我国北方不同年代玉米品种生理指标的变化

以我国北方地区上世纪50年代以来生产上有代表性的15个主栽品种为试材,对灌浆期穗位叶叶绿素含量、保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化产物的含量进行测定分析,比较其随年代推进和品种更替而发生的变化。结果表明,叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈增加趋势,这种趋势在灌浆后期越发明显;类胡萝卜素/叶绿素呈降低趋势,说明近期品种持绿性优于早期品种,利于后期光合作用;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈增加趋势,膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)含量逐渐降低,这种趋势在灌浆后期尤为突出,表明近期品种具有较强的清除活性氧的能力。     

玉米幼苗叶表面蜡质含量及成分对干旱胁迫的响应

选用抗旱性不同的两个玉米自交系Mo17和B73为试验材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置干旱和正常浇水两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对两个玉米品种3叶期幼苗叶面蜡质含量及成分变化的影响。结果表明,在干旱处理条件下,Mo17和B73的叶片失水率和叶绿素的抽提率均低于正常条件;两个品种叶面的蜡质含量均明显高于正常条件下的蜡质含量,且Mo17在正常和干旱条件下蜡质含量均高于B73。此外,在干旱条件下,蜡质合成相关的基因KCS、CER1、CER2、GL1、GL2和GL15的表达也明显增高。玉米叶片表面蜡质合成是应答干旱胁迫的一种重要方式,抗旱品种Mo17的抗旱性比B73要强,其表面蜡质合成较强是其中一个重要原因。     

玉米和高粱叶片叶绿素含量及动态的比较

对玉米品种油试67和高粱品种LA5×36不同时期叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)进行了比较研究.结果表明:二作物的SPAD值在前期大小相近,高粱略高于玉米;中后期玉米叶片SPAD值下降速度较快,叶片衰老与籽粒成熟同步性强,而高粱叶片的持绿性较强.玉米不同叶位SPAD值变化幅度比高粱大,主要表现在低叶位叶片和高叶位叶片数值较低.玉米棒三叶的SPAD值较高.     

干旱和灌溉条件下两个甘蔗品种的几个抗旱生理指标研究

分别测定了新台糖20号和桂糖11号两个甘蔗品种干旱和灌溉条件下的几个生理指标。结果表明:干旱处理引起两个甘蔗品种叶片质膜相对透性明显提高,相对含水量均明显下降,自然饱和亏缺加剧,过氧化氢酶活性和叶绿素含量下降。前4个指标以新台糖20号比较敏感,而叶绿素含量的变化以桂糖11号比较敏感。在本试验条件下,干旱处理提高了甘蔗蔗糖分和蔗汁重力纯度而降低了蔗汁还原糖分,因而提高了甘蔗品质。总的看来,似乎桂糖11号的抗旱能力比新台糖20号强,但后者的甘蔗品质较好。     

杂交早稻两优287持绿性的遗传特性研究

以超级杂交早稻组合两优287的母本9802S和父本R287作亲本,与金23B、中九B、沙B等一系列早籼稻品种杂交,对两优287持绿性的遗传特性进行了研究。结果表明,两优287的两个亲本(9802S和R287)在整个生育后期都维持较高的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD),而且SPAD值下降的时期晚,下降速度低。与持绿性相关的基因主要来自于R287,基因的作用以加性效应为主。母本9802S还具有增强持绿性的细胞质效应。     

密度调控对半干旱区不同株型玉米品种冠层和产量指标的影响

以平展型玉米品种和紧凑型玉米品种为材料,2012~2013年在吉林省西部半干旱区研究密度调控对不同类型玉米品种干旱胁迫条件下冠层和产量指标的影响。结果表明,在两年玉米灌浆期均出现中度干旱条件下,不同类型玉米品种种植密度和叶面积指数、消光系数均呈显著直线回归关系,密度和群体生长速度、果穗生长速度和产量呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线关系。通过回归方程计算,平展型和紧凑型品种最佳种植密度分别为5.4万株/hm~2和6.3万株/hm~2。相对于平展型品种,紧凑型品种平均群体生长速度和穗生长速度可以在更高种植密度条件下达到峰值。紧凑型品种在协调个体与群体适应性方面强于平展型品种,更容易适应干旱环境。     

铅镉复合胁迫对不同耐性玉米衰老特性的影响

水培条件下,选用2个对铅、镉不同耐性玉米品种为试材,研究镉、铅复合胁迫下玉米的衰老特性。结果表明,随铅、镉复合胁迫浓度升高,玉米幼苗叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量增大,但耐性玉米品种增加幅度较小;铅、镉复合胁迫降低了玉米幼苗生物量干重、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,敏感品种下降的幅度较大。金禾209对铅、镉复合胁迫具有较强的耐性。     

