Effects of Crop Residue and Nitrogen Rates on Yield and Yield Components of Two Dryland Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

Abstract

In most southern parts of Iran, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have been traditionally burned or removed; that is often criticized for soil organic and nutrient losses, reducing soil microbial activity and increasing CO₂ emission. A 2-years (2005?2007) field study was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, to evaluate the influence of crop residues management and nitrogen (N) rates on dryland wheat. The experiment was conducted as strip split plot with four replications. Horizontal plots were three crop residues rates (0, 500 and 1000 kg ha-¹), vertical plots consisted of two dryland current wheat cultivars (CVs) (Azar 2 and Nicknejad), and sub-plots were three N rates (0, 35, and 70 kg N ha-¹). Increasing crop residue rates increased soil organic carbon. Number of spike per plant, grains per spike, grains per plant and 1000-grain weight of both CVs significantly increased with increased N and residue rates in both years. The lowest grain yield was obtained from 1000 kg ha-¹ residue incorporation without N application showing the soil N imbalance. The optimum crop growth and the highest grain yield was achieved from the highest crop residues and N rates, indicating that the most reliable system for dryland wheat production in the region is complete residues incorporation into the soil following disking, seeding with chisel seeder and application of 70 kg N ha-¹.     

Phosphorus Balance and Soil Phosphorus Status in Paddy Rice Fields with Various Fertilizer Practices

Abstract

Excess phosphorus (P) has accumulated in Japanese paddy soils, due to fertilizer P inputs over crop requirement for several decades, and improvement of the excess of P is necessary in view of environmental conservation. This study aimed to evaluate the input/output balance of P related to soil P status in paddy rice systems, and to obtain a practical indication. Irrigated rice (Oryza sative L.) was cultivated on a gley soil from 1997 to 2006. Six field plots fertilized with commercial fertilizer, animal waste composts, green manure and none were included. Phosphorus input varied among plots from 0 to 73 kg ha-¹ yr-¹. Rice P uptake was approximately 20 kg ha-¹, indicating no response to the P input. This was attributed to a large amount of plant-available Bray- and Truog-P in our soils. In our fields, paddy rice could be cultivated with no P-containing fertilizer or amendment. As a result, increase in the P input led to an increase in partial P balance (PPB). Cumulative increase in PPB resulted in the increase in soil total P, whereas cumulative decrease of PPB tended to decrease it. Excess accumulation of the soil P results in a loss of P into the environment. We concluded that P fertilization should be restricted to 20 kg ha-¹ yr-¹ (corresponding to 46 kg ha-¹ yr-¹ as P₂O₅), based on evenly balanced P input with the rice P uptake. It is also important to include all of the P-containing fertilizers and amendments when determining the amount of application.     

不同施肥条件下冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及累积的研究

为给陕西关中地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论基础,以小偃22为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施肥条件下冬小麦产量、氮素吸收、转运和累积特点.结果表明,氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用可明显提高小麦籽粒产量,其中在基施有机氮150 kg·hm-2的基础上,施氮量为150～225 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒产量接近或达到9 000 kg·hm-2的超高产水平,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理(基施纯氮300 kg·hm-2和P2O5 75 kg·hm-2);在不施有机肥、施氮量为270～300 kg·hm-2时,小麦籽粒产量与农民习惯施肥处理差异不明显,说明有机肥具有明显的增产作用.施肥处理时小麦氮素累积有显著影响,氮磷钾配施可显著提高小麦氮素累积量,有机肥和化肥配合施用氮素累积量最高,达到249.3～283.0 kg·hm-2.与农民习惯施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施条件下小麦生育中期和后期氮素累积量增加,开花后营养器官氮素转运量也随着增加,但施肥处理间氮素转运效率差异不明显.综合来看,陕西关中地区冬小麦在氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用的情况下,氮肥用量应控制在150～225 kg·hm-2.     

