我国玉米自交系保绿性鉴定及其与氮效率的关系

选用我国常用的82个不同基因型自交系为研究材料, 在两种氮肥处理下对其子粒产量、耐低氮指数、保绿性相关性状进行测定, 探究不同玉米自交系保绿性及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明, 以高氮下保绿度为指标筛选出了23个保绿型自交系, 27个早衰型自交系, 其余32个为中间型自交系。两种氮水平间保绿度及其相关性状差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01), 子粒产量与保绿度及其相关性状间的相关性均达极显著水平。研究表明, 保绿性不仅与子粒产量密切相关, 同时还显著影响氮效率。因此, 保绿性可作为筛选氮高效玉米自交系的一个重要农艺性状。     

Growth Responses of Drought Resistant Rice Cultivars to Soil Compaction under Irrigated and Succeeding Non-irrigated Conditions during the Vegetative Stage

Abstract

We investigated whether drought resistant rice cultivars exhibit higher dry-matter production under wet and dry compacted soil conditions in the vegetative stage and determined the dominant factors governing resistance to soil compaction. Three rice cultivars, a drought-sensitive Nipponbare, and drought-resistant Senshou and Dular, were grown in pots at four soil bulk densities (SBD) ranging from 1300 to 1600 dry soil kg m^?3. Root and shoot dry matter productions was slightly smaller in Nipponbare over the 29 days after sowing under irrigated conditions than in the other cultivars at all SBDs. Senshou and Dular also maintained a higher dry matter production, both in relative and absolute values, than Nipponbare under the condition of withheld irrigation from days 29 — 39 after sowing. The higher stomatal conductance and leaf water potential of these two cultivars were supported by a larger root system which was mostly accompanied by lower top-root ratios in the irrigated and compacted soils. The higher plant growth rate under the non-irrigated condition might have been a result of both the higher water absorption rate and water use efficiency, which in turn were supported by the larger root biomass. We conclude that the ability of rice to rapidly develop a root system in the early vegetative phase under compacted soils facilitates plant production under subsequent soil desiccated conditions.     

Phenological variations,yield differences and free proline accumulation in rice under alternate inundation and suspension of irrigation in Central Thailand

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the phenological and physiological adjustments, yield performance and water productivity of rice under variable periods of suspension of irrigation. Four different water management schedules [viz. conventional water management (CWM), 2-week inundation followed by 2-week suspension of irrigation (I₂ S₂), 1-week inundation followed by 3-week suspension of irrigation (I₁ S₃), and 1-week inundation followed by 4-week suspension of irrigation (I₁ S₄)] were evaluated in greenhouse pots with transplanted rice. Only CWM, I₂ S₂, and I₁ S₃ were tested under field conditions. In the greenhouse pot experiment, the commencement of flowering and physiological maturity of rice occurred in the shortest period with CWM, and delayed with increasing the period of suspension of irrigation during vegetative phase. Some of shoot and root growth parameters of rice had significant differences among different water management practices. Free proline accumulated in leaves was lowest in CWM, increased with increasing the period of suspension of irrigation. The I₁ S₃ water management reported highest water productivity. Field experiment conducted, confirmed the results observed in the greenhouse experiment showing similar pattern of shoot and root growth characteristics and free proline accumulation in rice plants. The water productivity and grain yield was significantly higher in I₂ S₂ over CWM and I₁ S₃. Overall results suggest that the 2-week inundation followed by 2-week suspension of irrigation water management is a better option for water saving with higher yield in transplanted rice for 120 days old Suphan Buri 1 hybrid in Central Thailand.     

Effect of Soil Compaction on Dry Matter Production and Water Use of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Water Deficit Stress during the Reproductive Stage

Abstract

The effect of a long term of soil compaction on dry matter production (DMP) and water use in rice cultivated under limited water supply during the reproductive stage is unknown. Our objectives were to determine which of the transpiration (Tr) or water use efficiency (WUE) is dominant in determining DMP under compacted and desiccated soil conditions. When irrigation in the period around the reproductive stage was terminated in artificially compacted and non-compacted fields, the rate of suppression of DMP by soil compaction was similar in the three rice cultivars, but DMP was higher in drought resistant cultivars having deep root density at the heading stage. Six cultivars were grown in pots of 1.0 m in depth containing the soils of three levels of soil bulk density (SBD). Water supply was restricted by keeping the water table in the pot deep without irrigation during the reproductive stage. DMP and Tr in all cultivars decreased with increasing SBD, and a close relationship was seen between DMP and Tr. WUE was thus a fairly stable factor for all cultivars examined. Tr was positively correlated with root length density and was relatively maintained at a high SBD in drought-resistant cultivars having a higher root length density. We concluded that water shortage under compacted soil conditions during reproductive stage suppressed the DMP, and DMP suppression accompanied a reduction of Tr due to poor root development rather than the reduction of WUE. In the drought-resistant cultivars reduction of DMP was relatively small due to their highly developed root systems that allowed high water absorption from the deep layers in the compacted soil.     