不同氮效率玉米杂交种的营养生长及光合特征

以氮效率不同的4个玉米杂交种(组合)为材料,在两个氮水平下分析了营养生长及光合特征。结果表明,施氮条件下玉米营养体的含氮量平均在2.0%左右,低氮处理下降到1.5%左右;氮高效品种的穗位叶光合效率并没有降低,氮低效品种的叶片光合效率则显著降低。氮高效品种在叶片保绿性方面明显具有优势,在低氮条件下保持了较大的绿叶面积和较高的叶绿素含量。这些特征保证了氮高效品种后期光合产物供应能力强,并用于子粒灌浆。     

土壤干旱胁迫对白芥光合器官发育及光合速率的影响

利用旱棚盆栽研究了在土壤干旱胁迫下白芥抗旱和不抗旱品系的单叶面积,单株叶面积、出叶速度、叶绿素含量和和净光合速率。结果表明,在土壤干旱胁迫下不同白品系在不同生育时期的单叶面积、单株叶面积、出叶速度及净光合速率都下降,在一定土壤水分范围内,叶绿素含量随土壤水分的下降而增加,抗旱性强的品系受土壤干旱胁迫的影响较小。     

水分胁迫下持绿型玉米根系形态及根系活力的研究

在盆栽条件下,研究开花期和灌浆期干旱胁迫对持绿型玉米丹598和普通玉米黄早四根系形态及其活力的影响。结果表明,持绿型玉米丹598具有较长的总根长、较大的根表面积、根体积、根干重、根冠比及根系还原力,与普通玉米黄早四相比,水分胁迫下上述指标的降幅较小。在干旱条件下,持绿型玉米丹598能保持较好的根系形态和较高的根系活力。     

陕西省不同年代旱地冬小麦光合与产量特征变化及其相互关系研究

为明确陕西省不同年代旱地冬小麦品种光合特征变化规律及其对产量的影响,选择曾在该省推广种植的20世纪40年代至21世纪初8个不同年代旱地冬小麦品种(蚂蚱麦,1940s;碧蚂1号,1950s;丰产3号,1960s;泰山1号,1970s;小偃6号,1980s;陕229,1990s;长武134,2000s;长旱58,2010s)为材料,设置正常供水和干旱胁迫两个水分处理,进行盆栽种植试验,对小麦不同生育期光合特征进行测定,并在收获期考种测产。结果表明,无论是干旱胁迫还是正常供水处理下,现代小麦品种(长武134和长旱158)花前旗叶净光合速率和单株叶面积都表现出显著优势,并与千粒重和产量呈显著正相关;但品种间花后光合特征差异减小,这对于现代小麦产量的提升可能产生了一定的限制作用;不同生育时期和不同水分处理下,旗叶蒸腾速率与种植年代之间相关性并不一致;干旱胁迫条件下,孕穗期和花后3d的旗叶水分利用效率都随品种更替呈明显上升的趋势;现代小麦品种在干旱处理下旗叶净光合速率等光合特征、千粒重等产量因素的优势受到影响,最终导致其产量增幅下降。未来应进一步提升现代小麦的光合优势,尤其是花前叶片净光合速率及叶面积的优势,并进一步提高千粒重,这将会是陕西省小麦节水高产和抗旱稳产的重要手段。     

Relationship of phenotypic variation in sorghum to nutritive value of crop residues

Improvements in dry matter digestibility of crop residues contribute to greater productivity of livestock consuming dual-purpose sorghums (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Delayed leaf senescence (stay-green), brown-midrib (bmr), leaf disease resistance, and high yield are among sorghum phenotypic traits that could enhance nutritive value of crop residues. The objective was to evaluate nutritive value and hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) of leaf or stem components of crop residues of sorghum lines and hybrids representing differences in phenotypic traits. Four replications of eight or more lines and hybrids made up a randomized complete block design during 2 years in central Texas. Dry matter yield, dry weight loss after extraction in water and incubation in rumen, and fiber concentrations of leaves and stems were measured after grain harvest under field conditions. In addition, HCN-p of axillary branches and mature leaves was quantified. Sample weight loss in water extractions without incubation in rumen was negatively correlated with fiber concentrations, which were measured as the sample weights remaining after extraction in neutral (NDF) and acidic (ADF) detergent solutions. Greater concentrations of water-extractable dry matter and lower concentrations of NDF and ADF were observed for stay-green than for bmr or lines that senesced under drought. Yet, the sum of water-extractable dry matter plus ensuing weight loss during 7 days in rumen, expressed as yield ha⁻¹ of leaf and stem digestible dry matter, was not consistently greater for stay-green than drought-susceptible lines. In addition, the yield of the sum of water-extractable and 7-day rumen losses of stay-green lines was comparable to or less than the bmr line. Under conditions in which leaf senescence varied little, analyses of nutritive value indicated water-extractable dry matter was enhanced and fiber concentrations were reduced in crop residues of stay-green compared to senescent lines.     

