水、陆稻在水田、旱地栽培的生态适应性研究：II．稻株碳、氮代谢的生态适应性观察

 旱种条件下，不论水稻还是陆稻，全糖、全氮含量均高于水种条件，醇溶糖占全糖的比例较高，碳／氮比低：陆稻的醇溶糖占全糖的比例远远高于水稻，这一特性很少随种植条件的改变而产生很大的变化，这可能是其对旱地适应性较强的生理原因之一。同时发现，贮藏性物质的增加是水稻旱种条件下的重要生理表现。     

水稻出苗顶土动力源研究

在自然条件下,通过设计不同的出苗阻力（覆土深度2 cm、4 cm和6 cm）来测定中胚轴伸长潜力不同的水稻种质的出苗速度、成苗率和芽鞘节及中胚轴的长度,以分析影响水稻种子顶土出苗的动力源。结果表明,水稻种子的出苗动力主要来源于芽鞘节间和中胚轴的伸长。在不同阻力处理条件下,不同种质出苗动力差异较大,其中覆土2 cm的不同种质出苗率相差不明显,与室内发芽率结果比较接近,覆土4 cm和覆土6 cm的两个处理不同种质间出苗率差异明显,长胚轴种质出苗速度快,出苗率高,出苗率与室内发芽率相差不大;而短胚轴种质出苗速度慢,出苗率低,其中春江683的出苗率与室内发芽率相比分别下降了6.5和86.2个百分点。研究表明水稻中胚轴的伸长对覆土较深的种子顶土出苗起到关键作用,长胚轴种质顶土出苗动力来自于芽鞘节与中胚轴的共同作用,出苗动力强;而短胚轴顶土出苗动力主要来源于芽鞘节的伸长,出苗动力较弱。还对通过选育长胚轴直播稻品种解决直播稻易倒伏和出苗差等难题的可能性进行了探讨。     

中国北方杂草稻深覆土条件下出苗动力源分析

 以盆栽的方式,采用不同的覆土深度,对中国北方杂草稻的出苗特性进行了研究,分析了杂草稻的出苗动力源。研究结果表明,在中国北方发现的部分杂草稻具有较强的中胚轴伸长特性和芽鞘节间伸长特性。在播种深度较浅时（3 cm）,杂草稻依赖于中胚轴的伸长顶土发芽;当覆土较深时（5 cm）,杂草稻中胚轴伸长特性更加明显,伸长长度加大,同时杂草稻的芽鞘节间也明显伸长,中胚轴和芽鞘节间的共同伸长为深覆土条件下杂草稻的出苗提供了动力基础。     

Analysis on Factors Affecting Seedling Establishment in Rice

Elongations of coleoptile and mesocotyl are related directly to rice seedling establishment in soil and height of plant is related to lodging in rice production.Twelve typical rice cultivars with different lengths of coleoptile and mesocotyl(long,medium and short)were selected by screening the lengths of coleoptile and mesocotyl in 1500 accessions.The seedling establishments of these typical cultivars were compared under the combinations of different sowing depths and flooding durations,and two semi-dwarf varieties(G140,Zhong 96-21)with good seedling establishments and optimum mesocotyl lengths were found.The length of mesocotyl was completely fitted negative binomial distribution and the length of coleoptile was nearly fitted lognormal distribution. Analysis of the relationships among mesocotyl,coleoptile,seeding depth,flooding duration,and their interactions to seedling establishment percentage showed that there existed significant relations among mesocotyl,coleoptile,mesocotyl×coleoptile, seeding depth,flooding duration and mesocotyl×sowing depth in the experiment for seedling establishment.     

