硼、磷缺乏对甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率基因型苗期生长的影响

营养液培养条件下,以甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种青油10号和偏高效品种宁油7号(DH系),硼低效品种Bakow和Tapidor(DH系)为材料,研究不同硼效率基因型苗期对硼、磷缺乏的反应.试验结果表明:缺磷条件下,青油10号和宁油7号长势显著好于Bakow和Tapidor,并且前者磷的含量和积累量显著高于后者;青油10号和宁油7号磷效率系数分别为0.480和0.497,显著大于Bakow(0.243)和Tapidor(0.287).苗期硼高效品种表现磷高效性状;硼低效品种表现磷低效性状.硼高效和磷高效苗期具有一定的相关性.缺硼对硼低效品种地上部生长的影响显著大于缺磷对硼低效品种的影响.     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的效应

通过土培试验,研究硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的效应.结果表明:严重缺硼(B1)时,4个油菜品种均绝收,缺硼(B2)及硼正常(B3)时,各品种均有产量,硼高效和偏高效品种产量大于硼低效品种,前者品质较后者差,表现出硼效率越高而品质越差的趋势.硼对低效品种品质的改善作用大于硼高效和偏高效品种.     

硼对甘蓝型油菜不同品种细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量的影响

水培条件下,以典型的硼高效和硼低效甘蓝型油菜品种为试材,研究硼对细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,硼对油菜各器官细胞壁中的盐溶蛋白质含量均有不同程度的影响。缺硼时,高效品种和低效品种根系和上部茎细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量均下降,但硼低效品种下降幅度大于硼高效品种,硼高效品种薹期供硼与缺硼处理间差异不显著。上部叶片细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量,硼低效品种缺硼时显著下降,硼高效品种则显著升高,薹期高效品种供硼与缺硼处理间差异不显著。两品种下部叶片缺硼时的变化趋势与上部叶片相同,但不同时期的差异均不显著。     

甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率基因型对硼的吸收、分配的影响

在土培条件下,研究了甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率基因型对硼的吸收、分配和运转。结果表明,甘蓝型油菜硼效率不同基因型的差异首先表现在植株对硼的吸收能力上,特别是缺硼胁迫时高效品种的吸收能力更明显大于低效品种。其次在硼的分配、运转和再利用上,高效品种繁殖器官分配的硼多于低效品种,缺硼时硼的运转和再利用能力高效品种大于低效品种     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜嫁接植株下部叶片矿质养分含量的影响

土壤培养条件下,研究缺硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种及其相互嫁接植株下部叶片硼及其它矿质养分含量的影响。结果表明,缺硼条件下,硼高效油菜品种青油10号(QY10)下部叶片硼含量最高,低效品种Bakow(Ba)最低,嫁接植株介于高效品种与低效品种之间。推断甘蓝型油菜下部叶片硼含量受根系(砧木品种)和地上部(接穗品种)共同影响。硼对油菜下部叶片其它矿质元素影响的受控部位不完全相同,缺硼对氮、磷、钙和锌的影响主要取决于地上部,与根系关系相对较小,对钾的影响主要由根系决定,而对镁、锰、铁、铜的影响不明确,可能受地上部和根系共同控制。     

硼对甘蓝型油采不同品种细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量的影响

水培条件下,以典型的硼高效和硼低效城蓝型油菜品种为试材,研究对细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量的影响,结果表明,硼对油菜各器官细胞壁中盐溶蛋白质含量均有不同程度的影响。缺硼时,高效品种和低效品种根系和上部茎细胞壁盐溶蛋白质含量均下降,但硼低效品种下降幅度大于硼高效品种,硼高效品种薹期供硼与缺硼处理间差异不显著。     

甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种酯酶同工酶的比较分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳方法,分析甘蓝型油菜２个硼低效品种、４个硼高效品种及其４个Ｆ１苗期、蕾期和花期不同器官的酯酶同工酶,探索甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种及Ｆ１间酯酶同工酶的关系。结果表明：三个时期不同器官的酯酶同工酶谱比效稳定,出现明显的三个带区;不同硼效率品种间酯酶同工酶谱在各个时期和器官都有差异,但苗期叶片酯酶同工酶谱在快带区的差异最显著,容易辨别,Ｆ１为共显性;缺硼时甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种酯酶同工酶的谱带颜色变深,酶活性增强,但同工酶的谱带数没有变化。     

应用~(10)B研究不同油菜品种花器官的硼素基因型差异

应用~(10)B固体径迹蚀刻技术,测定4个油菜品种花器官中的含硼量。结果表明:(1)缺硼时浠水白的花萼和花瓣的含硼量分别为5.8和5.9ppm,均极显著高于三个甘蓝型品种。3个甘蓝型品种的含硼量依次为:甘油4号>821>84004,差异均达极显著水平。(2)缺硼时浠水白的雄蕊和雌蕊含硼量最高,分别为10.4和10.3ppm。甘蓝型品种依次为甘油4号、中油821、84004。(3)不同品种缺硼时蕾的含硼量依次为浠水白、甘油4号、中油821、84004,除甘油4号与中油821之间的差异不显著外,其余品种间差异极显著。     

不同硼效率油菜品种营养生长需硼量的差异

采用Hoagland 和无硼Arnon 营养液,研究不同甘蓝型油菜品种在营养液培养条件下需硼量的差异.结果表明:在0.001～0.005mg/L硼浓度范围内,甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种在长势长相、根系活力等方面均表现出显著差异,可作为苗期油菜品种硼效率筛选和硼效率差异机理研究的硼临界浓度.油菜根系重量和长度对缺硼最敏感,可作为鉴定油菜品种硼效率的形态指标.     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜细胞壁硼钙含量的影响

采用营养液培养方法，研究硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜细胞壁硼、钙含量及其比值的影响。结果表明，硼充足的条件下，两个油菜品种各部位细胞壁提取率为3.5%左右；高效品种上部叶、下部叶和根系细胞壁硼含量分别为63.29μg/g、61.90μg/g和25.67μg/g左右；而低效品种上部叶、下部叶和根系细胞壁硼含量均高于高效品种，分别为73.92μg/g、71.15μg/g和30.89μg/g左右；说明高效品种正常生长时需要相对较少的硼来构建其细胞壁。硼充足的条件下，品种间细胞壁钙含量及Ca/B比值差异不显著；其叶片和根系细胞壁钙含量为5 mg/g和15 mg/g左右，相应的Ca/B比值分别在50~100和500~600之间。缺硼导致两个油菜品种细胞壁提取率升高、Ca/B比值增大、细胞壁硼含量下降。随着硼水平的降低，细胞壁钙含量呈先上升后下降趋势。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.