离体穗培养条件下C、N供给对小麦穗粒数、粒重及蛋白质含量的影响

为探究C、N供给时期和供给水平对小麦籽粒建成及蛋白质含量的影响,以冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,采用离体穗培养的方法,设置了三个蔗糖浓度(C1:20 g·L~(-1);C2:40g·L~(-1);C3:80g·L~(-1))和四个硝酸铵水平(N1:0.57g·L~(-1);N2:1.14g·L~(-1);N3:2.28g·L~(-1);N4:4.56g·L~(-1)),比较分析了开花期和花后7d培养的小麦穗粒数、粒重及籽粒蛋白质含量对C、N供响应的差异。结果表明,1)开花期增加C、N供给可明显提高小麦穗粒数,C3的穗粒数相比于C1、N3的穗粒数相比于N1分别增加23.5%和8.2%,且弱势粒增幅显著高于强势粒,高氮(N4)下穗粒数显著下降,N4的强、弱势粒数相比于N3分别降低4.8%和29.6%;花后7 d增加C、N供给对穗粒数无显著影响;两个时期比较,以开花期培养的小麦穗粒数更高。2)开花期和花后7 d增加C供给均能显著提高小麦粒重,C3的粒重相对于C1分别提高84.9%和41.5%,且弱势粒增幅大于强势粒;开花期适当增加N供给也能提高小麦粒重,N3的粒重相对于N1增加10.2%,花后7 d适当增加N供给对粒重无显著影响,高氮(N4)下粒重显著下降,且以弱势粒降幅较大;两个时期比较,以花后7 d培养的小麦粒重较高。3)小麦穗粒重随培养基C、N浓度的增加而增加,但高氮下穗粒重显著降低,且穗粒重受粒重的影响较大。4)小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质积累量随C浓度的增加而持续降低,随N浓度的增加而持续增加。综上可知,离体穗培养条件下C、N供给水平对小麦穗粒数、粒重及蛋白质含量的调控作用明显,其中开花期增加C、N供给的增粒增重效果更显著,以弱势粒反应更敏感;另外,穗粒数与粒重、粒重与蛋白质含量的调控具有一定矛盾性,其平衡协调仍需进一步研究。     

施氮量对强筋小麦物质积累与籽粒产量的影响

为探究冀东地区强筋小麦适宜施氮量,选用2个强筋小麦品种津农7号(氮高效型)和中麦998(氮低效型)为试验材料,设置0 kg·hm^-2(N₀)、180 kg·hm^-2(N₁)、210 kg·hm^-2(N₂)和240 kg·hm^-2(N₃)4个施氮量处理,研究施氮量对强筋小麦籽粒产量和干物质与氮素积累转运的影响。结果表明,在N₀～N₂处理范围内,2个强筋小麦品种的籽粒产量、花前干物质转运量和氮素转运量随施肥量增加均显著增加,N₃处理下2品种的籽粒产量和花前氮素转运量较N₂处理无显著变化,说明适量施氮可促进强筋小麦氮素转运与籽粒产量的提高。增加施氮量可促进花前干物质向籽粒的转运,津农7号的干物质转运率高于中麦998,2个品种的花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率为60.59%～77.16%,说明小麦籽粒产量主要来源于花后干物质积累。2个品种开花...     

