干旱胁迫下外源脱落酸对大豆花期生理特性的影响

以大豆品种绥农14为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了大豆花期干旱胁迫条件下喷施不同浓度外源脱落酸(ABA)对大豆生理特性的影响,并对不同浓度脱落酸的作用效果进行比较。结果表明:与正常供水相比,干旱条件下的大豆叶片过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量均增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性和叶绿素含量降低,喷施一定浓度外源ABA明显缓解了干旱胁迫下大豆各项生理指标的变化幅度。喷施ABA后1～13 d,4.0 mg.L-1的ABA明显提高了过氧化物酶的活性、1.0 mg.L-1ABA能明显促进超氧化物歧化酶活性升高和可溶性糖含量增加,并能缓解叶绿素含量的降低;3.0 mg.L-1的ABA明显使脯氨酸含量增加;2.0 mg.L-1的ABA对缓解丙二醛积累作用明显。综合分析表明,干旱胁迫下,叶面喷施一定浓度的脱落酸维持了大豆花期叶片的正常生理代谢功能,有效的提高了叶片抗氧化能力和控制了叶片的衰老进程。     

干旱胁迫对中粒种咖啡幼苗膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以苗龄约8个月的中粒种咖啡袋育苗为材料,测定3种干旱胁迫强度下咖啡幼苗叶片的生理指标变化,旨在了解其对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为55%~60%),与对照相比,中粒种咖啡幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著增加,而丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率没有显著变化。但在中度干旱或重度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为40%~45%或25%~30%),可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性显著或极显著减少,而可溶性糖、脯氨酸的积累减缓,MDA含量和相对电导率迅速上升。在适度干旱胁迫下,中粒种咖啡幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力来增强其对干旱胁迫的耐性。     

镁肥不同用量对花生叶片抗氧化代谢的影响

利用盆栽试验,以花育33号为供试品种,研究不同施镁量对花生叶片膜脂过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在缺镁胁迫下,花生叶片内脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量积累,膜脂过氧化程度加重,产生的活性氧物质诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性暂时升高;适量施镁可以降低花生叶片中的MDA含量,提高SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)、CAT的活性,有利于提高花生抵抗膜脂过氧化的能力,提高花生叶片生理活性,延缓衰老;不同施镁量对于花生叶片中POD的活性影响不大,镁胁迫下,出苗后70d清除花生植株体内活性氧的关键酶是SOD和CAT。     

复盐胁迫对结缕草(Zoysia Willd.)生理和生长的影响研究

以盐生植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)和非盐生植物中华结缕草(Zoysia sinica)为材料,研究了0.5%复盐胁迫对其过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和叶片相对含水量以及相对生长率和坪用价值的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫过程中2种结缕草的CAT活性、脯氨酸含量和叶片相对电导率逐渐增加;相对生长率、坪用质量、SOD活性、可溶性总糖含量呈现先增加后降低趋势;而叶片相对含水量逐渐下降。2种结缕草相比较,盐胁迫过程中沟叶结缕草能保持较大的SOD和CAT酶活性,积累较多的渗透调节物质,保持较好的细胞膜完整性和持水能力,从而表现出较大的相对生长率和坪用质量,这也可能是沟叶结缕草更耐盐的原因。     

植物生长物质冠菌素诱导旱稻、水稻幼苗抗旱性的效应及生理机制

以旱稻 297 和水稻越富幼苗为材料,在 20% PEG 模拟干旱条件下,研究了植物生长物质冠菌素处理对叶片水分状况、质膜透性、渗透调节物质（脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白）及内源激素（ABA、IAA 和GA3）含量的影响。干旱胁迫下,冠菌素处理可以维持旱稻 297（0.01 μmol/L）和越富（0.1 μmol/L）较高的叶片相对含水量,促进幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低质膜透性,维持细胞质膜的完整性;同时,冠菌素（0.01 和0.1 μmol/L）处理明显促进旱稻 297 和越富幼苗叶片中ABA的积累,并改变了 IAA 和GA3 的浓度及比例。冠菌素处理能改善旱稻和水稻幼苗耐干旱胁迫的能力,最适浓度分别为0.01 μmol/L和0.1 μmol/L。     

广西甘蔗品种抗旱性研究

干旱已成为制约我国甘蔗产量提高的重要因素。研究甘蔗的抗旱机理,选育具备较强抗旱性的甘蔗品种,是降低甘蔗生产成本、提高甘蔗产量的有效途径。为探讨不同甘蔗品种的抗旱性,以桂南亚08-186、桂糖05-3846等7个甘蔗品种为试验材料,采用人工控水桶栽法研究其抗旱性。测定甘蔗+1叶脯氨酸含量、叶片膜透性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量4个生理指标的变化,根据抗旱隶属函数加权值大小对其进行抗旱性评价。结果表明,所有甘蔗品种抗旱能力的强弱与脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶的活性呈正相关;与叶片膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量呈负相关;根据隶属函数分析结果,参试甘蔗品种抗旱性由强到弱依次为:桂糖05-3864>桂南亚08-186>柳城06/241>柳城03/1137>桂糖06-400>ROC22(CK)>桂热2号(凉蔗02-6)。     

土壤水分胁迫对槟榔幼苗叶片生理的影响

以海南长蒂种槟榔幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,通过控制土壤含水量,研究不同水分胁迫对槟榔幼苗叶片的生理生化指标的影响规律。结果表明:经土壤水分胁迫处理后,槟榔幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖(SS)含量及可溶性蛋白含量均呈现上升趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高后下降趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则显示先降低而后升高趋势。并且,随着水分胁迫强度的增加及持续时间的延长,槟榔幼苗叶片的各项指标变化幅度差异较大。综合分析,初步认为:土壤相对含水量75%左右较有利于槟榔幼苗的生长。     

水杨酸对低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以中豆-31为材料,采用水培方法,研究了不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对4℃低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,低温胁迫下,大豆幼苗叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力显著降低,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高(P＜0.01);外施SA显著提高了低温胁迫下幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和Pro含量,SOD、POD活性和根系活力,显著降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量(P＜0.01).由此可见,外施SA可以通过提高大豆幼苗可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、Pro含量以及SOD、POD活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解低温胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制,并以1.5 mmol· L-1外源SA效果最好.     

干旱对两种金花茶幼苗抗氧化能力及渗透物质含量的影响

以龙州和显脉两种金花茶幼苗为材料,通过缺水方式进行干旱胁迫处理,以探讨金花茶幼苗抗氧化能力以及渗透含量变化对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,金花茶幼苗叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量逐渐减少,但相对电导率、H202、MDA、可溶性总糖、脯氨酸的含量却逐渐升高；叶片的抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性呈先升后降的趋势.(2)干旱胁迫下,与显脉金花茶相比,龙州金花茶的叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性较高,其叶片的相对电导率、H202和MDA积累量低于显脉金花茶.说明叶片的高活性的抗氧化能力和渗透物质含量的增加促进龙州金花茶叶片的保水能力,减轻干旱胁迫伤害.     

亚精胺对淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以耐涝性不同的品种浚单20(XD20)和登海662(DH662)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,研究外源亚精胺(Spd)对淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫下,外施Spd增加两个玉米品种的地上部干重、株高、相对干重增长速率(RDIR)和相对含水量(RWC),降低活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)的积累,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和还原性抗坏血酸(As A)含量。外施Spd也使叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量升高。外施Spd增强了淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗氧能力和渗透调节能力,渍涝敏感品种DH662的反应更为敏感。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.