Developing rice cultivars for high-fertility upland systems in the Asian tropics

Traditionally, upland rice is grown in Asia in low-input, subsistence systems. More productive upland systems, using more fertilizer and improved varieties, are emerging in China and Philippines, and could contribute to productivity increases in rainfed environments in other countries. Here, we evaluate, on-station and on-farm, the yield under upland management of improved indica upland cultivars selected for yield under high-fertility conditions. These cultivars are compared with traditional and improved tropical japonica upland varieties, and with elite indica high-yielding varieties (HYV) developed for irrigated lowland production, to characterize the features of varieties that produce high yields in favorable upland environments. Forty-four improved and traditional varieties and experimental lines were evaluated in irrigated lowland, non-stressed upland, moderately stressed upland, severely water-stressed upland, and low-fertility upland environments in southern Luzon, Philippines. Correlations between yields in non-stress and mild-stress environments were low but positive. Some cultivars, like IR55423-01, were among the highest yielding under both conditions, indicating that high yield and moderate water-stress tolerance can be combined. Upland-selected indica varieties yielded 3.56 t ha⁻¹ in favorable upland environments on-station in southern Luzon, outperforming improved tropical japonica and irrigated varieties by 23 and 69%, respectively. They were also the highest-yielding class in infertile, acid soils. The improved upland indica cultivars are about 110 cm tall under favorable upland conditions and maintain a harvest index of nearly 0.4, or about one-third higher than other cultivar types. The best upland-adapted rice varieties produced average yields on-farm of 3.3 and 4.1 t ha⁻¹ in southern Luzon and Yunnan, respectively, outyielding traditional checks by 30–50% with moderate N application. Screening under both high-fertility, non-stress conditions and moderate reproductive-stage stress appears to be needed to develop cultivars combining high-yield potential with drought tolerance. Upland-adapted indica cultivars offer a new approach to increasing productivity and reducing risk in Asian rainfed rice systems.     

Genetic Diversity of Rice Landraces from Lowland and Upland Accessions of China

Genetic diversity of rice landraces from lowland and upland accessions of China was investigated using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.The total number of alleles detected from all 324 tested accessions was 555 with an average allele number (Na) of 8.409 per locus,the average effective number of alleles (Ne) of 3.574 and the average Shannon’s information index (I) of 1.378.The genetic diversity was higher for the indica landraces compared to the japonica landraces,and the upland landraces were more genetically diverse than the lowland landraces.The SSR markers,RM72,RM232,RM219,RM241,RM224 and RM3 showed the highest rates of polymorphism and these SSR markers were suitable to assess the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources.A dendrogram of 324 accessions of lowland and upland landraces showed that all rice accessions were mainly subdivided into two groups,japonica and indica,with some being intermediate.The distribution of lowland and upland landraces among the japonica and indica rice groups was distinct,with obvious differentiation between the lowland and upland landraces in japonica rice,but no such clear distinction in indica rice.     

水陆稻杂交组合叶片相对含水量的遗传研究

以3个水陆稻组合(旱稻277/春江016、巴西陆稻/春江016、旱稻502/郑稻6号）的亲本、F[sub]1[/sub]、B1、B2和F[sub]2[/sub]为试验材料,在人工控制条件下经干旱协迫处理,研究叶片相对含水量的遗传规律。叶片相对含水量表现为数量性状遗传特征,主要受加性效应控制,同时还受到显性效应的影响,其广义遗传率和狭义遗传率均较高。还对栽培稻品种的抗旱性改良方法以及陆稻种质资源在水、陆杂交稻中的利用进行了探讨。     

Response to two cycles of divergent selection for grain yield under drought stress in four rice breeding populations

Drought is a major production constraint in rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.). Lack of effective selection criteria is a major limitation hampering progress in breeding for drought tolerance. In an earlier report, we showed in two populations that one cycle of direct selection was effective in increasing grain yield under stress. In the present study, we retested the efficiency of direct selection for grain yield under drought stress in rice using four populations derived from crossing upland-adapted, drought-tolerant varieties (Apo, Vandana) to high-yielding, lowland-adapted, drought-susceptible varieties (IR64, IR72). Each population was subjected to two cycles of divergent selection either under drought stress in upland or under nonstress conditions in lowland conditions. Following selection, approximately 40 high-yielding lines selected under each protocol from each population, along with a set of unselected lines, were evaluated in a series of selection response trials over a range of moisture levels. Significant response to direct selection under stress was realized in 9 out of 15 combinations of populations and stress environments, and in 6 of the 7 severe stress trials. Averaging over all the populations and stress environments, the stress-selected lines had a yield advantage of 25 and 37% over nonstress-selected and random lines, respectively. In contrast to this, under nonstress, the nonstress-selected lines had an average yield advantage of only 7 and 13% over stress-selected and random lines, respectively. Direct selection in managed stress trials during dry seasons gave significant response (25% on average relative to indirect selection in nonstress conditions) under naturally occurring wet season stress. In addition, direct selection under stress in upland gave an average gain of 16 and 45% over nonstress-selected and random lines, respectively, under stress in lowland. The yield advantage of the stress-selected lines appears to result mainly from maintenance of higher harvest index. These results show that direct selection for grain yield under stress is effective and does not reduce yield potential. Overall, this is the first report in rice demonstrating that (a) selection under managed drought stress in the dry season can result in yield gains under natural stress in the wet season, and (b) that selection under upland drought stress can, at least under the conditions of the present study, result in gains under lowland drought conditions.     