可作为饲料的水稻绿色营养体的营养素产量分析

 从人畜分粮的角度，分析水稻绿色饲料的最佳收割期、营养成分和营养素产量的品种差异。     

The effects of nitrogen uptake before and after heading on grain protein content and the occurrence of basal- and back-white grains in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Chalky rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains are induced by high temperature during the grain-filling period. Plant nitrogen status also affects the occurrence of basal- and back-white grains (BBWG). The objective of this study was to elucidate the relations between nitrogen availability per spikelet during the grain-filling period (N_GF) and each of the percentage of BBWG and grain protein content (GPC). We further compared the effect of the components of N_GF determined before heading (N_BH) and after heading (N_AH) on BBWG and GPC. We grew the rice cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ in pots in 2012 and 2013, and top-dressed nitrogen at the panicle formation and heading stages, under two (2012) or three (2013) temperature regimes during the grain-filling period. GPC was explained well by N_GF, but BBWG was not. BBWG was best explained in a multiple-regression equation by mean air temperature after heading and by N_BH and N_AH. The partial correlation coefficients for N_BH were 1.6 and 3.0 times those for N_AH in 2012 and 2013, respectively. On the other hand, in a multiple-regression equation for GPC, the partial correlation coefficients for N_BH were 0.91 and 0.71 times those for N_AH in 2012 and 2013, respectively. These results suggest that rice grains are most sensitive to plant nitrogen status before heading for BBWG but after heading for GPC, and that there is an optimal timing for nitrogen top-dressing that would maximize the reduction in BBWG per unit increment of GPC.     

干旱条件下我国不同年代玉米品种保绿性比较

选用35个玉米品种(农家种4个, 双交种4个, 单交种27个), 在海南三亚设置正常浇水和花期干旱两个处理, 鉴定每个品种在干旱环境下的保绿性, 比较不同年代品种的持绿性。结果发现, 干旱导致玉米叶片叶绿素含量下降, 衰老启动时间提前, 干旱条件下品种的衰老启动时间、最大衰老速度出现时间均随年代更替而延后, 最大衰老速度均随着年代更替而下降, 即玉米的保绿性均随着年代更替而提高, 与正常浇水条件下的趋势相似。玉米保绿性与叶绿素含量均与产量呈显著相关;在干旱处理条件下, 品种保绿性均随年代更替而提高, 我国的玉米育种中已经对持绿性进行了改良, 耐旱性也得到提高。     

Impact of field-scale nighttime air temperatures during kernel development on rice milling quality

Recent research has shown that elevated nighttime air temperatures (NTATs) may contribute to increased chalk and reduced milling quality. The objective of this study was to develop a method to quantify the effects of elevated NTATs on chalk formation and peak head rice yield (pHRY) in field-grown rice cultivars. To do so, 95th percentiles of NTAT frequencies (NT₉₅) occurring during reproductive (R) stages of Bengal, Jupiter, Cypress, LaGrue, Wells, and XL723 cultivars were correlated with chalk levels and pHRYs observed during the 2007 through 2009 harvest seasons. Chalk levels were strongly correlated with NT₉₅ during the R7 and R8 stages for all cultivars, except Bengal. Peak HRYs of Cypress, LaGrue, Wells, and XL723 were linearly and inversely related to NT₉₅ occurring during the R8 stage, while pHRYs of Bengal and Jupiter showed no significant correlations with this percentile at any R-stage. Although strong correlations of chalk levels and pHRYs with NT₉₅ were observed during the R8 stage of cultivar development, it is speculated that rice plants classified in this stage actually exhibit many kernels that lag in development and exist in the R6 and R7 grain-filling stages, where elevated NTATs are thought to have deleterious effects on chalk levels and milling quality.     

