1991年苏联黍和荞麦区域化新品种介绍

黍品种由全苏粮用豆类及制米作物科研所“奥勒尔”科学生产联合体通过复杂的杂交而育成(24/273)×(萨拉托夫853×基涅尔2462)×(伏尔加3号)×632)×(萨拉托夫853×奥尔洛夫56)×奥尔洛夫92×(萨拉托夫2号×米罗诺夫94)。该品种已在罗斯托夫州区域化种植。是的变种。穗呈     

龙黍23号的选育及栽培技术

龙黍２３号的选育及栽培技术李延东（黑龙江省农业科学院育种所１５００８６）糜子是我国北方干旱和半干旱地区的主要粮食作物之一，由于有耐旱、耐瘠、耐盐碱的特点，使其具有不可替代的作用。常年仅黑龙江省每年播种面积约７万公顷，加之近年来人们饮食观念和粮食市场需...     

肥料数量和播种量对黍产量播种质量及丰产性能的影响

在关于黍及所有作物的文献中,实际上已指明了无机肥料数量、播种方式和播种量对其产量水平、播种质量和丰产性能的影响。例如,T.H.Epeмин(1971)确定黍播量为3.5百万粒/公顷时,窄行条播最好。此时,不仅     

谷子,黍,珍珠粟和玉米的根系比较研究

禾本科的杂谷类作物,基本是在同一栽培方式和生育过程中生长,而各作物一次根的形态特征、伸长方向及叶面积与一次根基部断面积的关系等,被看作是地上部和地下部的各种量的关系的体现。这些主要有关一次根的形态特征,对土壤中全部根系形态有很大的影响。至今未发现在田间定量地比较研究杂谷类作物根系的例子。在杂谷类中,对小作物(谷     

野黍对东北春大豆生长发育的影响及其经济阈值

为明确东北大豆田同期杂草野黍对大豆生长及产量的影响,探寻防治方法。大田条件下采用添加密度系列试验和拟合方程模型方法,研究同期杂草野黍对大豆主要农艺性状的影响及两者间的竞争关系,计算其经济阀值。结果表明:大豆株高、单株荚数和产量随野黍密度的增加呈降低趋势。对数函数模型拟合大豆产量损失率与野黍密度之间关系最好y=22.102Ln(x)-42.592(R2=0.977 2;F=171.338 4;P=0.000 2)。根据经济危害允许水平和对数函数模型,野黍人工防除的经济阈值为15.05株·m^-2,95%精异丙甲草胺乳油、24%烯草酮EC、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC化学防除野黍的经济阈值分别为8.19,7.59和7.67株·m^-2。野黍与大豆争夺田间光照和土壤水肥,导致大豆严重减产,采取化学防除野黍具有明显经济优势。     

缺水条件下珍珠黍籽粒产量和干旱指数的遗传

由于降雨量的变化,珍珠黍[Pennisetum typhoides(Eurm·f·)Stapf & C.E.Hubb]的产量在不同地点和不同年份有相当大的差异。在缺水条件下,珍珠黍籽粒产量的变化是受生产潜力和早熟性影响的,这种影响大约占产量     

氮、磷肥用量对坚尼草种子产量的影响

采用L16(43)正交设计,进行氮、磷肥不同用量对坚尼草不同品种的种子产量影响的试验,结果表明:在16个处理组合中,以热研9号施氮肥225kg·hm-2、磷肥375kg·hm-2的处理组合单位面积产量最高,达671.5kg·hm-2;其次为热研9号施氮肥375kg·hm-2、磷肥225kg·hm-2的处理组合,产量为584.8kg·hm-2。品种单产高低的排序是:CIAT604>热研9号>热研8号>青绿黍;氮肥用量单产高低排序是:225>357>112.5>0kg·hm-2;磷肥则是:357>225>0>112.5kg·hm-2。      