Millet forage yield and silage quality as affected by water and nitrogen application at different sowing dates

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two irrigation regimes (control and water stress) and two nitrogen (N) levels (0 and 112.5 kg/ha) on forage yield and silage quality in millet. Bastan (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) and Pishahang (Panicum miliaceum) were sown at two different dates during 2015 and 2016. Both cultivars exhibited reduced dry-matter (DM) yields (45% and 51% in Bastan and Pishahang respectively) due to drought stress. Proline and phenolic contents increased as a result of drought and were significantly and negatively correlated with DM yield and digestibility. Moreover, Pishahang had a reduced acid detergent fibre (ADF) content but improved leaf/stem ratio, digestible dry matter (DDM), relative feed value (RFV), net energy for lactation (NE_L), digestibility and silage quality as a result of drought stress, while no significant effects on these traits were observed in Bastan. Silage quality was greatly cultivar-dependent. Both cultivars had higher levels of DDM, RFV and NE_L at early sowing dates. Nitrogen supply had greater positive effects on increasing ash, crude protein (CP) content and DM yield under normal irrigation than under water-stress conditions. In summary, given the importance of the energy received per unit of forage from an animal husbandry viewpoint and the significance of DM yield per unit area from an agricultural viewpoint, the obtained results might help farmers in choosing not only the best sowing dates but also proper irrigation and N management practices to achieve their quantitative and qualitative objectives in forage production.     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

Stay-Green in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Drought-Prone Areas in Desiccated Soils

Abstract

Stay-green in the post-anthesis period is thought to be an efficient drought-tolerance trait in crops, but its effectiveness in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is unknown. Our objectives were to determine whether the stay-green trait exists in rice cultivars in drought-prone areas. Twenty-four cultivars from Japan and Vietnam were grown in pots of 0.08 m in diameter and 1.00 m deep. At heading, irrigation was terminated in half of the pots and continued in the remaining pots. Every four days during the grain-filling period, we measured the leaf green color with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD), the green leaf area (GLA) and the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The capacity for maintenance of SPAD-value and GLA in desiccated soils was evaluated by determining the ratio of integrated SPAD-value and GLA in desiccated (D) plants to those in irrigated (I) plants (SPAD_d/I or GLA_d/I, respectively). The SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I in 24 cultivars showed diverse frequency distributions. Cultivars belonging to higher ranges of the distribution in SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I tended to show higher ratios of plant dry weight at harvest in D to in I plants. SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I in the grain-filling period were poorly correlated with those in the seedling period in desiccated soils, and hence the capacity for maintenance of green leaves in the grain-filling period would differ from that in the seedling period. These results suggest that the stay-green trait exists as the capacity for maintaining green leaves and benefits dry matter production in desiccated soils in rice cultivars in drought-prone areas.     

Moisture-deficit-induced changes in leaf-water content,leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut cultivars differing in specific leaf area

Field experiments were conducted during two rainy seasons to study the effect of soil moisture deficit on total biomass, pod yield, harvest index (HI) and drought tolerance index (DTI) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars possessing a wide range of specific leaf area (SLA, 144–241 cm² g⁻¹). There were three soil moisture regimes: adequate irrigation (W₁), drought simulated under rain-out-shelter (W₂) and rain-fed (W₃). This experiment had two parts, in one, five cultivars were exposed to W₁, W₂ and W₃, and in a second, seven cultivars were exposed to W₁ and W₃. Using the same set of seven cultivars, pot-culture experiments were conducted to study relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (g_s) and single leaf carbon exchange rate (CER) during increasing moisture-deficit in two contrasting (rainy and summer) seasons. Variation in DTI was significant, and low SLA types had greater DTI under both W₂ and W₃. The ranking of SLA among cultivars was consistent between experiments conducted during the two seasons. The rate of reduction in leaf RWC during the progressive moisture-deficit was related directly to SLA (r=0.78, P<0.01). The coefficient of determination of the slopes calculated between RWC and soil moisture during the experimental period was more in the summer (r²=0.82) than the rainy (r²=0.54) season.Under increasing moisture-deficit, the low SLA types were able to maintain higher RWC, CER and g_s in both seasons. The relationships between RWC and CER (r=0.91, P<0.01), and RWC and g_s (r=0.65, P<0.01) were significant.It is suggested that under water-limited conditions there is a significant inverse relationship between SLA and RWC. The low SLA types (water use efficient) were found to be drought tolerant in terms of total dry matter production in the field studies, and maintenance of higher RWC under drought like situations in pot-culture experiments. Thus the ability of the low SLA types (higher water use efficiency, WUE) to maintain higher RWC may form the basis for the differences in drought tolerance vis a vis WUE in groundnut cultivars differing in SLA. Suggestions are made to select parents for drought tolerance or WUE, and to initiate breeding to combine traits like high HI, and WUE in terms of lower SLA. Ultimately, selection for both WUE (measured in terms of SLA) and yield traits (HI) should result in cultivars with improved performance in rain-fed agriculture.     

