对辽宁省玉米种子携带的真菌研究

以辽宁省广泛栽培的32个玉米品种的种子为材料进行种子带菌分析,采用保湿培养检验法和分离培养检验法分别对种子表面附带真菌及内部寄藏真菌进行分离和鉴定。在供试的32个玉米品种种子上共分离得到14属真菌,分别为枝顶孢属(Acremonium)、刺毛霉属(Actinomucor)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)、毛壳属(Chaetomium)、附球菌属(Epicoccum)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、串棒霉属(Gonatobotrys)、毛霉属(Mucor)、黑孢菌属(Nigrospora)、青霉属(Penicillium)、根霉属(Rhizopus)及木霉属(Trichoderma)。种子表面附带真菌以镰孢菌分离频率最高,可高达90%以上;其次是曲霉菌、青霉菌及木霉菌。而在内部寄藏真菌中则以曲霉菌和青霉菌分离频率较高;其次是镰孢菌和毛壳菌,其它各属则仅在一个或几个玉米品种中分离得到。     

14种AM真菌对枳生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,以柑橘砧木枳（Fructus aurantii）幼苗为试验材料,在基质中接种从广西土壤中分离得到的不同丛枝菌根（AM）真菌菌株,探讨不同AM真菌对枳根系的侵染能力和植株生长的影响。结果表明：用于试验的14个AM真菌菌株均能与枳根系形成共生关系,平均侵染率为36.16%,其中侵染率最高的菌株是黄雷德克囊霉（Redeckera fulvum, Rf）,侵染率高达92.83%,侵染率最低的菌株是副冠球囊霉（Glomus coronatum, Gc）,侵染率仅为0.23%;接种黄雷德克囊霉、摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae, Fm2）和副冠球囊霉这3个菌株处理的枳植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶柄长均高于CK,是枳的优势菌株,能促进枳的生长。     

广西香蕉根系内生真菌的群落组成与多样性

本研究对广西香蕉主产区的香蕉根系样本进行内生真菌分离,采用形态学与ITS序列分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定,开展其物种组成与多样性分析,对了解广西香蕉与其根部内生真菌间的关系以及探索其内生真菌功能具有重要意义。从168个香蕉根段中共分离获得352株内生真菌,分别归属于5纲17目34科43属62个分类单元,不同分类单元的代表菌株中,有41株菌株能够产生分生孢子(66.13%)。其中,优势纲为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)和散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes),相对频率(RF)分别为66.19%和20.45%;优势目为肉座菌目(Hypocreales)、散囊菌目(Eurotiales)和格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales),相对频率分别为55.4%、17.61%和9.66%;优势属为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、未鉴定属3、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、未鉴定属2、弯孢属(Curvularia)和突脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum),相对频率分别为32.39%、15.06%、13.35%、5.11%、3.98%、3.41%、3.13%和2.84%,后5个属的相对频率未超过10%,其优势不明显。多样性指数和均匀度系数结果表明,南宁地区坛洛镇TL2样地和锣圩镇LX样地的香蕉根系内生真菌种群多样性较丰富,群落分布较均匀。相似度系数分析显示,钦州地区大成镇2个样地(DC1、DC2)间香蕉根系内生真菌种群组成相似度最高(C_s=0.67)。不同采样点的地理环境和气候条件给香蕉提供了不同的生境,是影响香蕉根系内生真菌种类组成及多样性差异的主要因素之一。     

广西香蕉根系内生真菌的群落组成与多样性

本研究对广西香蕉主产区的香蕉根系样本进行内生真菌分离,采用形态学与ITS序列分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定,开展其物种组成与多样性分析,对了解广西香蕉与其根部内生真菌间的关系以及探索其内生真菌功能具有重要意义。从168个香蕉根段中共分离获得352株内生真菌,分别归属于5纲17目34科43属62个分类单元,不同分类单元的代表菌株中,有41株菌株能够产生分生孢子(66.13%)。其中,优势纲为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)和散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes),相对频率(RF)分别为66.19%和20.45%;优势目为肉座菌目(Hypocreales)、散囊菌目(Eurotiales)和格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales),相对频率分别为55.4%、17.61%和9.66%;优势属为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、未鉴定属3、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、未鉴定属2、弯孢属(Curvularia)和突脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum),相对频率分别为32.39%、15.06%、13.35%、5.11%、3.98%、3.41%、3.13%和2.84%,后5个属的相对频率未超过10%,其优势不明显。多样性指数和均匀度系数结果表明,南宁地区坛洛镇TL2样地和锣圩镇LX样地的香蕉根系内生真菌种群多样性较丰富,群落分布较均匀。相似度系数分析显示,钦州地区大成镇2个样地(DC1、DC2)间香蕉根系内生真菌种群组成相似度最高(C_s=0.67)。不同采样点的地理环境和气候条件给香蕉提供了不同的生境,是影响香蕉根系内生真菌种类组成及多样性差异的主要因素之一。     