植物生长物质冠菌素诱导旱稻、水稻幼苗抗旱性的效应及生理机制

以旱稻 297 和水稻越富幼苗为材料,在 20% PEG 模拟干旱条件下,研究了植物生长物质冠菌素处理对叶片水分状况、质膜透性、渗透调节物质（脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白）及内源激素（ABA、IAA 和GA3）含量的影响。干旱胁迫下,冠菌素处理可以维持旱稻 297（0.01 μmol/L）和越富（0.1 μmol/L）较高的叶片相对含水量,促进幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低质膜透性,维持细胞质膜的完整性;同时,冠菌素（0.01 和0.1 μmol/L）处理明显促进旱稻 297 和越富幼苗叶片中ABA的积累,并改变了 IAA 和GA3 的浓度及比例。冠菌素处理能改善旱稻和水稻幼苗耐干旱胁迫的能力,最适浓度分别为0.01 μmol/L和0.1 μmol/L。     

Relation of Root Growth of Rice Seedling with Nutrition and Water Use Efficiency Under Different Water Supply Conditions

The arid/semiarid regions contribute the forty- three percent of crop planted each year. In these regions, rice is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, where the chances plants to face drought are during the growing season. The primary determinant of cr…     

Growth and Yield of Six Rice Cultivars under Three Water-saving Cultivations

Abstract

We evaluated the genotypic differences in growth, grain yield, and water productivity of six rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from different agricultural ecotypes under four cultivation conditions: continuously flooded paddy (CF), alternate wetting and drying system (AWD) in paddy field, and aerobic rice systems in which irrigation water was applied when soil moisture tension at 15 cm depth reached ?15 kPa (A15) and ?30 kPa (A30). In three of the sixcultivars, we also measured bleeding rate and predawn leaf water potential (LWP) to determine root activity and plant water status. Soil water potential (SWP) in the root zone averaged ?1.3 kPa at 15 cm in AWD, -5.5 and -6.6 kPa at 15 and 35 cm, respectively, in A15, and ?9.1 and ?7.6 kPa at 15 and 35 cm, respectively, in A30. The improved lowland cultivar, Nipponbare gave the highest yield in CF and AWD. The improved upland cultivar, UPLRi-7, and the traditional upland cultivar, Sensho gave the highest yield in A15 and A30, respectively. The yields of traditional upland cultivars,Sensho and Beodien in A30 were not lower than the yields in CF. However, the yields of the improved lowland cultivars, Koshihikari and Nipponbare, were markedly lower in A15 and A30. Total water input was 2145 mm in CF, 1706 mm in AWD, 804 mm in A15, and 627 mm in A30. The water productivity of upland rice cultivars in aerobic plots was 2.2 to 3.6 times higher than that in CF, while those of lowland cultivars in aerobic plots were lower than those in CF. The bleeding rate of Koshihikari was lower in A15 and A30 than in CF and AWD, and its LWP was significantly lower in A15 and A30 than in CF and AWD, but Sensho and Beodien showed no differences among the four cultivation conditions. We conclude that aerobic rice systems are promising technologies for farmers who lack access to enough water to grow flooded lowland rice. However, lowland cultivars showed severe growth and yield reductions under aerobic soil conditions. This might result from poor root systems and poor root function, which limits water absorption and thus decreases LWP. More research on the morphological and physiological traits under aerobic rice systems is needed.     

Comparison of the relative performance of perennial ryegrass varieties under upland and lowland conditions

Productivity, seasonal growth and persistence of 10 perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) varieties were assessed al an upland (305 m) and lowland (30 m) site in mid-Wales. Averaged over 3 harvest years (1979–81), mean dry matter (DM) production at 8.8 t ha⁻¹ was 22% lower in the upland environment, with spring (April and May) growth showing greatest contrast varying from only 6% of that in the lowland in 1979, after a severe winter, to 113% in 1981.
Relative ranking of varieties differed considerably between the two environments and no correlation was found between DM production at the two sites ( r = 0.5945). Early heading varieties performed better in the spring than late types at the upland site. A comparison of the results with those published from official variety testing trials gave a positive relationship under lowland conditions ( r = 0.7162*) but no correlation with those from the upland centre ( r = 0.1969).
The findings of the study show that relative productivity of varieties, but not persistency, differs between upland and lowland environments.     