旱地不同覆盖方式对冬小麦氮肥利用的影响

为了解不同覆盖方式下西北旱地冬小麦产量和氮肥利用的差异,在长期定位试验基础上,设置¹⁵N微区试验,分析常规播种、垄覆沟播、全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖4种栽培条件下冬小麦的产量、氮素累积及氮肥利用率。结果表明,与常规播种相比,垄覆沟播、全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖下小麦产量分别提高4.9%、 15.4%和12.4%,其中全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖的增产效果达到显著水平;地上部总生物量分别提高4.6%、 23.9%和16.8%;籽粒氮含量分别降低19.6%、8.9%和7.2%。籽粒氮素累积量和地上部氮素总累积量在不同覆盖方式下变化趋势一致,全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖的籽粒氮素累积量较常规播种分别提高6.0%和 5.6%,地上部氮素总累积量分别提高8.0%和5.5%,而垄覆沟播的籽粒氮素累积量和地上部氮素总累积量较常规播种分别降低13.9%和10.8%。垄覆沟播、全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖的籽粒氮素中肥料氮的比例较常规播种分别提高22.5%、29.8%和16.3%,籽粒中肥料氮累积量分别提高4.2%、39.3%和20.5%;地上部肥料氮累积量分别提高7.1%、38.8%和19.3%;氮肥利用率分别提高7.1%、38.8%和19.3%。因此,在本试验条件下,全膜穴播和秸秆覆盖可以明显促进小麦增产、氮素累积和氮肥高效利用,其中从环境因素考虑,秸秆覆盖的效果更好。     

小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复农田镉污染研究

为筛选Cd积累低且产量较高的小麦品种,以6个北方小麦品种和6个南方小麦品种为试材,在安徽铜陵选取Cd重度污染与未污染农田进行小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复田间对比试验。结果表明,Cd未污染农田中各小麦品种除了泰山24外籽粒Cd含量均未达到国家粮食安全标准;Cd重度污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd含量为1.21~2.41mg·kg-1,Cd均超标,南方小麦品种较北方品种籽粒中Cd含量更高且差异性更大;施用生物有机肥可降低Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种的Cd含量,降低百分率为1.7%~57.8%,平均降低29.9%。施用生物有机肥的Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与小麦茎、叶的Cd含量极显著正相关。Cd重度污染农田较Cd未污染农田各小麦品种产量均显著降低,平均减产率46.2%;使用生物有机肥使Cd重度污染农田小麦平均增产15.7%。各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与产量极显著负相关。扬麦20、宁麦8号为籽粒Cd积累量较低、产量较高的品种;施用生物有机肥可有效降低小麦籽粒Cd含量、增加小麦产量。     

无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为了阐明天田条件下无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应,以中筋型小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,研究了施用有机肥、无机与有机肥配施以及施用尿素处理对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,无杌与有机肥配施不仅可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量.还可以改善小麦淀粉糊化特性.综合各处理结果,施用有机肥以鸡粪处理、无机与有机肥配施以鸡粪+尿素处理对提高小麦籽粒产量、改善小麦淀粉糊化特性的效果较好.     

氮肥减量配施生物炭对北疆灌区春小麦光合和干物质转运特性及产量的影响

为探讨氮肥减量配施生物炭对北疆灌区春小麦光合和干物质转运特性及产量的影响,通过田间试验,设置对照（不施氮,CK）、常规施氮（300 kg·hm^-2、N1）、单施生物炭（20 t·hm^-2、B）、常规施氮+生物炭（N1B）、减氮15%（255 kg·hm^-2、N2 ）、减氮15%+生物炭（N2B）、减氮30%（210 kg·hm^-2、N3）、减氮30%+生物炭（N3B）8个处理,对比分析了不同处理间春小麦光合作用、干物质积累和转运及产量的差异。结果表明,与常规施氮相比,减氮（N2、N3）对春小麦光合作用、干物质积累和转运均无显著影响,但产量及其构成要素和氮肥农学利用效率随着施氮量的减少而降低,配施生物炭后上述各指标均显著提升。综合表现以减氮15%配施生物炭处理（N2B）效果最优。该处理下旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率处于较高水平,成熟期单茎干重、籽粒占单茎重比例、花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率分别为5.01 g、51.31%和18.03%;籽粒产量为8 301.35 kg·hm^-2,较 CK及N1处理分别增产38.09%和18.11%;氮肥农学利用效率最高,为12.40 kg·kg^-1。在本试验条件下,氮肥减量15%配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭最有利于春小麦光合生产、干物质积累和转运及产量提升。     