不同耐密性玉米品种光合特性对弱光响应的差异

以郑单958、东单90为试材,研究不同耐密性玉米品种光合特性对弱光胁迫响应的差异。结果表明,正常光照条件下郑单958光合性能优于东单90。郑单958在弱光胁迫后与其正常光照(对照)相比表观量子效率(AQY)增大,光合速率(Pn)、最大净光合速率(P max)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)均降低,表现出对弱光的光能利用效率明显高于对照,对强光利用效率较低。东单90在弱光胁迫后与其正常光照(对照)相比AQY降低,P max、LCP、LSP均升高,表现为对强光利用效率高,对弱光利用效率与对照基本相同。叶绿素荧光参数表明,郑单958弱光胁迫后PSⅡ光化学反应中心活性降低、高光强下光能利用效率降低主要是由于叶片光合活性下降;东单90弱光胁迫后对高光强的光利用效率升高的原因是叶片经弱光胁迫后减少了光合过程中的热耗散。     

Recent Advances in Marker-Assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance in Pearl Millet

Abstract

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the staple cereal of the hottest, driest areas of the tropics and subtropics. Drought stress is a regular occurrence in these regions, making stress tolerance an essential attribute of new pearl millet cultivars. Recent breeding research has mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for components of grain and stover yield per se, as well as yield maintenance, under terminal drought stress conditions. We report here the evaluation of these QTLs as possible selection criteria for improving stress tolerance of an elite hybrid cultivar. Initial evaluations, based on hybrids made with topcross pollinators bred from lines selected directly from the mapping population, indicated an advantage to the QTL-based topcross hybrids. This advantage seemed to be related to a particular plant phenotype that was similar to that of the drought tolerant parent of the mapping population. Subsequent evaluations were based on testcross hybrids of drought tolerance QTL introgression lines in the background of the drought-sensitive parent of the mapping population, H 77/833-2. These introgression lines were bred by limited marker-assisted backcrossing of a putative major drought tolerance QTL into H 77/833-2 from the mapping population’s drought tolerant parent. Several of these QTL introgression lines had a significant positive general combining ability for grain yield under terminal stress and significantly out-yielded testcross hybrids made with the original recurrent parent both in unrelieved terminal drought stress and in gradient stress evaluations.     

干旱胁迫下披碱草属种间杂种F1的DNA甲基化MSAP分析

为了研究披碱草属种间杂种抗旱性优势的遗传机理，以加拿大披碱草（J1）、老芒麦(L1)及其种间杂种F₁为试验材料，经干旱胁迫处理，采用甲基化敏感扩增多态性（MSAP）方法，探究干旱胁迫后亲本及种间杂种F₁的DNA甲基化变化规律。结果表明，亲本材料L1和J1的DNA平均甲基化水平分别为45.41%和59.53%，杂种F₁的DNA甲基化水平为44.24%，说明杂种在形成过程中发生了DNA去甲基化作用。全甲基化在杂交种的DNA甲基化模式中占主导地位。干旱胁迫前亲本L1、J1和杂种F₁的DNA甲基化程度分别为32.73%、41.54%和28.00%，杂种F₁甲基化水平为亲本材料的75.40%；干旱胁迫后各材料的DNA甲基化程度均增加，平均增幅分别为14.99、20.44和19.78个百分点，说明干旱胁迫对不同材料DNA甲基化水平均有明显影响，且具有特异性。杂种F₁的抗旱性最强，其DNA甲基化水平低于亲本，说明杂交种的抗旱性与DNA甲基化水平存在一定的负相关。     

基于HJ 1B遥感数据的冬小麦旱情监测研究

为确定植被干旱指数(TVDI)法在苏北地区冬小麦干旱监测中的适用性,利用HJ-1B星CCD、IRS数据,建立地表温度(Ts)-归一化植被指数(NDVI)特征空间,并提取TVDI,对2012年3月26日宿迁市土壤水分信息进行遥感监测,以地面样点实测数据进行验证,评价了地表温度及植被指数信息对TVDI指数变化的敏感性.结果表明,宿迁市较干旱区域主要集中在市、县的城区附近,较湿润区域主要分布在水体周围;TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性随土层深度增加而降低,其中在10 cm、20 cm深度的相关性达到极显著水平;由于Ts直接影响土壤含水量,而NDVI为间接影响,因此TVDI对Ts的敏感性大于NDVI.基于HJ-1B数据的TVDI指数法对冬小麦干旱具有较好的监测效果.