长沙地区稻稻油三熟制机插双季稻适宜播期初探

优化油稻稻三熟制机插秧条件下双季稻适宜的播种期可为三熟制全程机械化生产技术的推广提供指导。选用8个早晚稻品种,在湖南浏阳研究了播种期对机插双季稻产量、生育期、干物质积累、冗余生长和辐射利用率(RUE)的影响。结果表明,随播种期的推迟,早稻全生育期缩短、晚稻全生育期延长,水稻群体干物质积累呈先增后减变化趋势,同时,冗余度增加、RUE变小。水稻产量随播期的推迟呈先增后降的变化趋势,后期物质转化利用率降低影响结实率可能是推迟播种后产量下降的原因之一。本试验条件下,长沙地区机插双季早稻播种期可推迟至4月7~12日,机插双季晚稻播种期可推迟至7月5日,既能解决三熟制的季节矛盾,又能保证稳产和高产。     

秧龄对机插超级稻秧苗素质及产量的影响

以超级杂交稻中浙优1号和国稻6号为材料,研究比较了12 d、17 d、22 d和27 d秧龄秧苗素质及不同秧龄秧苗机插对水稻产量的影响。结果表明,随着秧龄的延长,植株株高和干物质量均增加,但秧苗后期生长趋缓,叶片生长变慢,根冠比降低;不同秧龄的秧苗对机插漏秧率影响不大,短秧龄秧苗机插秧苗易返青,缓苗期短,虽然成穗率低,但有效穗数多;参试水稻品种均以17 d秧龄机插处理的产量最高,主要是有效穗数增加,结实率和千粒重较高;随着秧苗秧龄的增加,机插水稻生育期会推迟。综上所述,在我国长江中下游单季稻机插中,适宜的秧龄应为15~20 d,此时秧苗素质好,适合机插,最终产量高。     

海南水稻生育期的时空变化特征及对气候变暖的响应

基于海南6个农业气象观测站点的水稻生育期资料和1961~2014年历史气象数据,分析了海南不同地区水稻生育期的时空分布特征,以及气候变暖对海南水稻生育期的影响。结果表明,近54 a海南水稻生长季内平均气温呈上升趋势,早稻气候倾向率为0.21~0.3℃/10 a,以苗期最为明显,晚稻为0.18~0.24℃/10 a,以成熟期最为明显。不同地区水稻生育期差异较大,东部地区早于西部地区,早稻播种时间最大相差55 d,早稻收获和晚稻播种最大间隔42 d,降水和高温可能是造成这一差异的主要原因。随着气候变暖,海南大部分地区早稻生育期提前,晚稻生育期延迟,苗期和成熟期持续时间缩短,与该阶段平均气温呈负相关,但全生育期持续时间变异较大,部分站点略有延长。在未来气候变暖背景下,海南早稻播期可适当提前,晚稻播期可适当延迟,并选用耐高温和抗干旱品种,以减轻高温的不利影响。     

油稻稻秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对双季稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确油稻稻三熟制秸秆还田条件下双季水稻适宜的氮肥运筹方式,2018年在长江中游三熟制区(江西进贤)开展5个处理(秸秆不还田+氮肥3次施用、秸秆还田+氮肥3次施用、秸秆不还田+氮肥2次施用、秸秆还田+氮肥2次施用、秸秆还田+高量氮肥3次施用)的田间试验,探究该模式下氮肥运筹对双季稻产量与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在油稻稻三熟制下,秸秆还田和氮肥运筹对水稻产量的影响在早稻季和晚稻季均存在显著的互作效应,而水稻基肥中增施20%氮肥对产量的影响不明显,氮肥2次施用(后氮前移)即可实现水稻高产和稳产。秸秆还田并配合氮肥2次施用(后氮前移)可以满足水稻生育期氮素需求,从而保证水稻正常生长,氮素吸收量能够达到甚至优于3次施氮处理水平,并明显提高氮肥利用率,增加氮肥用量则不利于氮肥偏生产力的提高。     

土壤质地和移栽方式对棉花无土苗移栽成活率及其生长的影响

在沙壤土和粘质土壤棉田,研究了两种移栽方式、地膜覆盖的不同处理对棉花无土育苗移栽成活率及其生长的影响,结果表明,粘质土壤移栽苗成活率较低,缓苗期长;地膜覆盖能显著提高移栽苗成活率,缩短缓苗期。裸地移栽时,沙壤土更有利棉苗株高生长,覆膜条件下粘质土较有利。     