Breeding for drought tolerance: Direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations

Drought is the most important constraint reducing rice yield in rainfed areas. Earlier efforts to improve rice yield under drought mainly focused on improving secondary traits because the broad-sense heritability (H) of grain yield under drought stress was assumed to be low, however gains in yield by selecting for secondary traits have not been clearly demonstrated in rice. In present study, the effectiveness of direct selection for grain yield was assessed under lowland reproductive stage stress at Raipur in eastern India and under upland reproductive stage drought stress at IRRI. The selection under severe stress (in both upland and lowland trials) resulted in greater gains under similar stress levels (yield reduction of 65% or greater under stress) in evaluation experiments than did selection under non-stress conditions, with no yield reduction under non-stress conditions. We observed similar H of grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions, indicating direct selection for yield under drought will be effective under both lowland and upland drought stresses. None of the secondary traits (panicle exsertion, harvest index, leaf rolling, leaf drying) included in our study showed a higher estimate for H than grain yield under stress. Secondary traits as well as indirect selection for grain yield under non-stress situation were predicted to be less effective in improving yield under drought in both lowland and upland ecosystem than direct selection for grain yield under the respective stress situations. The low, but positive values observed for genetic correlation (r_G) between yield under stress and non-stress indicated that it is possible to combine drought tolerance with high-yield potential but low values also indicated that selection for grain yield needs to be carried under stress environments. The study also indicated that under lowland drought stress, the use of highly drought-tolerant donors, as parents in crosses to high yielding but susceptible varieties resulted in a much higher frequency of genotypes combining high-yield potential with tolerance than did crosses among elite lines with high-yield potential but poor tolerance. Breeding strategies that use drought-tolerant donors and that combine screening for yield under managed drought stress with screening for yield potential are likely to result in the development of improved cultivars for drought-prone rainfed rice producing areas.     

Weed competitiveness of the lowland rice varieties of NERICA in the southern Guinea Savanna

Weed competition is a major constraint to lowland rice production in West Africa. Interspecific rice varieties named New Rice for Africa (NERICA) may have superior weed competitiveness and could as such play an important role in integrated weed management. The NERICA varieties were developed from the wide cross between high-yielding Oryza sativa (L.) and weed competitive and disease resilient Oryza glaberrima (Steud.). In this study weed competitiveness of all 60 lowland varieties of NERICA (NERICA-L) was compared with their most frequently used parents [IR64 (O. sativa) and TOG5681 (O. glaberrima)], the weed competitive variety Jaya (O. sativa) and the O. glaberrima upland NERICA parent CG14. During the 2006 and 2007 rainy seasons these varieties were grown under weed-free and weedy conditions in a lowland farmers’ field with partially controlled irrigation in south-east Benin. Weedy plots included single hand weeding at 28 days after sowing, whereas weed-free plots were weekly weeded.     

杂交旱稻丰产节水栽培关键技术研究与集成应用

针对安徽沿淮地区气候特点,通过试验筛选出适宜沿淮地区旱种旱管栽培,丰产性和稳产性较好的旱稻品种5个,节水耐旱型水稻品种7个;明确了沿淮地区以旱优73为代表的杂交旱稻的丰产节水栽培技术:播种期6月5-12日,播种量2.0 kg/667 m~2左右,氮肥用量10~14 kg/667 m~2;在施肥过程中适当降低基蘖肥用量、增施穗粒肥,基、蘖、穗肥比例以4∶4∶2较好。     

不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究四川省丘陵区8个玉米品种在7个不同播种深度处理下的出苗率、出苗时间、幼苗形态特征以及干物质积累量的变化,探讨不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响。结果表明,随播种深度增加玉米出苗率逐渐下降,出苗时间逐渐延后,其中,播种深度为3、6、9 cm处理平均出苗率分别为91.3%、89.4%和62.1%,在此范围内苗长和中胚轴长逐渐增加,主根长和幼苗整齐度逐渐减小,苗干重和中胚轴干重逐渐增加,根冠比逐渐减小,根干重差异不显著,与玉米出苗率关联度最大的是中胚轴长和中胚轴干重。不同玉米品种对播深的忍耐能力存在一定差异,中单808、成单30和川单418的耐深播能力较强。     