施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为探究冀东平原强筋小麦高产优质高效的最佳施氮量,在大田选用石优20号和中麦998两个强筋小麦品种,设置施氮量0 (N_0)、180 (N_1)和240 (N_2)kg·hm~(-2),研究了施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和氮肥农学利用效率的效应。结果表明,小麦花前氮素积累量占成熟期植株地上部总氮素积累量的59%～66%,花后占34%～41%。随施氮量增加,小麦植株花前氮素积累量和转运量均提高,叶是花前氮素积累和转运的主要器官。小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,营养器官的氮素积累量逐渐下降,籽粒氮素积累量逐渐提高,营养器官氮素转运高峰与籽粒氮素积累高峰一致,石优20号为花后14～21d,中麦998为花后7～21d。施氮量从180 kg·hm~(-2)增加到240kg·hm~(-2),石优20号和中麦998的产量分别提高了6.10%和7.58%,籽粒蛋白质含量分别提高了3.68%和3.73%,而氮肥农学利用效率分别降低了25.68%和23.93%。综上所述,促进花前氮素的积累和转运可提高强筋小麦蛋白质含量;适当减少施氮量可实现强筋小麦的提质增效。本试验条件下,冀东平原强筋小麦生产的适宜施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)。     

休闲期耕作配施磷肥对旱地小麦氮素吸收与转运的影响

为明确不同耕作方式配施磷肥对小麦植株氮素吸收和转运的影响,于2012-2013年在山西省闻喜县进行了休闲期深松和传统模式下不同施磷量对小麦氮素吸收和转运影响的大田试验。结果表明,休闲期深松较传统模式提高了小麦各生育阶段（低磷条件拔节-孕穗阶段除外）氮素的吸收速率,提高了小麦各阶段的吸氮量,从而提高了各生育时期植株氮素积累量,以配施磷150 kg·hm^-2效果较好;提高了小麦花前氮素转运量、花前转运氮素贡献率和花后氮素积累量;配施磷150 kg·hm^-2提高了小麦花前氮素转运率,降低了成熟期叶片氮素积累量,从而提高了籽粒氮素积累量及分配比例。休闲期深松配施磷150 kg·hm^-2提高了小麦籽粒产量和氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数。休闲期深松配施150 kg·hm^-2磷肥,小麦的增产、氮素吸收与转运效果最好。     

Effects of Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen (N) application (32, 72 and 112 kg N ha-¹ in 2000, and 32, 92 and 152 kg N ha-¹ in 2001) and water-saving irrigation and their interaction on grain yield and yield components of the rice cultivar Champa-Kamphiroozi, which is a local cultivar in a semi-arid area in the south of Islamic Republic (I.R.) of Iran, were investigated. The plants were cultivated under sprinkler irrigation (1.0 ET_p and 1.5 ET_p), intermittent flooding (1-day and 2-day intervals) and continuous flooding (control). The experiments were conducted on a clay loam-clay soil under a semi-arid environment using four replications in a split plot design with irrigation method as main plots and N levels as subplots. The results indicated that intermittent flooding irrigation at 2-day intervals was as effective as continuous flooding for grain yield, showing high water-use efficiency (WUE). The soil moisture tension in the root zone before each irrigation under this condition was –300 to –400 cm. Sprinkler irrigation and intermittent flooding increased WUE by 20 to 60%, compared with continuous flooding, and the increase in N application rate to 112-152 kg ha-¹ increased grain yield under any irrigation condition. Under sprinkler irrigation, grain yield was low and percentage of unfilled grain was high, although WUE was high. However, by adopting sprinkler irrigation, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application necessary for cultivation was reduced. Furthermore, when nitrogen application must be limited due to groundwater pollution, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer necessary for cultivation can be reduced.     

Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities

ABSTRACT

Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m², and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m², and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains.     