壳聚糖和水杨酸混配液对移栽返青期水稻幼苗抗寒性影响及机理

人工盆栽条件下,研究不同剂量羧甲基壳聚糖和水杨酸混配液对化两优3号、桂农占和天优998移栽返青期幼苗在10℃低温下处理4d后的叶赤枯度和生理指标的变化。结果表明,喷施不同剂量羧甲基壳聚糖和水杨酸混配液后,移栽返青期水稻幼苗叶赤枯度下降,伤害度、丙二醛(MDA)的含量大幅下降,脯氨酸浓度下降幅度较小,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性上升,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降;在100 mg羧甲基壳聚糖+100 mg/L蒸馏水和150mg羧甲基壳聚糖+150 mg水杨酸/L蒸馏水的处理对提高水稻幼苗抗低温能力较好;在3个品种(组合)中,天优998喷施羧甲基壳聚糖和水杨酸混配液后抗低温能力提高最明显。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻植株干物质积累和产量的影响

氮肥运筹是影响水稻生长发育、物质生产及其产量的重要栽培措施。为探明双季稻区不同氮肥运筹模式对水稻植株干物质积累及产量的影响,设计5种施氮模式:早稻和晚稻均不施氮肥(N_0,CK),早稻施N120 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N210 kg/hm^2(N_120+210)、早稻施N150 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N180 kg/hm^2(N_150+180)、早稻施N180 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N150 kg/hm^2(N_180+150)、早稻施N210 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N120 kg/hm^2(N_(210 + 120)),比较研究5种氮肥运筹模式下早稻和晚稻植株干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)N_150+180处理植株分蘖数下降幅度平缓,其分蘖数多、成穗率较高;(2)早稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_180+150> N_150+180> N_(210 + 120)> N_120+210> CK,晚稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_150+180> N_120+210> N_180+150> N_(210 + 120)> CK;(3)分蘖期至成熟期,早稻和晚稻植株的根系干重分别以N_(210 + 120)、N_120+210处理最高,茎、叶干重分别以N_(210 + 120)和N_150+180处理最高,穗干重均以N_150+180和N_180+150处理最高,且均显著高于CK;(4)各处理水稻的穗总粒数和千粒重均无显著性差异;(5)早稻和晚稻产量均以N_150+180处理最高,分别比对照增加1849. 5和1879. 5 kg/hm^2。因此,早稻施用纯氮150 kg/hm^2和晚稻施用纯氮180 kg/hm^2的施肥模式,有利于增加水稻植株干物质积累,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。     

一种水稻塑根剂对机插早稻生长发育和产量的影响

针对水稻机插盘育秧秧苗较弱和机插伤根问题,从培育短簇根系减少机插伤根和机插后提早返青生长出发,运用复合外源植物生长调节剂,结合机插带土,开发了盘育秧苗塑根剂。2011年开展了早稻施用塑根剂效果试验,结果显示,在早稻中嘉早17和金早47的秧苗2叶1心和机插前2 d喷施塑根剂,每株秧苗根系分别增加0.5条和1.0条,根长缩短40.9%和60.3%;机插后植株叶尖吐水提早3 d和5 d;机插后28 d的植株根系数量比对照增加59.4%和83.7%,平均单株茎蘖数增加1.2个和2.3个。秧盘施用塑根剂主要是提早盘育秧苗机插后返青生长和分蘖早发,中嘉早17有效穗数增加12.29%,金早47有效穗数增加8.59%。施用塑根剂的中嘉早17和金早47分别比对照增产10.65%和5.31%。     

不同施肥水平对早稻肥料利用率的影响

为了解永州市零陵区早稻杂交品种的施肥规律,以陵两优268为材料,研究了不同施肥方式对早稻生育进程、产量性状及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:不施用氮、磷、钾肥使早稻返青期和分蘖期推迟,而成熟期提前,并影响水稻株高和结实率;合理适量的氮磷钾配合施用能显著提高水稻产量,配方施肥比常规施肥增产167 kg/hm2,增产率为2.42%,氮、钾肥利用率分别提高6.7%、13.3%。     

机插栽培对双季早稻主要性状和产量的影响研究

以陆两优996和中早39为供试材料,比较研究了机插对双季早稻主要性状和产量的影响。结果表明:与手插和抛栽相比,机插秧苗素质较差,移栽后返青期延长,分蘖高峰滞后,最高苗较低;全生育期较手插和抛栽长1~3 d,较撒播长10~11 d;有效穗较手插增加,较抛栽和撒播减少;穗平总粒数较手插和抛栽减少,比撒播增加;单产较手插减产极显著,较抛栽减产显著,与撒播差异不显著;每公顷纯收入明显高于手插,低于撒播,与抛栽相当。机插能显著降低劳动强度,提高移栽工效,是水稻规模化和专业化生产发展必由之路,是目前推广应用的主攻方向。在试验结论基础上,提出了双季早稻机插栽培几点注意事项。     

