大力推进农作物病虫害专业化防治

农作物病虫害专业化防治,是适应农业市场化、专业化、社会化发展需要,对传统防治方式的重大改革。推进专业化防治,对应对当前严峻的病虫害发生形势、落实植保工作方针、稳定粮食生产、保障农业环境和农产品质量安全具有十分重要的意义。发展专业化防治,要坚持市场化方向,有效发挥农业部门监管服务职能,探索行之有效的地方化运行方式,以县为单位整体推进。     

农作物病虫害专业化防治的应用

开展农作物病虫害防治工作,构建专业化防治组织尤为重要。简介了永兴县开展农作物病虫害专业防治的情况、组织形式及成效,分析了影响和制约专业化防治的因素,提出了对策和建议。     

浅析汉寿县农作物病虫害专业化统防统治

开展农作物病虫害专业化统防统治是农作物有害生物防控形势的需要,是解决目前农作物病虫防治现存问题的需要,是现代农业发展的需要,也是党中央、国务院及各级政府重视和关心农村、农业、农民的具体体现.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控技术示范

介绍了方正县水稻病虫害绿色防控示范的基本情况,总结了示范的主要组织措施和获得的多方面效益。示范区绿色防控集成技术包括农业生态调控、物理防治、生物防治、科学药剂防治以及专业化防治等。开展和实施水稻病虫害绿色防控,减少了农药用量、生产成本和环境污染,防治效率、防治效果和防治效益均有很大提高,保证了农业生产、农产品质量和农田生态环境安全,也给农民创造了实惠。     

三明地区农作物有害生物专业化统防统治现状与思考

当前农业生产中病虫害防治普遍存在缺劳力、缺技术、缺信息的现状,开展植保专业化统防统治是解决这一问题的有效途径。从三明地区实际出发,总结了近年来农作物病虫专业化统防统治工作做法,分析存在的问题,提出改善农作物病虫专业化统防统治工作的对策与建议。     

甘蔗病虫害专业化防治

针对甘蔗病虫危害严重.化学农药不合理施用,提出专业化防治的理念,并着重介绍了"凯米克"甘蔗病虫害专业化防治模式的基本原则、组织形式、目标、工作机制及安全科学使用农药.     

安乡县农药使用现状及对策

在调查安乡县当前农药使用现状及对环境和人的不利影响的基础上,提出开展农作物专业化防治可以有效减少农药使用量,有效保障农业生态环境安全和人的生命健康安全以及增加农民收入.     

信息快递

福建病虫害专业化统防统治示范县市增至42个记者从福建省农业厅了解到,目前,福建省病虫害专业化统防统治示范县市从2007年的15个增加到42个,全省共有农作物病虫专业化统防统治组织队伍466支。在专业化统防统治组织队伍中,专业协会型、专业合作社型占77%     

中央财政6.5亿元支持农作物重大病虫害防治

<正>记者近日从财政部获悉,2015年中央财政拨付农业生产救灾资金5亿元,加上2014年提前下达的1.5亿元,中央财政共安排2015年农业生产救灾资金6.5亿元,用于对农作物病虫害防治给予适当补助,支持全国各地开展农作物病虫害统防统治工作,预防和控制农作物病虫害对农业生产的不利影响。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控技术

介绍了农业防治、生物防治、物理防治、化学防治等水稻病虫害绿色防控技术,通过综合使用新方式、新技术、新药剂、新药械等绿色植保技术防控水稻病虫害,减少化学农药使用量,确保生态环境和稻米质量安全,促进水稻产业增效和农业生态建设。     

Effects of integrated pest management, biological control and prophylactic use of insecticides on the management and sustainability of soybean

This study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic use of insecticides (PUI) in comparison with integrated pest management (IPM) and biological control (BC) strategies. Five replicated experiments were carried out independently in two Brazilian soybean-producing states, Goiás and Paraná, where those pest-control strategies were evaluated during two consecutive growing seasons. The evaluated treatments were integrated pest management (IPM); prophylactic use of insecticides (PUI), a practice that has been increasingly adopted by soybean growers in Brazil as well as in other Latin American countries; biological control (BC) and the control (C), which involved no pest treatment. Although the pest infestation rates in the BC and IPM treatments were higher than that in the PUI treatment, crop productivity, in general, was similar among these treatments and differed only from the control with no pest treatment. These results indicate that the prophylactic use of insecticides on soybeans does not result in higher productivity in the field and that this practice merely requires larger amounts of pesticides, which can impair the sustainability of the soybean crop. Therefore, the use of IPM still remains the best alternative for pest management in soybean fields.     