Role of Belowground Parts of Green Manure Legumes,Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata,in N Uptake by the Succeeding Tendergreen Mustard Plant

Using symbiotically N₂-fixing legumes as green manures is a way to supply N from the atmosphere to cropping ecosystems. Usually whole plants of the green manure are incorporated into soil; hence, the belowground parts as well as the aboveground parts would contribute to N transfer to succeeding crops. However, little is known about the contribution of the belowground parts alone. We assessed N transfer from belowground parts compared to whole plants of two legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata. Each of the legumes was grown approximately for 3 months in a 1/2000a Wagner pot filled with soil media, and then the roots alone (R) or shoot and root (S + R) were harvested and incorporated in the pots. Tendergreen mustard (Brassica rapa) as the succeeding crop was grown for 66 days in these pots without additional fertilizer. Although the amount of N in green manure in S + R pots was approximately 4-fold higher than that in R pots, differences in N uptake by tendergreen mustard between the S + R and R pots were smaller (1.7-fold for C. spectabilis and 2.3-fold for S. rostrata). This means that N recovery rate by tendergreen mustard was significantly higher in R than in S + R pots with either green manures. Differences in C/N ratio of the green manures could not likely explain the higher N recovery rate in R pots. Bioassay of the aqueous extracts from the green manure with lettuce seedlings suggested that growth inhibitory effects might be responsible for the lower recovery rate in S + R treatment.     

Extreme nighttime air temperatures in 2010 impact rice chalkiness and milling quality

Research shows that elevated nighttime air temperatures (NTATs) contribute to increased chalk formation and reduced milling quality in rice. Arkansas rice-growing regions experienced exceptionally warm weather conditions during the summer of 2010, providing an opportunity to test this hypothesis under extreme conditions. Data from a previous study, conducted in years 2007-2009 (Ambardekar et al., 2011), was extended to include 2010 data, and analyzed to evaluate the correlations of 95th percentiles of NTAT frequencies (NT₉₅) occurring during reproductive (R) stages of six rice cultivars with chalk and peak head rice yields (pHRYs). Long-grain cultivars produced chalk values that were positively correlated to NT₉₅, and pHRYs that were inversely correlated, during the R5 through R8 stages. Medium-grain cultivars, Bengal and Jupiter, which in the original study showed little or no response to elevated NTATs during all R-stages, showed significant positive correlations between chalk, and negative correlations between pHRY, and NT₉₅, during the R7 and R8 stages. The 2007-2009 analyses indicated quadratic relationships of chalk with NT₉₅ and linear relationships of pHRY with NT₉₅. However, addition of the 2010 data indicated that both of these relationships were quadratic in nature. The extreme temperatures observed in 2010 also verified that while cultivars vary in their level of resistance to NTAT effects, all of the rice cultivars analyzed throughout the four-year study exhibited some degree of susceptibility to extreme NTAT temperatures occurring during critical grain-filling stages.     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on the storage of carbohydrate fixed at different stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increasing global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to influence crop production. To investigate the effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.), plants were grown under ambient CO₂ (AMB) or free-air CO₂-enrichment (FACE) at CO₂ concentrations ranged from 275 to 365 μmol mol⁻¹ above AMB. We supplied ¹³CO₂ to the plants at different growth stages so we could examine the contribution of carbohydrate stored during the vegetative stage or newly fixed carbohydrate produced during the grain-filling stage to ear weight at grain maturity. In plants supplied with ¹³C at the panicle-initiation or pre-heading stages, plants grown under FACE had more starch in the stems at heading, but there was no difference in stem ¹³C content. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in whole-plant ¹³C contents at heading and grain maturity. In contrast, plants supplied with ¹³C at the grain-filling stage had more ¹³C in the whole plant and the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB, indicating that the increased amount of photosynthate produced at the grain-filling stage under CO₂ enrichment might be effectively stored in the grains. Furthermore, regardless of when the ¹³C was supplied, plants had more ¹³C in starch in the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB. Therefore, CO₂ enrichment appears to promote partitioning of photosynthate produced during both vegetative and grain-filling stages to the grains.     