Nitrogen and Potassium Fertility Impacts on Aggregate Sheath Spot Disease and Yields of Rice

Abstract

Aggregate sheath spot (AgSS), a disease caused by Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, is one of the major rice (Oryza sativa L.) diseases in California. A three year study was initiated in 1998 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertility on the severity of AgSS. A field with a history of AgSS was divided in two: in one the straw was incorporated and in the other the straw was removed. Rice was fertilized annually with five rates of N ranging from 0 to 200 kg ha-¹ (main plot) and six rates of K ranging from 0 to 125 kg ha-¹ (sub-plot). Soil K levels in both fields declined over time and by the third year, soil K was below the critical level of 60 μg K g-¹ soil in both fields. There was a grain yield response to K fertilizer in all 3 years in the field where straw was removed and in the third year when straw was incorporated. Where there was a significant response to K fertilization, yields increased by 560 kg ha-¹. In all fields and years there was a significant yield response to N fertilizer. AgSS severity decreased with increasing N and K fertilizer rates and leaf N and K concentrations at panicle initiation. Furthermore, the leaf N concentration required for maximum rice yields was lower than the leaf N concentration which resulted in the lowest severity of AgSS .     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响

为筛选测墒补灌节水条件下实现小麦高产和氮素高效利用的最优施氮量,以小麦品种烟农1212为材料,在拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%条件下,设置0、120、180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理（分别用N0、N1、N2和N3代表）,分析施氮量对测墒补灌小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与转运和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,N2处理下小麦花后7~28 d旗叶光合性能显著高于N0和N1处理,但施氮量增至N3时光合性能无显著变化。N2处理的营养器官花前贮藏干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量显著高于其他处理;花后光合同化物积累量显著高于N0和N1处理,但与N3处理无显著差异。成熟期N2处理干物质在籽粒中的分配比例较N0和N1处理分别高5.00和2.86个百分点。N2处理的籽粒灌浆持续时间和活跃灌浆期长,最大灌浆速率下粒重高,籽粒产量较N0和N1处理分别高41.01%和22.44%,且氮肥农学效率最高,氮肥偏生产力较高。综合考虑,180 kg·hm^-2施氮量为测墒补灌节水条件下最佳施氮量。     

灌溉方式和施氮量对冬小麦籽粒氮代谢酶和蛋白质产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉方式和施氮量对冬小麦籽粒氮代谢酶活性及蛋白质产量的影响,以矮抗58为材料,分析了不同灌溉方式（滴灌和漫灌）和施氮量下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量及灌浆期不同穗位籽粒谷丙转氨酶（GPT）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性的变化。结果表明,与漫灌相比,滴灌处理可显著提高籽粒产量和蛋白质产量,施氮量220 kg·hm^-2下籽粒产量和蛋白质产量最高;各水氮处理下,小麦不同穗位籽粒GS和GPT活性均随籽粒灌浆进程的推进而降低,花后7～14 d下降迅速,之后下降缓慢;滴灌下,增施氮肥可显著提高灌浆中期中部和下部穗位籽粒GS活性及整个灌浆期各穗位籽粒GPT活性;漫灌下,增施氮肥可显著提高整个灌浆期中部和下部穗位籽粒GS活性及各穗位籽粒GPT活性。相关性分析表明,成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量分别与下部穗位籽粒GS活性、中部和下部穗位籽粒GPT活性呈显著相关,蛋白质产量分别与下部穗位籽粒GS活性和上部穗位籽粒GPT活性呈显著相关,籽粒产量与下部穗位籽粒GS活性及各穗位GPT活性呈显著相关。综合考虑籽粒产量、蛋白质产量及水氮投入认为,滴灌下施氮量220 kg·hm^-2可作为该地区小麦适宜栽培模式的参考。     

沼液追施量对小麦蛋白组分、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为给沼液在小麦优质高产栽培中的科学施用提供理论依据,在大田高产条件下研究了沼液追施量对小麦主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,适宜的沼液追施量能有效地提高小麦淀粉黏度参数和蛋白质及其组分含量,改善面团流变学特性。淀粉糊化特性、蛋白质组分含量和粉质参数均以60~120 kg·hm^-2沼液氮追施量最为适宜,而拉伸参数的沼液氮优化水平相对较高（180 kg·hm^-2）,沼液追施量不足或过多均不利于籽粒品质参数的改善。因此,在基施酰氨态氮120 kg·hm^-2的基础上,追施120 kg·hm^-2沼液氮最为适宜,品质指标协调,营养价值高,品质综合性状好。     