日本钵育摆栽新技术的研究

针对日本钵育摆栽新技术在牡丹江垦区实用性的调查研究,与常规栽培技术进行对比试验,通过对秧苗素质、插秧后返青速度、生育过程中的抗逆性、产量及产量构成因素的分析来确定这种技术推广的现实意义。     

冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探讨冬作物秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,以冬闲—双季稻为对照,设计了油菜—双季稻、紫云英—双季稻、黑麦草—双季稻、马铃薯—双季稻4种复种模式,进行对比试验。试验结果显示:与冬闲相比,油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田提高了水稻有效穗数和穗粒数,水稻平均产量增加,增幅分别为4. 44%、6. 50%、4. 76%、6. 69%;油菜、紫云英、黑麦草和马铃薯秸秆还田后土壤平均pH值比冬闲分别下降0. 07、0. 11、0. 25、0. 08个单位,平均有效磷含量分别下降25. 0%、17. 6%、22. 5%、28. 6%,降幅明显;土壤碱解氮含量增幅大小顺序为紫云英还田处理>油菜秸秆还田处理>黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为4. 41%、1. 39%、1. 36%;有机质含量增幅大小顺序为油菜秸秆还田处理>马铃薯秸秆还田处理,增幅分别为3. 0%、1. 2%;速效钾含量增加的只有黑麦草秸秆还田处理,增幅为7. 4%。表明紫云英—双季稻和油菜—双季稻是较好的复种模式。     

Effects of Different Seedling Raising Trays on Plant Type and Grain Yield of Machine-Transplanted Double Cropping Rice

【Objective】The objective is to elucidate the effects of different seedling raising trays on plant type and yield of machine-transplanted double cropping rice.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in Jiangxi in 2019, involving two early and two late rice cultivars and three types of nursery trays [blanket tray(CK), bowl tray(D1) and bowl-blanket tray(D2)]. The changing characteristics of plant morphology and yield components were systematically measured. 【Result】The results indicated that: 1) The seedling quality of different seedling raising trays followed the trend of CK>D1>D2. The whole transplanting quality of seedlings under D2 was the best, as reflected by lower floating rate, injure rate and missed rate of seedling than CK. 2) Under D2 treatment, the seedlings turned green quickly and tillering was accelerated after jointing stage. The average number of tillers at booting stage was D2 > D1 > CK, which effectively increased the tiller number and panicle number and directly promote the yield. In the booting stage of early and late rice, the SPAD value of seedling leaves under D2 treatment was 3.2% higher than that under D1, and 9.2% higher than that under CK treatment, which effectively promoted photosynthesis and provided nutrition guarantee for increasing yield; 3) The yield data showed that D2 treatment had the highest yield in early rice, 13.04% and 1.65% higher than CK and D1, 30% and 19% higher than CK, respectively, and 20% higher than CK on average; The high yield of D2 treatment was due to its high chlorophyll contents in leaves, high effective panicle number, high seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】Compared with the blanket nursing tray and bowl tray, the bowl-blanket tray can raise seedling quality and grain yield, which has a potential to be widely applied for high yield cultivation in double cropping rice production.     

不同育秧盘对机插双季稻株型与产量的影响

【目的】旨在阐明不同育秧盘对机插双季稻株型与产量的影响。【方法】以4个早、晚稻品种为材料,设置毯状盘(CK)、钵体盘(D1)和钵体毯状盘(D2)3种育秧盘试验,系统测定了不同育秧盘处理下早、晚稻植株形态特征与产量结构。【结果】1）不同秧盘处理秧苗素质表现为CK>D1>D2;机插时,D2处理下秧苗整体机插质量最优,表现在漂秧率、伤秧率和漏插率D2均优于CK,提高了栽插质量;2）D2处理下秧苗返青快,拔节期后分蘖快,孕穗期分蘖数D2>D1>CK,有效促进了茎蘖成穗,直接影响产量;从SPAD值看,早晚稻孕穗期时,D2处理下秧苗叶片SPAD值比D1处理平均高出3.2%,比CK处理平均高出9.2%,可有效促进光合作用,为增产提供了营养保障;3）产量数据显示,早晚稻均以D2处理产量最高,早稻分别比CK和D1增产13.04%和1.65%,晚稻分别增产30%和19%,平均比对照(CK)育秧机插增产20%;具体表现在D2处理叶片叶绿素含量高,有效穗数多,结实率和千粒重指标好。【结论】与毯状盘和钵体盘相比,钵体毯状盘可提高秧苗素质和产量,在江西双季稻生产中具有推广应用价值。     