浅谈水稻病虫安全控害新体系建设与推广

水稻病虫监测预警应科学布置测报网点、加强技术及设施配置、提高测报队伍专业素质、提升重大病虫害防治预警能力。发展新型防控机制需建立病虫快速反应机制、发展和完善专业化统防统治机制,可提高对病虫危害的控制能力。阐述了培育和发展社会化技术推广服务体系和水稻病虫安全控害新体系的应用前景。     

Integrated pest management in field vegetable crops in northern Europe — with focus on two key pests

Improvements in (1) insecticide application, (2) supervised control, and (3) pest forecasting systems have each helped to reduce considerably the amounts of insecticides required to control fly, caterpillar and aphid infestations in vegetable crops in northern Europe. By growing plants that are partially resistant to certain major pests, it is now possible to apply even less insecticide than the dose recommended for the crop. In crops where only small amounts of insecticides are applied, natural predators should prevent large increases in pest insect populations and natural parasitoids should reduce the numbers of pest insects entering subsequent generations. The possible impact of introducing transgenic plants and the use of physical (crop covers), cultural (crop rotation, undersowing) and microbial (e.g. fungi, bacteria and nematodes) methods of control are also discussed. The withdrawal of certain insecticides, as a result of environmental and commercial pressures, means that some crops may soon be without appropriate insecticides for controlling one or more of the major pest species. Whether such systems will be sustainable, remains to be seen.     

Physical and cultural methods for the management of soil-borne pathogens

There is an increasing interest in using physical methods and cultural practices (CP) in disease control as alternatives to pesticides for the management of soil-borne pathogens. These can be used alone or as components of pest management programs. In this regard, there are three categories of CP: (a) CP for regular purposes which can also be used for disease control, e.g. irrigation; (b) CP which are used solely or mainly for pest control, e.g. sanitation; (c) CP which can be used for both agricultural purposes and pest control, e.g. crop rotation. The basic principles of CP for pest control are (a) any potential control method may be considered, providing that it is environmentally, technologically and economically feasible; (b) pesticide usage is minimized by combining with other non-chemical or chemical methods; (c) diseases that are difficult to control or that involve problematic pesticides, e.g. methyl bromide, should be prioritized; (d) economic aspects are taken into consideration. Physical methods include heating the soil or propagation material, irradiation, etc. CP for pest control can be used before, at or after planting. They include crop rotation, fallow, flooding, deep ploughing, flaming, soil solarization — which involves a combination of physical and biological processes, adjusting planting date, irrigation, fertilization, compost, weed control, herbicide application, sanitation, tillage and others.     

作物病虫草害处方信息网站开发技术研究

作物病虫草害处方信息网站以农药处方、农药性能、病虫草害等数据库为基础,通过Internet网直接向客户端提供可供选择的病虫草害处方与详细说明,提供病虫害发生特点和综合防治措施。采用ASP动态网页技术实现网络数据库动态查询,充分发挥计算机网络实时咨询的优势,提供快速进行农药信息交流的场所。网站设计模式、安全措施和动态咨询技术等都超越普通网页模式的局限性,填补了国内植保网站还无法实现以数据库为支撑的动态咨询的空白,为农业网站的建设提供有益参考。      

Use of the response of two growth stages of cowpea to different population densities of the coreid bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Stål.) to determine action threshold levels

The effects of increasing the population density of the cowpea coreid, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål., up to a maximum of 32 pairs of insects per cage, infested on cowpea at either early flowering or mid pod-fill, were studied in potted plants and field cages. Overall, the results show that increasing insect density resulted in a corresponding increase in damage to the crop (measured as abscission of fruiting bodies and as damage to pods and seeds). Yield reduction was approximately proportional to the bug population when low, with highly significant correlation coefficients. Damage to the crop and yield reduction were more drastic when infestation was made during flowering as opposed to infestation at podding; although there was some compensation of damage to fruiting bodies during the former growth phase, this was not sustained with increasing pest density. Suggested pest densities at which control measures should be initiated are two insects (fourth instar and over) per 10 plants at flowering and four insects at podding. Further studies on damage thresholds in multiple pest scenarios are suggested.     

