长白山黑木耳蜜饯的研制

为探索长白山黑木耳蜜饯的加工工艺,以长白山黑木耳为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定长白山黑木耳蜜饯的最佳生产工艺条件。结果表明:氯化钙添加量为1%、甘油添加量为0.7%、黄原胶添加量为0.3%、糖添加量为40%、柠檬酸添加量为0.6%、渗糖时间为40min、干燥时间为1.5h时,长白山黑木耳蜜饯感官品质最佳。     

BP神经网络指导番木瓜果肉制品开发

以热带水果番木瓜为原料生产果肉制品,采用模糊综合评价法对产品进行感官质量评价,通过单因素和正交实验确定柠檬酸、护色剂抗坏血酸、稳定剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、山梨糖醇添加量,采用神经网络对果肉制品工艺参数进行优化,建立神经网络模型。结果显示,柠檬酸添加量为0.105%、抗坏血酸为0.112%,CMC-Na为0.098%,山梨糖醇为7.2%时,产品的感官得分为89.93。此条件下生产的产品色泽均匀,香气浓郁,口感佳,符合卫生安全标准。     

灵芝枸杞软糖的研制及其体外抗氧化性测定

本实验以破壁灵芝孢子粉、枸杞多糖为原料,通过单因素及正交试验研制灵芝枸杞软糖的配方,并对软糖的抗氧化性进行测定,结果表明:凝胶添加量为4.5%,复配比例为2:1(琼脂:卡拉胶);甜味剂果葡糖浆添加量为8%,白砂糖添加量为30%;原料(1:2)的添加量为25%;干燥条件为70℃。经过对不同浓度软糖液的抗氧化性测定,灵芝枸杞软糖具有一定的抗氧化作用。     

姜汁绿茶复合饮料的研制

本文以生姜和绿茶浸提液为原料,将生姜汁和绿茶浸提液按比例调配后,加入一定比例的蔗糖和柠檬酸调味制成生姜绿茶饮品。通过单因素试验和正交试验探究姜汁添加量、绿茶浸提时的茶水比、绿茶浸提液添加量、蔗糖添加量、柠檬酸添加量对姜汁绿茶品质的影响,确定了该饮料的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,当姜汁添加量为5.0%、茶水比为1:50、茶叶浸提液添加量为60%、糖添加量为7%、酸添加量为0.12%时,茶饮料的口感最佳。     

利用大豆浓缩蛋白乳清制备水苏糖的发酵条件

利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理制备水苏糖.在确定最佳起始发酵液的糖度为31.8Brix后,对温度、pH、接种量、装液量等工艺条件进行了单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明最佳发酵条件为:温度32°C,pH5.5,接种量8%,在此发酵条件下利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理48 h,水苏糖的纯度达到了90%,保留率为68%.     

酶法提高大豆分离蛋白酸溶性的研究

通过单因素试验研究了植酸酶添加量、酶解时间、pH、温度和料液浓度对大豆蛋白酸溶度、透光率和料液粘度的影响,在单因素试验的基础上对pH、温度、料液浓度和时间进行四因素三水平的正交试验,结果表明,当植酸酶添加量为0.6%时,酶解的最佳条件组合为pH3.0,温度40℃,料液浓度10%,酶解时间45 min,此时大豆分离蛋白的酸溶度为45.79%,透光率为68.5%,与优化前相比,分别提高了30.65%和29.4%。     

响应面法优化菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的制备工艺

为确定快速粘度计（rapid visco analyzer, RVA）制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳工艺条件，探讨椰子油添加量、复合时间、复合温度3个因素对菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数的影响。在此基础上，利用Box-Benhnken响应面法优化RVA制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的工艺条件。此外，对比了菠萝蜜淀粉和复合物的糊化特性、膨胀力和溶解性。结果表明，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳制备条件参数为：椰子油添加量为4%，复合时间为2.40 min，复合温度为90.70℃。在最佳条件下，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数理论值为24.64%，实际验证值为24.33%，拟合模型预测值与实际验证结果吻合。复合物的糊化温度、峰值黏度和谷值黏度高于原淀粉，而最终黏度和回生值有所下降，说明复合物的热稳定性提高；复合物的形成阻止了淀粉膨胀，导致膨胀力和溶解度相较原淀粉明显降低。     

千张豆腐生产中点卤工艺标准化研究

针对千张豆腐生产工艺中的点卤工艺影响产品品质及产量不稳定的问题,在传统千张豆腐生产工艺的基础上,对机制千张豆腐生产工艺中的点卤工艺进行标准化。通过单因素试验和正交试验对点卤工艺中的凝固剂种类、添加量、点浆温度、豆浆浓度等因素进行优化,结合感官评分、理化指标测定及质构特性分析得出的千张豆腐点卤工艺标准化参数为:凝固剂石膏与盐卤的配比(g∶g)为1.875∶1.100、点浆温度85℃、豆浆浓度9°。验证试验结果表明:标准化生产的千张豆腐与传统工艺制作的千张豆腐相比质量显著提高,含水量增加4.92%,总蛋白质含量增加2.87%,出品率增加7.87%,弹性增加1.63 mm,咀嚼性增加20.92 m J,硬度降低313.00 g,粘性降低0.03 m J,损耗率降低3.36%。     

菠萝蜜果醋发酵工艺的优化及香气成分分析

为了提升菠萝蜜的产品附加值,进一步丰富市场中果醋种类,本研究以菠萝蜜为原料,对菠萝蜜果醋发酵工艺进行优化并分析其香气成分。通过单因素试验探讨醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度、乙醇体积分数、初始pH 4个因素对菠萝蜜果醋产酸量的影响,然后采用4因素3水平的响应面设计优化得到最佳发酵工艺。结果表明,菠萝蜜果醋的最佳发酵工艺条件为醋酸菌接种量11%、发酵温度32 ℃、乙醇体积分数5%、初始pH 3.3,在此条件下菠萝蜜果醋的醋酸含量达(44.20±0.41)g/L。采用顶空固相微萃取法（head space-solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）,对菠萝蜜果醋的香气成分进行分析,检测出香气成分67种,主要成分是乙酸（26.15%）、乙酸异戊酯（12.78%）、异戊醇（11.01%）、乙酸乙酯（10.99%）、苯乙醇（4.72%）、正癸酸（3.61%）、苯甲醛（3.34%）、乙酸苯乙酯（3.12%）、辛酸（3.08%）、异戊酸（1.31%）、月桂酸乙酯（1.07%）。通过菠萝蜜果醋发酵工艺的优化和香气成分分析,制备出符合相关国家标准和行业标准的新型果醋,初步探明了果醋中香气成分的种类。     

响应曲面法优化鲜果豆丁制备工艺及其品质评价

以豆浆为基础原料,以感官评分和质构特性为主要评价指标,通过响应曲面法优化鲜果豆丁工艺配方。利用Design-Expert软件进行数据分析,得出鲜果豆丁的最佳配方为:木糖醇添加量为14%,柠檬酸添加量为0.3%,复合胶的添加量为明胶2.5%、琼脂0.5%,果肉的添加量为14%。在此最优条件下制备的大豆鲜果布丁感官得分为93,弹性为0.88,回复性为1.31,口感较好,具有独特的豆香风味。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.