淮河下游稻区机插粳稻新品种比较试验研究

通过不同粳稻品种机插种植比较试验研究,结果表明,圣稻16、新稻21全生育期140 d,早熟;宁9213、武运粳24全生育期161 d,偏迟熟;其余品种全生育期为151～154 d,适中;武运粳24、连粳9号、新稻18、南粳9108、武运粳27实收产量均在700 kg/667 m2以上,产量较高,其它品种产量在680.6～697.8 kg/667 m2,差异较小。从产量、生育期和抗性等方面综合分析,武运粳27、中稻1号、淮稻5号、南粳9108、连粳9号适合在淮河下游稻区大面积推广种植,其余品种尚需扩大示范或再示范。     

Rhizosphere Aeration Improves Nitrogen Transformation in Soil,and Nitrogen Absorption and Accumulation in Rice Plants

Two rice cultivars (Xiushui 09 and Chunyou 84) were used to evaluate the effects of various soil oxygen (O₂) conditions on soil nitrogen (N) transformation, absorption and accumulation in rice plants. The treatments were continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The results showed that the AWD and CFA treatments improved soil N transformation, rice growth, and N absorption and accumulation. Soil NO₃^– content, nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, leaf area, nitrate reductase activity, and N absorption and accumulation in rice all increased in both cultivars. However, soil microbial biomass carbon and pH did not significantly change during the whole period of rice growth. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, and both of them significantly increased as the total N accumulation in rice increased. Our results indicated that improved soil O₂ conditions led to changing soil N cycling and contributed to increases in N absorption and accumulation by rice in paddy fields.     

Differential responses to high temperature during maturation in heat-stress-tolerant cultivars of Japonica rice

High-temperature stress during the grain-filling stage reduces grain quality of rice, and this is a serious problem in Japan, especially in the Kyushu region. To solve this problem, various heat-tolerant cultivars have been bred, such as ‘Nikomaru’, ‘Kumasannochikara’, ‘Genkitsukushi’, ‘Sagabiyori’, and ‘Otentosodachi’. When cultivated under high temperature after flowering, these heat-tolerant cultivars had lower percentages of chalky grains than in the heat-sensitive cultivar ‘Hinohikari’. All the heat-tolerant cultivars markedly decreased the nonstructural carbohydrate content in the stem under the high temperature compared to control condition during early grain-filling stage, which is considered to be a common trait of heat tolerance. Notably, ‘Sagabiyori’, ‘Genkitsukushi’, and ‘Nikomaru’ maintained a nucellar epidermis at 17 days after flowering (DAF) under high temperature, whereas the nucellar epidermis disappeared in ‘Hinohikari’. In addition, the expression of AGPS2b, thought to be a rate-limiting enzyme in starch synthesis, in ‘Kumasannochikara’, ‘Otentosodachi’, and ‘Nikomaru’ did not decrease under high temperature, whereas ‘Hinohikari’, ‘Sagabiyori’, and ‘Genkitsukushi’ could not maintain expression of the gene at 17 DAF. Moreover, the expression of Amy3E, a starch-degradation-related gene considered to induce grain chalkiness, in ‘Kumasannochikara’ at 17 DAF was not increased by high temperature. These results suggest that the heat-stress-tolerant cultivars have various mechanisms for dealing with high-temperature stress.     

The critical period for weed control in dry-seeded rice

The critical crop-weed competition period in a dry-seeded rice system is an important consideration in formulating weed management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in the summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, to determine the extent of yield loss in two different rice cultivars (PR 114 and PR 115) with different periods of weed interference. Twelve weed control timings were used to identify critical periods of weed competition in dry-seeded rice. PR 114, a long-duration rice cultivar (145 d) having slower initial growth than PR 115 (125 d), was more prone to yield losses. In both years, 100% yield loss was observed where weeds were not controlled throughout the season. In weed-free plots, the grain yield of PR 114 was 6.39–6.80 t ha⁻¹, for PR 115, it was 6.49–6.87 t ha⁻¹. Gompertz and logistic equations fitted to yield data in response to increasing periods of weed control and weed interference showed that, PR 114 had longer critical periods than PR 115. Critical weed-free periods to achieve 95% of weed-free yield for PR 114 was longer than for PR 115 by 31 days in 2012 and 26 days in 2013. Weed infestation also influenced the duration of critical periods. Higher weed pressure in 2012 than in 2013 increased the duration of the critical period of crop-weed competition in that year. The identification of critical crop-weed competition periods for different cultivars will facilitate improved decision-making regarding the timing of weed control and the adoption of cultivars having high weed-suppressing abilities. This will also contribute to the development of integrated weed management in dry-seeded rice systems.     