Effective invertebrate pest management in dryland cropping in southern Australia: The challenge of marginality

Despite research efforts spanning many decades, invertebrate pest control in arable farming systems is still heavily reliant on broad-spectrum pesticides. Yet industry wants to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles. We suspect that the lack of implementation to date reflects the unpredictable nature of outbreaks of pests and unpredictable profit margins, creating an environment where growers prefer to follow a cautious chemical-based approach. Using southern Australia as a case study, we argue for a new approach where the concept of rigid management strategies is abandoned in favor of landscape changes, host plant resistance, ecological indicators, reliable predictors and emergency intervention strategies. This approach needs to be based on developing more stable crop environments that can limit fundamental niches available for exploitation by sporadic pest populations, and increasing crop resilience to resident herbivores. Fall-back strategies, including broad-spectrum chemical control, may still be required to protect productivity at times when outbreaks of pest populations take place. These are likely to be unavoidable, particularly given emerging climate challenges.     

Crop protection services in Southern Africa

Despite the considerable progress made in different farming systems in Southern Africa, effective crop protection services remain a major constraint in their agricultural production systems. Factors responsible for these limitations include the following: the low government priorities still accorded crop protection services; the scarcity or complete lack of trained experienced professional and technical crop protection personnel; the fact that techniques for pest and disease control either are not available to small-scale farmers, or, where available, are not appropriate to the local situation; the inadequacy or lack of cooperation and communication between scientists, extension workers and farmers. A rigorous research, extension and training programme with an efficient infrastructure is advocated. In order to set priorities for appropriate integrated pest management (IPM), a standardized survey of pests of important food crops as well as losses suffered by small-scale farmers in each country of the region is imperative. The crop protection services can also be strengthened through the establishment of a Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Crop Protection Collaborative Network to coordinate crop protection activities, as described below.     

Simulating rice stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk., damage for developing decision support tools

InfoCrop, a generic crop–pest simulation model, was used to validate yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk., damage mechanism on two rice cultivars, Pusa Basmati 1 and Ratna. Data sets consisted of three experiments, one under natural infestation of the pest and two involving artificial detillering. The simulated yields showed less than 10% variation from the observed yields, except in one treatment, where the difference was 10.5%. The simulated yield losses were also proximal to respective observed yield losses (R²=0.922, RMSE=3.825), indicating proper validation of damage mechanism of the stem borer. As the model simulated the pest damage appropriately under natural injury, as well under artificial detillering; artificial detillering seemed comparable to natural injury of the stem borer in its effect on rice growth and yield. Validated InfoCrop was used to simulate economic injury levels (EILs) of the stem borer at different rice growth stages for varied control expenditure, incurred on two and three sprays of monocrotophos and one granular application of carbofuran, and for three market prices of produce. The EIL consistently decreased with advancing crop age and it exhibited a positive relationship with control expenditure and a negative relationship with market value of the produce. The simulated EILs were observed to be comparable to empirical injury levels that were previously established. The validated model was also used to devise iso-loss curves that depicted same yield loss for different combinations of the stem borer injury and crop age. Crop simulation model-based EILs and iso-loss curves are useful in monitoring the stem borer injury and in need assessment for pesticide application, thereby avoiding unnecessary expenditure and environmental contamination. Due to their mechanistic nature, crop models can be used to formulate location-specific decision support tools and therefore, help improve decision making in pest management.     

A characterization of rice pests and quantification of yield losses in the japonica rice zone of Yunnan,China

Within any geographic area where pest management is to be improved or adapted to agricultural changes, there is a need for characterization to define constraints to crop production. The objective of this study was to assess pest injuries (diseases, insects and weeds) in farmers' fields in the japonica rice zone of Yunnan, China, explore characteristics of rice injury profiles, analyse the relationships between injury profiles and yield levels, and estimate yield losses caused by individual injuries. Seven pest injury profiles (abbreviated as IN) were determined using cluster analysis; IN1, IN2 and IN3 were lower injury levels of pest combinations in seven profiles, while IN5, IN6 and IN7 were higher injury levels. Correspondence analysis based on patterns of injury profiles yielded a path of increasing yield levels associated with varying combinations of injuries. The use of principal component analysis with multiple regression generated estimates of yield reductions due to rice diseases, insects and weeds. The analysis indicated that injuries caused by weeds that are taller than the rice canopy, white heads, leaf folder, bacterial leaf blight, army worms, leaf blast and plant hoppers should be considered as potentially most damaging in this region. Results of this study will provide some foundations for developing pest management strategies and improving rice production at the regional scale.