内生真菌印度梨形孢诱导提高玉米苗期抗旱性研究初探

采用盆栽试验,初步研究内生真菌印度梨形孢诱导提高玉米抗旱性的效应。结果显示,在自然干旱胁迫下,根长、根鲜重、根干重、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素含量等指标接种印度梨形孢的玉米幼苗比未接种的明显增加,差异达到显著、极显著水平;根干重、叶绿素含量等性状,接种印度梨形孢干旱胁迫处理的幼苗显著地高于未接种干旱处理,表明印度梨形孢真菌具有促进玉米幼苗生长的作用,能有效增强玉米幼苗的抗旱性。     

福建省蔬菜根结线虫卵囊寄生真菌鉴定

调查了福建省部分地区的蔬菜根结线虫卵囊寄生真菌。从8种蔬菜病根上采集根结线虫卵囊样品624份,分离到真菌401株,除34株不产孢及疑难种未鉴定外,已鉴定的真菌有18个属：镰孢菌、拟青霉、根霉、曲霉、厚垣孢普可尼亚菌、丝核菌、弯孢、毛霉、刚毛孢、木霉、链格孢、拟盘多毛孢、青霉、炭疽菌、黑孢霉、小克银汉霉、枝孢霉、横隔霉。镰刀菌属、曲霉属、木霉属为优势真菌,分别占总分离数的31.2%、10.2%、12.7%;淡紫拟青霉和厚垣孢普可尼亚菌分别占8.1%和4.5%。     

福建省水葫芦病株调查及其致病菌分离

2007年4月至2008年2月,对福建省发病水葫芦植株进行调查、分离试验,结果表明,全省水葫芦分布广泛,但发病点很少;分离采回病株共得到5个菌株,经鉴定分别属于链格孢属Alternaria A1、A2和半知菌类Fungi Imperficti I1、I2及1种常见的绿色木霉。其中链格孢属Altemaria A1对水葫芦植株具有一定的致病性,经鉴定为水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata.     

27种丛枝菌根真菌接种对盆栽云木香生理生化及主要萜类成分的影响

在室温盆栽实验条件下,研究了27种外源性丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌对云木香幼苗的根系菌根侵染率、生理生化特性、根生物量及萜类成分积累的影响。研究结果表明,云木香与AM真菌形成了良好的共生关系,但27种AM真菌菌株与云木香二者之间存在共生偏好性。与对照组（CK）相比,部分AM真菌提高云木香叶片中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增强云木香抗不利环境的能力;部分AM真菌处理组云木香根生物量显著增加（P<0.05）;大部分AM真菌处理组云木香根中木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯及总内酯含量显著增加（P<0.05）,也有部分AM真菌处理组差异不明显或降低。从综合接种效应来看,易误巨孢囊霉（Gigaspora decipiens,Gd）、美丽盾巨孢囊霉（Scutellospora calospora,Sca）、瑚状盾巨囊霉（Racocetra coralloidea,Rco）、沙荒球囊霉（Septoglomus deserticola,Sde）、哥伦比亚内养囊霉（Entrophospora colombiana,Ec）、巴西类球囊霉（Paraglomus brasilianum,Pb）等是人工栽培条件下接种AM真菌云木香幼苗的潜在优良菌株,可为提高云木香产量和品质开辟一条新的途径。     