High Risk of the Formation of Milky White Rice Kernels in Cultivars with Higher Potential Grain Growth Rate under Elevated Temperatures

Abstract

Our objective was to clarify whether rice cultivars with a higher grain dry-matter increase rate (GIR) under elevated temperature condition show a higher percentage of milky white rice kernels (MWK). The rate of MWK judged using a rice-quality selector significantly varied with the cultivar and experimental year. The spikes of the cultivars detached 5–7 days after heading were solution-cultured with an adequate nutrient supply for one week at 25, 28 and 33ºC. GIR was overall the highest at 28ºC, and GIR at this temperature was considered to reflect the potential GIR in all the grains tested. There was a close correlation between the rate of MWK and the GIR at 28ºC under field conditions when temperatures during the grain-filling period were approximately over 25ºC. It was suggested that cultivars with a higher potential GIR under elevated temperature conditions have a higher risk of the formation of MWK.     

1RS.1BL易位染色体对小麦开花后叶片延绿特性的影响

为了探究延绿特性产生的遗传基础,利用延绿型小麦新品种川农17和小麦品种绵阳11杂交所获得的F6代43个稳定株系为材料,研究了1RS.1BL易位染色体对小麦开花后叶片延绿特性的影响.结果表明,川农17含有一对新合成的1RS.1BL易位染色体,具有开花后叶片衰老延缓和维持较长时期绿叶面积的优良特性,而绵阳11不具有这个特点.利用C-带及A-PAGE技术对川农17和绵阳11杂交的43个F6代株系进行了鉴定,发现17个延绿株系均含有1RS.1BL易位染色体,但另有8个含1RS.1BL易位染色体的植株不表现延绿特性,18个含一对1B染色体的株系均不表现延绿特性.延绿现象与1RS.1BL易位的存在呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.6861,P＜0.001).这一结果说明小麦开花后的延绿特性是由1RS.1BL易位染色体上的基因和小麦背景基因相互作用控制的,指出川农17的1RS.1BL染色体上存在着至少一个基因控制延绿特性.     

Research Advances in High-Yielding Cultivation and Physiology of Super Rice

In 1996,China launched a program to breed super rice or super hybrid rice by combining intersubspecific heterosis with ideal plant types.Today,approximately 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them show high grain yields of 12-21 t/hm2 in field experiments.The main reasons for the high yields of super rice varieties,compared with those of conventional varieties,can be summarized as follows:more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size (number of spikelets per square meter);larger leaf area index,longer duration of green leaf,greater photosynthetic rate,higher lodging resistance,greater dry matter accumulation before the heading stage,greater remobilization of pre-stored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain-filling period;and larger root system and greater root activity.However,there are two main problems in super rice production:poor grain-filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to earlier-flowering superior spikelets),and low and unstable seed-setting rate.Here,we review recent research advances in the crop physiology of super rice,focusing on biological features,formation of yield components,and population quality.Finally,we suggest further research on crop physiology of super rice.     

Regional scale distribution of imidazolinone herbicide-resistant alleles in red rice (Oryza sativa L.) determined through SNP markers

Red rice is the main weed in rice paddy fields. Imidazolinone herbicides in resistant rice cultivars currently provide a unique opportunity to control red rice in large-scale rice fields. However, the continuous use of this technology has resulted in imidazolinone-resistant red rice biotypes. This study aimed to identify the mechanism of herbicide resistance and the frequency and spatial distribution of the known imidazolinone herbicide-resistant alleles in red rice. The nucleotide sequence of the ALS gene indicated that the G₆₅₄E, S₆₅₃D and A₁₂₂T mutations are present in the imidazolinone herbicide-resistant rice cultivars IRGA 422 CL, SATOR CL and PUITÁ INTA CL, respectively. This information and the nucleotide sequence surrounding these mutations were used for the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers to identify the possible mutations that confer herbicide resistance in red rice. This analysis was carried out in a total of 481 plants from 38 populations collected as individuals that escaped control with the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in rice paddy fields in Southern Brazil. The G₆₅₄E mutation was the most frequent, being found in 100% and 90.9% of the populations in the 2006/2007 and 20007/2008 seasons, respectively. In addition, the S₆₅₃D and A₁₂₂T mutations were also present either alone or as double or triple mutations in some plants. Target site insensitivity is the predominant mechanism of resistance in red rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides in Southern Brazil. The high frequency of the S₆₅₃D mutation, the same mutation responsible for the resistance in the rice cultivar largely used in Southern Brazil, indicates that gene flow is occurring from the rice cultivar to red rice. Management practices related to increasing crop sanitation and decreasing of herbicide selection pressure through crop rotation should be enforced to prevent the evolution of herbicide resistance in red rice.