冬小麦碳氮积累、转运和籽粒产量对小花发育期追氮的响应

为给冬小麦高产优质栽培过程中氮肥的合理调控提供参考依据,通过河南郑州和兰考两点大田试验,分别在总施氮量240和180 kg·hm^-2下,以全部基施为对照,进行基施和追施各50%施氮处理［追肥时期分别在返青期(二棱末期)、返青后10 d(护颖原基分化期)、20 d(雌雄蕊原基分化期)和30 d(雌蕊凹期)］,探讨了小花发育期施氮对两种穗型冬小麦碳、氮积累和转运及产量构成的影响。结果表明,在小花发育期追施氮肥均有利于花前碳、氮的贮藏积累和转运,且兰考矮早8品种贮藏碳、氮转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于对照处理4.49和3.98个百分点,而豫麦49198品种分别高于对照处理1.68和0.47个百分点;两个品种花前贮藏氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于碳素42.97和38.47个百分点。在本试验条件下,在小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥增加了兰考矮早8的千粒重和豫麦49198的穗粒数,且追肥处理的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,氮素积累和转运的增加也显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。根据本研究结果,在总施氮量180~240 kg·hm^-2下,采取基施和小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥各50%,提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。     

施氮量对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制

为探明施氮量对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制,以当地高产小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13为材料,设置120 kg·hm^-2(LN)、180 kg·hm^-2(MN)和240 kg·hm^-2(HN) 3个施氮量处理,分析了在不同施氮量下,强、弱势籽粒灌浆特征与籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径中关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,两个小麦品种的籽粒产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但在MN与HN处理间差异不显著。氮肥偏生产力随着氮肥用量的增加而显著降低。与LN处理相比,MN处理提高了扬麦16弱势粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性、弱势粒灌浆速率和粒重;HN则降低了扬麦16弱势粒中被测酶的活性和粒重。宁麦13弱势粒中AGPase、SSS和SBE活性、弱势粒灌浆速率和粒重则随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮量对两个小麦品种强势粒中被测酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率和粒重无显著影响。以上结果说明施氮量主要是影响小麦弱势粒的灌浆,且在品种间存在差异;施用氮肥后弱势粒灌浆速率和粒重的增加或降低与籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径中关键酶活性的增强或降低密切相关;在地力较好条件下,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时就可以获得高产与氮肥高效利用的效果。     

猪粪和羊粪对盐碱障碍粮田冬小麦生理特征和产量的影响

为探明不同有机肥施用条件下河北低平原咸水补灌区盐碱障碍粮田冬小麦的耐盐抗氧化特征,设置常规施肥(CK)、推荐施肥(RC)以及在RC基础上猪粪和羊粪各3个施用量(低量：9 t·hm^-2;中量：18 t·hm^-2;高量：27 t·hm^-2)处理,分析了不同处理下盐碱田冬小麦生长、碳氮代谢、抗氧化特性及产量的差异。结果表明,高量猪粪和羊粪处理下小麦孕穗期单株分蘖数较RC处理分别提高了18.42%和23.68%;高、中量猪粪和羊粪处理下干物质积累量在孕穗期、开花期和收获期较CK和RC处理均显著提高,其中在收获期高量猪粪处理的增幅分别为24.54%和24.60%,高量羊粪处理的增幅分别为29.94%和29.99%;高量猪粪和羊粪处理较CK和RC处理均显著提高了冬小麦花后旗叶可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量及SOD、POD活性,降低超氧阴离子自由基积累量,其中羊粪较猪粪显著提高了可溶性糖含量。高、中量有机肥处理提高了穗数和千粒重,增产效果显著,其中高、中量猪粪处理较CK分别增产15.09%和8.95%,高、中量羊粪分别增产22....