缺乏不同营养元素对剑麻幼苗生长和养分含量的影响

探究不同营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg缺乏对龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗生长和养分含量的影响.通过砂培试验,设置了缺氮(-N)、缺磷(-P)、缺钾(-K)、缺钙(-Ca)、缺镁(-Mg)处理,调查了幼苗的株高、根长、叶片数、地上部和根系生物量、叶片和根系养分含量.结果表明:-N和-Ca处理剑麻幼苗株高、叶片数、地上部和根系干重均明显减小,其它缺素处理影响不明显.各缺素处理剑麻植株叶片和根系相应元素含量均降低.-K、-Ca处理植株含N量降低,-N、-K处理植株含P量明显增加,-Mg处理植株含K量以及-K处理植株含Ca量也明显增加,而-N处理植株含Mg量明显降低.说明N、P、K、Ca、Mg缺乏对剑麻幼苗生长和叶片养分含量均造成一定程度的影响,但影响程度不同,缺氮影响最大,缺钙次之.     

5株内生真菌对杉木幼苗生长的影响

为揭示内生真菌对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗的促生作用,采用淋冠施菌和浇根施菌2种方式接种5株内生真菌a J4、NG6、CG2、AY13和CG9于杉木幼苗内,分析并比较其对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:在2种不同的施菌方式下,CG2菌株对杉木幼苗地上部干物质量、根冠比和总干重影响最大,促生效果显著。a J4菌株和NG6菌株均能显著提高杉木幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,且实际光合效率较高;采用淋冠施菌方式,CG2菌株处理的植株光能利用潜力较大,NG6菌株处理的植株PSII电子传递速率较高;采用浇根施菌方式,a J4菌株处理的植株光能利用潜力较大,CG2菌株处理的植株PSII电子传递速率较高;AY13菌株处理提高PSII反应中心活性的效果表现为浇根施菌方式优于淋冠施菌方式;CG9菌株在2种施菌方式下光合特性均不理想,表明并不是所有的内生真菌都能提高植株的光合作用能力。研究结果表明,5株内生真菌感染对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响存在显著差异,但不同的施菌方式对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光的影响差异不显著。     

Isolation of a new natural product and cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of extracts from fungi of Indonesian marine habitats

In the search for bioactive compounds, 11 fungal strains were isolated from Indonesian marine habitats. Ethyl acetate extracts of their culture broth were tested for cytotoxic activity against a urinary bladder carcinoma cell line and for antifungal and antibacterial activities against fish and human pathogenic bacteria as well as against plant and human pathogenic fungi. The crude extract of a sterile algicolous fungus (KT31), isolated from the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva exhibited potent cytotoxic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 1.5 μg/mL. Another fungal strain (KT29) displayed fungicidal properties against the plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. et Arth. at 50 μg/spot. 2-Carboxy-8-methoxy-naphthalene-1-ol (1) could be isolated as a new natural product.     

Drought meets acid: three new genera in a dothidealean clade of extremotolerant fungi

Fungal strains isolated from rocks and lichens collected in the Antarctic ice-free area of the Victoria Land, one of the coldest and driest habitats on earth, were found in two phylogenetically isolated positions within the subclass Dothideomycetidae. They are here reported as new genera and species, Recurvomyces mirabilis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Elasticomyces elasticus gen. nov., sp. nov. The nearest neighbours within the clades were other rock-inhabiting fungi from dry environments, either cold or hot. Plant-associated Mycosphaerella-like species, known as invaders of leathery leaves in semi-arid climates, are also phylogenetically related with the new taxa. The clusters are also related to the halophilic species Hortaea werneckii, as well as to acidophilic fungi. One of the latter, able to grow at pH 0, is Scytalidium acidophilum, which is ascribed here to the newly validated genus Acidomyces. The ecological implications of this finding are discussed.Taxonomic novelties: Recurvomyces Selbmann & de Hoog, gen. nov.; Recurvomyces mirabilis Selbmann & de Hoog, sp. nov.; Elasticomyces Zucconi & Selbmann, gen. nov.; Elasticomyces elasticus Zucconi & Selbmann, sp. nov.; Acidomyces Selbmann, de Hoog & De Leo, gen. nov.; Acidomyces acidophilus (Sigler & J.W. Carmich.) Selbmann, de Hoog & De Leo, comb. nov.     

Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta

We present a revised phylogeny of lichenised Dothideomyceta (Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes) based on a combined data set of nuclear large subunit (nuLSU) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA data. Dothideomyceta is supported as monophyletic with monophyletic classes Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes; the latter, however, lacking support in this study. The phylogeny of lichenised Arthoniomycetes supports the current division into three families: Chrysothrichaceae (Chrysothrix), Arthoniaceae (Arthonia s. l., Cryptothecia, Herpothallon), and Roccellaceae (Chiodecton, Combea, Dendrographa, Dichosporidium, Enterographa, Erythrodecton, Lecanactis, Opegrapha, Roccella, Roccellographa, Schismatomma, Simonyella). The widespread and common Arthonia caesia is strongly supported as a (non-pigmented) member of Chrysothrix. Monoblastiaceae, Strigulaceae, and Trypetheliaceae are recovered as unrelated, monophyletic clades within Dothideomycetes. Also, the genera Arthopyrenia (Arthopyreniaceae) and Cystocoleus and Racodium (Capnodiales) are confirmed as Dothideomycetes but unrelated to each other. Mycomicrothelia is shown to be unrelated to Arthopyrenia s.str., but is supported as a monophyletic clade sister to Trypetheliaceae, which is supported by hamathecium characters. The generic concept in several groups is in need of revision, as indicated by non-monophyly of genera, such as Arthonia, Astrothelium, Cryptothecia, Cryptothelium, Enterographa, Opegrapha, and Trypethelium in our analyses.     

海南木麻黄木腐菌物种多样性研究

木麻黄是沿海防护林的主要组成树种,本研究对海南木麻黄上生长的木腐菌物种多样性和病原木腐菌种类进行了调查。旨在探索木麻黄上具有开发价值的木腐菌资源和了解木麻黄上的病原木腐菌种类。本次调查共采集木腐菌标本355份,隶属于2门、3纲、8目、9科、21属共61个种。主要由多孔菌科和灵芝科真菌组成;木腐菌的多样性与温度和降雨量息息相关;有8种寄生于木麻黄活立木的木腐菌:南方灵芝、褐灵芝、黎母山灵芝、上思灵芝、热带灵芝、薄盖灵芝、二孢假芝和有害木层孔菌。     

海南常见杂草病原真菌资源调查及初步鉴定

通过对海南部分地区常见杂草病原真菌初步镜检,分离培养,共鉴定出17种杂草上的21种病原真菌。它们是香附子(Cyperus rotundus L)、白茅[Imperata cylindrical(L.)]、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis L.)和一点红[Emilia sonchifolia(L)DC.]上的夏孢锈菌(Uredo sp.);车前草(Plantago asiatica L)、土牛膝(Achyrantnes aspera L)、大飞扬草(Euphorbia hirta L)、象鼻草(Helioeropium indicum L)的粉孢属(Oidium sp.);飞机草(Eupatoriumodora-tum L)的泽兰尾孢(Cerospora eupatorii Peck.)、刺盘孢(Colletotrichum sp.);青葙(Celosiaar gentea L)的交链孢(Alternaria sp.);马唐草(Digitaria sanguinalis(L)Scop)的长蠕孢霉(Helminthosporium sp.)、弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.)、夏孢锈菌(Uredo sp.)、黑孢霉(Nigrospora sp.);野茼蒿(Gynura crepidioides Benth)的交链孢霉(Alternaria Nees sp.)、银花苋(Gomphrena globosa L)的弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.);粗叶耳草(Hedyotis hispida Retz)的弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.);水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)的刺盘孢(Colletotrichum sp);牛筋草(Eleusine indica(L.)Gaertn.)的长蠕孢霉(Helminthosporium sp.)以及三叶鬼针草上的黑孢霉(Nigrospora sp.)。     

Phylogenetic origins and family classification of typhuloid fungi,with emphasis on Ceratellopsis,Macrotyphula and Typhula (Basidiomycota)