杂草稻中胚轴伸长动态及其与籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的关系

采用恒温培养箱,在黑暗条件下进行发芽试验,观察杂草稻中胚轴伸长的动态过程,分析杂草稻中胚轴伸长过程中籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的变化及相互关系。结果表明,黑暗条件下发芽后1d到3d,杂草稻中胚轴伸长非常慢,发芽后4d到5d中胚轴伸长加快,发芽后7天中胚轴伸长逐渐停止,其最终长度显著长于辽粳294。杂草稻发芽过程中,籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量均呈逐渐上升趋势。可溶性糖含量与α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性均呈极显著正相关。中胚轴伸长长度与籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量也均呈极显著正相关。杂草稻发芽初期淀粉酶活性增强,促进了籽粒中淀粉水解为可溶性糖,为中胚轴伸长生长提供了物质和能量基础。     

水稻在不同土壤水分状况下脯氨酸的累积与抗旱性的关系

 以6个中熟水、陆稻品种为材料，研究了在不同土壤水分状况下水稻叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积及其与抗旱性的关系。在低土壤水分处理下，抗旱性水稻品种叶片中游离脯氨酸累积开始较早，持续时间长，抗旱性较差的品种则开始较迟，持续时间短；脯氨酸开始累积的叶水势阈值，抗旱性品种为－0.62～－0.66 MPa，抗旱性较差的品种为－0.70～－0.82 MPa；土壤水势为－0.04 MPa时，处理10 d后叶片的相对脯氨酸含量（处理／对照×100%）与品种的抗旱系数呈极显著正相关（r＝－0.9712）；保持土壤水势为－0.04 MPa和－0.06 MPa，处理后30 d和40 d叶片的相对脯氨酸含量与减产率呈极显著的负相关（r＝－0.9342、－0.9581）。建议把在低土壤水分条件下脯氨酸累积较早、持续时间长这一生理特性作为评价水稻品种抗旱性的一个指标。     

Genetic Characterization of Indigenous Rice Varieties in Eastern Himalayan Region of Northeast India

The eastern Himalayan region of Northeast （NE） India is home to a large number of indigenous rice varieties, which are traditionally classified as Oryza sativa subspecies indica, japonica or intermediate types. The classification based on traditional Cheng’s index is often inconclusive due to phenotypic plasticity of morphological characters, which are influenced by environmental conditions. We used molecular markers specific for indica and japonica subspecies to assess the degree of genetic relatedness of indigenous rice varieties in NE India. The results revealed that majority of upland （jum） and glutinous rice varieties, traditionally considered as japonica, were genetically close to the subspecies indica. All varieties of boro ecotype were found to be indica type, and only a few varieties cultivated in lowland and upland areas were japonica type. Some of the lowland varieties of the sali ecotype were intermediate between indica and japonica, and they showed a closer genetic affinity to O. rufipogon.     

Drought-induced root plasticity of two upland NERICA varieties under conditions with contrasting soil depth characteristics

To identify differences in root plasticity patterns of two upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties, NERICA 1 and 4, in response to drought under conditions with contrasting soil profile characteristics, soil moisture gradients were imposed using a sloping bed system with depths ranging 30–65 cm and a line-source sprinkler system with a uniformly shallow soil layer of 20 cm depth. Varietal differences in shoot and root growths were identified only under moderate drought conditions, 11–18% v/v soil moisture content. Further, under moderate drought soil conditions where roots could penetrate into the deep soil layer, deep root development was greater in NERICA 4 than in NERICA 1, which contributed to maintaining dry matter production. However, under soil conditions with underground impediment to deep root development, higher shoot dry weight was noted for NERICA 1 than for NERICA 4 at 11–18% v/v soil moisture content, which was attributed to increased lateral root development in the shallow soil layer in NERICA 1. Enhanced lateral root development in the 0–20-cm soil layer was identified in NERICA 1 even under soil conditions without an impediment to deep root development; however, this did not contribute to maintaining dry matter production in upland rice. Thus, we show different root developmental traits associated with drought avoidance in the two NERICA varieties, and that desirable root traits for upland rice cultivation vary depending on the target soil environment, such as the distribution of soil moisture and root penetration resistance.