湿涝对花生干物质积累与分配的影响

为确定花生耐涝品种的干物质积累与分配特征及洪涝灾害的防控对策,选用18个耐涝性差异稳定的花生品种,在适合水旱轮作(土壤渗水性强)的大田条件下于营养生长末期进行短期湿涝10d(W10)、长期湿涝88d(W88)和正常灌溉(NI)处理,研究湿涝对不同花生品种各器官干物质积累和分配的影响。结果表明,短期湿涝对整个花生品种生物量的影响,以叶片最甚,其他依次是茎秆、荚果,而根系略增重;长期湿涝会降低叶片生物量,而促进根系、茎秆、荚果的增加,说明光合器官叶片对湿涝最敏感,其次是茎秆,荚果受短期湿涝影响小且因长期湿涝而增产,而根系具有稳定耐性。短、长涝期时实际产量较高的品种一般表现出矮秆、叶多、根系发达、根冠比较高,而耐性系数多偏低,短、长涝时叶片与根系增重可实现耐渍涝与高产的统一,根系、叶片生物量比重高是维持长涝耐性的基础。筛选出豫花15、花119、彩珠、桂红花、金花1012等耐渍涝品种。     

花生种子发芽期呼吸酶活性对淹水的响应

淹水是我国南方地区花生种子发芽阶段频发的灾害,因缺氧影响植物的呼吸作用。试验选取3个经大田验证具有明显耐涝差异的花生品种,设置不同时间的湿涝胁迫处理,测定琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性变化。结果表明,耐涝性强的品种发芽期SDH活性较高、LDH和ADH活性较低,而耐涝性弱的品种SDH活性较低、LDH和ADH活性较高。初步说明不同耐涝性品种的呼吸适应机制存在显著差异。     

花生幼苗期呼吸酶活性对渍涝的响应

渍涝是我国南方地区花生芽苗期频发的灾害,其造成的直接效应是缺氧,改变植物的呼吸途径。本研究选取3个经大田验证具有明显耐涝差异的花生品种,在幼苗期设置不同时间、不同深度渍涝胁迫处理,测定3种呼吸关键酶琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性变化,以明确不同品种对湿涝胁迫的呼吸适应机制。结果表明,耐涝性强的品种表现出SDH活性高、LDH和ADH活性低,而耐涝性弱的品种SDH活性低、LDH和ADH活性高,该结果与大田耐涝性鉴定结果一致。     

花生等农作物耐湿涝性研究进展

湿涝危害是世界湿润地区、半干旱地区农作物生产中的一个严重问题.一些农作物的湿涝研究已取得一定进展,但有关花生湿涝的研究有待拓宽和深化.为此,从湿涝对花生等作物的影响、作物耐湿涝机制以及作物耐湿涝的遗传改良等方面,综述了世界花生及其它农作物的耐湿涝性研究进展.     

花生新品种湛油62的选育研究

湛油62是湛江市农科所以(湛油30×CS41)F4作母本,梧油6号作父本进行有性杂交选育而成的花生新品种。该品种具有高产、优质、高抗锈病和耐涝等优点。在2000～2001年广东省花生品种区域试验中,平均产量3905.25kg/hm2,比第一对照种汕油523增产10.31%,增产达极显著水平;比第二对照种粤油256增产26.61%,增产达极显著水平。该品种于2003年3月通过广东省农作物品种委员会的审定,适宜于我国南方花生产区推广种植。     

灌浆期涝渍害对弱筋小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响

长江中下游是我国主要的弱筋小麦产区,该区小麦生育后期涝渍害频发,严重影响小麦的高产和稳产。为探明涝渍害对弱筋小麦产量及品质的影响,以优质弱筋小麦品种扬麦13、扬麦15、扬麦22为材料,采用人工模拟涝渍害的田间试验方法,研究了灌浆期涝渍害对弱筋小麦籽粒产量及其构成要素、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值、吹泡仪参数、溶剂保持力SRC和粉质仪参数等主要品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)灌浆期涝渍害导致小麦产量显著下降,有效穗数和穗粒数降低是引起扬麦13减产的主要因子,扬麦15和扬麦22的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均降低导致减产。(2)涝渍害处理的扬麦13和扬麦22的湿面筋含量较对照显著上升,蛋白质含量和SDS沉淀值在处理间无显著差异。涝渍害处理7 d对供试小麦吹泡仪参数影响较大,扬麦13和扬麦15的L值和W值在涝渍害处理7 d后均显著提升,扬麦13的水SRC较对照显著下降。涝渍害处理7 d对供试小麦的粉质仪参数无显著影响。(3)供试的3个弱筋小麦品种籽粒品质受基因型的影响大于涝渍害。     

东北春大豆耐涝品种的筛选

利用361个东北大豆优异亲本材料,在辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省8个点进行试验。在2013年自然湿涝条件下,通过分析品种在各试验点的苗情、生育期和产量差异,对参试品种进行耐涝筛选,将其分为强耐涝、耐涝、中耐涝和弱耐涝4种类型。描述了强耐涝优异品种的特征特性,为大豆耐涝育种提供亲本材料。     

石灰性土壤中花生耐低铁基因型差异的研究

以土培和田间试验相结合的方法。评价52个花生品种在石灰性土壤上的耐低铁性。(1)不同花生品种苗期耐低铁性存在显著的基因型差异，主要表现为苗期干物重、新叶叶绿素值、活性铁含量的差异，以这3个指标进行系统聚类分析，初步把52个花生品种分为5类，从Ⅰ至Ⅴ类耐低铁能力逐步减弱。(2)田间试验表明开花期是花生对低铁胁迫最敏感的时期；与耐低铁品种相比，铁敏感品种在石灰性土壤上的产量较低。单株饱果数较少。豫花7号、农大818、95—3、79266、徐花4号等为耐低铁品种，对铁胁迫反应不敏感，可在低铁条件下获得较高的产量。     

旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响

为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。     

花生对花生斑驳病毒的耐病性

花生斑驳病毒(PMV)的坏死毒株在花生上引起不同的反应,反应是以病情指数来评价。63个引进花生品种中仅有11个发生了轻微的或不矮化的轻型斑驳;这是对坏死毒株一种很轻微的反应。用美国的田间优势毒株PMV的轻型毒株(M_2)接种的11个引进种中的两个种进行了产量试验,PMV—M_2在易感的栽培品种“星”上引起了籽仁减产31％,而在引进种(PI261945和PI261946)上不减产,引进种由于不减产被认为具有耐病性。另外,在两个易感的栽培种上病毒感染率高达2—4倍以上。 虽然美国花生斑驳病毒(PMV)的优势毒株在花生(Arachis hypogaea)上引起很轻微的症状,但减产10—30%。1973年进行的田间系统调查表明估计佐治亚州年度损失超过10万美元。美国应用的主要花生栽培种是PMV的易感品种。经对文献的查阅没有发现有关花生对病毒抗性方面的报导。1968年的筛选试验,所有供试的花生品系(37个栽培种和428个普通引进种)对PMV的优势毒株表现了相似的症状;没有发现抗病类型。最近在筛选试验项目中使用了PMV的重型毒株,初步结果指出发病是显著的。这个试验的目的是改进对花生PMV的抗性、鉴定抗原、确定抗性的测定技术。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.