Typhuloid fungi are a very poorly known group of tiny clavarioid homobasidiomycetes. The phylogenetic position and family classification of the genera targeted here, Ceratellopsis, Macrotyphula, Pterula sensu lato and Typhula, are controversial and based on unresolved phylogenies. Our six-gene phylogeny with an expanded taxon sampling shows that typhuloid fungi evolved at least twice in the Agaricales (Pleurotineae, Clavariineae) and once in the Hymenochaetales. Macrotyphula, Pterulicium and Typhula are nested within the Pleurotineae. The type of Typhula (1818) and Sclerotium (1790), T. phacorrhiza and S. complanatum (synonym T. phacorrhiza), are encompassed in the Macrotyphula clade that is distantly related to a monophyletic group formed by species usually assigned to Typhula. Thus, the correct name for Macrotyphula (1972) and Typhula is Sclerotium and all Typhula species but those in the T. phacorrhiza group need to be transferred to Pistillaria (1821). To avoid undesirable nomenclatural changes, we suggest to conserve Typhula with T. incarnata as type. Clavariaceae is supported as a separate, early diverging lineage within Agaricales, with Hygrophoraceae as a successive sister taxon to the rest of the Agaricales. Ceratellopsis s. auct. is polyphyletic because C. acuminata nests in Clavariaceae and C. sagittiformis in the Hymenochaetales. Ceratellopsis is found to be an earlier name for Pterulicium, because the type, C. queletii, represents Pterulicium gracile (synonym Pterula gracilis), deeply nested in the Pterulicium clade. To avoid re-combining a large number of names in Ceratellopsis we suggest to conserve it with C. acuminata as type. The new genus Bryopistillaria is created to include C. sagittiformis. The families Sarcomyxaceae and Phyllotopsidaceae, and the suborder Clavariineae, are described as new. Six new combinations are proposed and 15 names typified.     

Potential of two entomopathogenic fungi,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), as biological control agents against the June beetle

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain PPRI 5339 [BroadBand, an emulsifiable spore concentrate (EC) formulation] and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain F52 [Met52, both EC and granular (GR) formulations] against the larvae of Polyphylla fullo (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Larvicidal bioassays were performed in foam boxes (100 by 75 by 50 cm; length by width by height), containing moist soil medium with some humus and potato tubers as food. Although the B. bassiana product (min. 4 × 10⁹ conidia/ml) was applied at 100, 150, and 200 ml/100 l water; M. anisopliae strain F52 was applied at 500, 1,000, and 1,500 g/m³ of moist soil medium for GR (9 × 10⁸ cfu/g) and 75, 100, and 125 ml/100 l water for EC (5.5 × 10⁹ conidia/ml) formulation. Both fungi were pathogenic to larvae of the pest; however, young larvae (1st and 2nd instars) were more susceptible to infection than older ones (3rd instar). Mortality rates of young and older larvae varied with conidial concentration of both fungi and elapsed time after application. The B. bassiana product was more effective than both of the formulations of the M. anisopliae product, causing mortalities up to 79.8 and 71.6% in young and older larvae, respectively. The highest mortality rates of young and older larvae caused by the M. anisopliae product were 74.1 and 67.6% for the GR formulation, 70.2 and 61.8% for the EC formulation, respectively. These results may suggest that both fungi have potential to be used for management of P. fullo.     

油梨果实真菌潜伏侵染的研究

海南和广东的油裂果实普遍存在着多种真菌的潜伏侵染,其中以Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Alternaria sp.Marcrophoma sp.和Trichoderma ligneram为油梨果实生长发育期的主要潜伏侵染病原菌。在不同气候类型区,带菌种群和带菌率无明显差异,但潜伏侵染真菌大量集中于果柄组织,而在果实上的各部位分布差异不显著。     

野生兰属植物菌根真菌的分离和表型鉴定

为鉴定野生兰属植物内生菌根真菌种类,以6种代表性兰属植物春剑、春兰、蕙兰、送春、建兰、莲瓣兰为材料,采用常规分离方法,从其内生菌根中分离得到30个菌株。通过菌落特征和光学显微特征观察,将30种内生菌根真菌初步鉴定为镰刀菌属、毛壳菌属、柱孢霉属和瘤菌根菌属4个种类。     

海南香蕉VA菌根形态结构初步观察

对海南5个地区的香蕉VA(泡囊丛枝)菌根进行了初步研究。结果表明,菌根存在香蕉的根毛区和近假茎区的皮层组织中,以根毛区最多,形成率在90%以上。用湿筛倾析要蔗糖梯度离心法,分离土壤中VA菌根真菌的孢子,初步鉴定其为球囊霉属、类球囊霉属和巨孢霉属3类。