水稻大钵体毯状苗机械育插秧技术研究与应用

为解决传统机插秧技术秧龄适应期短、栽插后秧苗植伤大等技术问题,突破双季稻区、稻麦轮作区和东北寒地稻区水稻发展的瓶颈,本项目开发了水稻大钵体毯状苗机械化育插秧技术。该技术充分发挥了水稻钵体苗栽培高产优质的农艺技术优势和机插秧高效精准机械化作业优势,集成创新了水稻大钵体毯状苗育秧盘、精准对位播种、秧期综合管理和高速机械栽插等关键技术。水稻大钵体毯状苗育秧盘突出了水稻钵苗的技术特点,创新了育秧盘结构,在低播量条件下所育秧苗上毯下钵,素质高,有效延长了秧苗适宜机插时间,减少了栽插时秧苗的根系损伤,栽插后几乎无缓苗期;2ZBL-400型水稻育秧生产线解决了低播量和精准对位育秧播种的难题;应用秧期综合管理技术培育合格秧苗是实现水稻大钵体毯状苗机插秧的关键,育秧方式采用旱育秧技术模式;水稻大钵体毯状苗在机插时要求插秧机进行按钵取苗,对现有插秧机的横向和纵向送秧机构进行简单的改进设计就可以满足水稻大钵体毯状苗机插秧的技术要求。该技术已经在全国水稻主产区进行了广泛试验和示范推广,具有缓解茬口紧张、降低生产风险、促进农药减施、增产效果明显等优点。该技术有效缓解了双季稻区、稻麦轮作区和东北寒地稻区机插秧造成的水稻生育期不足难题,为水稻机械化作业开拓了一条新的技术模式。     

Physiological Responses of Contrasting Rice Genotypes to Salt Stress at Reproductive Stage

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity. Considerable genetic variation is present in rice in response to salt stress, with higher sensitivity during early seedling and reproductive stage. In this study, physiological changes in leaves and developing panicles of rice genotypes(IR686, Sadri, Rc222, CSR28, IR670 and Pokkali) contrasting in salt tolerance at the reproductive stage were evaluated in greenhouse experiment under salt stress. The results showed that IR670 and the tolerant-check Pokkali maintained lower Na~+/K~+ ratio, less reduction in chlorophyll concentration, lower malondialdehyde(MDA) production, higher concentrations of reduced ascorbate(reduced AsA), higher proline accumulation and lower percentage reduction in pollen viability than the salt-sensitive genotypes under salt stress. The higher concentration of reduced AsA suggests an efficient ROS-scavenging system. Physiological measurements and pollen viability analysis revealed that Sadri(moderately tolerant at the seedling stage) is sensitive to salt stress at the flowering stage. The findings will be useful in breeding salt tolerant varieties at both seedling and reproductive stages by selecting appropriate genotypes and phenotypes.     

Path Analysis of Tiller Density of Winter Wheat Demonstrates the Importance of Practices that Manipulate Clod Size Based on Soil Moisture at Seeding in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System

Abstract

The moisture of paddy soil after rice cropping is a major impediment to the establishment, tillering and yield of winter wheat in the rice?wheat (R?W) cropping system. We examined the seedling establishment ratio, based on soilmoisture at seeding by path analysis of nine soil/plant traits in the farmer's fields in Western Japan where the R?W cropping system was being used, to establish a strategy for improving tiller density by optimizing the seedling establishment ratio. The clod size of surface soil, which showed a significant positive correlation with soil moisture at seeding, had a significant negative direct effect on the seedling establishment ratio. The reduction in seedling establishment ratio, together with fewer tillers per plant, resulted in a significant decrease in tiller density. The sum total of contribution of soil moisture contents to tiller density via clod size was smaller than that of seeding rate, and similar to that of the amount of nitrogen (N) basal dressing. This indicates that manipulating clod size based on soil moisture at seedingprovides an opportunity for maintaining tiller density, as well as changing the amount of N basal dressing with the soil moisture conditions after rice cropping.     

钵苗机插与毯苗机插水稻生育特点及产量形成间的差异

通过不同品种钵苗机插与毯苗机插两种机插方式比较,在相同栽培条件下,钵苗机插生育期提前,植株变高,基部节间增粗,穗粒数增多,千粒重、产量和出米率提高;杂交籼稻钵苗机插抽穗在安全期内,生产无风险,为大面积机插安全生产提供了一条可行之路。     

早稻播谷育秧生育特点的研究

针对早稻催芽育秧中存在的催芽难、成秧率低 ,遇异常天气易造成烂秧等问题 ,于 1991～ 1993年进行了播谷育秧与催芽育秧的比较研究。指出播谷育秧比催芽育秧具有许多优越性 ,并阐述了播谷育秧的生育特点。     

水稻单株栽培产量效益分析

通过对单株、双株、三株栽培的对比试验研究,结果表明:单株栽培秧苗健壮,叶色较绿,带蘖率86.3%,发根力为2.8条,充实度为0.318g/cm;单株栽培产量达513.64kg/667m2,较双株和三株栽培分别增产26.68kg/667m2、53.36kg/667m2。