红铃虫、红蜘蛛、棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、造桥虫等。棉花从播种到收获 ( 2 0 0多天 )都受到害虫危害。因而在棉田使用化学杀虫剂时间长、次数多、用量大 ,用药种类目前还过于集中。使用的农药品种主要有 :有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类及其混剂等。近几年我国由于采用以化学防治为主的综合防治 ,每年挽回…     

棉田化学除草剂的应用

棉田化学除草剂的应用王延琴，潘学标中国农科院棉花所安阳４５５１１２１国外对除草剂的应用国外采用化学除草的历史较早。６０年代，化学除草得到迅速发展。１９６０年除草剂的销售额为１．７亿美元，仅占世界农药销售总额的２０％，至１９７０年上升到３４．８％；８０...     

黄河三角洲转基因棉田绿盲蝽发生规律及综防措施

滨州市地处黄河三角洲腹地，常年种植棉花15万hm^2左右。90年代末期，抗虫棉开始大面积推广，棉铃虫的危害得到有效控制，但同时，因抗虫棉田用药量、用药次数大大减少，一些次要害虫逐渐成为棉田的主要害虫，近年来，绿盲蝽在棉田的危害逐步加重。为此，开展了黄河三角洲转基因棉田绿盲蝽发生规律及综防措施的研究。     

推广种植抗虫棉 增产增收效益好

针对2008年因棉铃虫大暴发造成植棉成本投入增加的现象,2009年新疆兵团农八师八十三团及时调整了棉花种植品种。该团的6666.7hm2棉田全部推广种植了“冀棉958、标杂A1”等抗虫棉品种,与2008年相比,每公顷仅农药费用就减少了900元,为全团职工省下了400万元的农药支出。同时,该团还推广了高衣分的棉花新品种,98%的棉田运用了新产品,推广种植了1466.7hm2的超宽膜棉田,节水灌溉面积占棉花播种面积的90%以上。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。