6个坚尼草品种在海南西南部半干旱地区品种比较试验

2004～2006年对6个坚尼草品系在海南西部半干旱地区品种比较试验，结果表明：坚尼草品系的花期比较长，历期1～2个月，个别品种花期2个月以上，对照4号坚尼草(Panicum. maximum Jacq. cv. Reyan No.9)开花最早，开花期在7月下旬，1号坚尼草(P. maximum Jacq. cv. TD58)开花最晚，开花期在9月下旬。参试坚尼草品系干草产量差异显著，2号坚尼草(P. maximum Jacq. cv. Mombassa)干草产量最高达17 224.58 kg/hm2·a，比对照品种4号坚尼草(11 857.05 kg/hm2·a)高45.27%，且差异显著；次高是6号坚尼草(P. maximum Jacq. cv.CIAT6299)，干草产量为16 169.73 kg/hm2·a，比对照品种高36.37%，5号坚尼草(P.maximum Jacq. cv. trichoglume)产量最低，干草产量仅为8 925.64 kg/hm2·a。参试坚尼草品系的粗蛋白含量介于10.30%～12.10%，以对照品种的粗蛋白含量最高，为12.06%，次高为2号坚尼草，为11.63%，3号坚尼草(P. maximum Jacq. cv. Reyan No.8)最低，为10.31%。     

Mixtures of grasses: An alternative to traditional pasture monocultures in the tropics

A two-year experiment assessed herbage production and above- and below-ground characteristics of a highly productive monoculture (‘BRS Zuri’ guineagrass [Panicum maximum Jacq.]) and two mixtures of three grasses (Mixture 1: ‘BRS Zuri’ guineagrass, ‘BRS Xaraés’ palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha Stapf.], and ‘Basilisk’ signalgrass [Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.]; Mixture 2: ‘BRS Quênia’ guineagrass [Panicum maximum Jacq.], ‘Marandu’ palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha Stapf.], and ‘BRS Paiaguás’ palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha Stapf.]), cultivated in the Brazilian tropical savanna. Mixtures 1 and 2 were subjected to two grazing intensities (removal of 40 or 60% of pre-grazing height) and ‘BRS Zuri’ guineagrass monoculture was defoliated to a single grazing intensity of 50%. Treatments were randomly assigned to fifteen 0.25-ha plots and managed under intermittent stocking by cattle. Herbage accumulation rate was similar among pastures and years (p > .1). The root mass in the tussocks did not differ (p > .1), with mean values ranging between 0.62 to 1.81 kg DM m⁻². Root density in the tussock interspaces was greater in the mixtures (p < .001), regardless of seasons (p = .405) and years (p = .292). The mixtures were dominated by guineagrass (70%) and palisadegrass (30%) at the end of the experiment, with the population of ‘Basilisk’ and ‘BRS Paiaguás’ being completely suppressed throughout the experimental period. Mixing guineagrass and brachiariagrasses can be an alternative to the traditional pastoral systems in the tropics, as it does not compromise herbage production and presents a capacity to produce more roots than a very productive monoculture of ‘BRS Zuri’ guineagrass.     

热研8号坚尼草选育及利用研究

热研8号坚尼草是1988年从哥伦比亚国际热带农业中心(CIAT)引进的新品系,经鉴定于1990年开始进行系列研究。研究结果表明,热研8号坚尼草既保持了该属牧草高产优质的特点,年干草产量22500kg/hm2,干物质粗蛋白质含量7.738%,又具有耐酸、耐瘦、耐荫等特点;花期晚,利用期比对照品种增加1个月,种子产量480kg/hm2,比对照品种提高87.8%,适宜我国热带及亚热带地区种植。      

基于耐盐指数STTI的柳枝稷F2代群体耐盐性分析

杂交育种是植物耐盐新品种选育的重要途径之一,而对杂种F₂代耐盐能力的综合评价至关重要。本研究以柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）F₂代的53个单株为研究对象,以亲本材料Alamo、Dacotah和F₁代的DA90、DA120为参照,采用沙培法,在250 mmol/L NaCl的胁迫条件下进行耐盐性分析。在盐处理24 d后,测定电解质外渗率（EL）、相对含水量（RWC）、干重（DW）、净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）,通过对耐盐指数STTI进行主成分分析和隶属函数分析,结果表明:柳枝稷F₂代的不同材料间耐盐能力存在显著差异。亲本Alamo的耐盐能力较高,亲本Dacotah的耐盐能力较差,F₁代的DA90和DA120的耐盐能力中等,F₂代的耐盐性有明显分离,表现在6份F₂代材料的耐盐能力强于耐盐亲本Alamo,7份F₂代材料的耐盐能力弱于不耐盐亲本Dacotah。主成分分析结果得到3个主成分,累计贡献率达87.47%。聚类分析将57份参试材料分为5类,分别代表不同耐盐程度的类群。隶属函数分析表明,F₂代的39、45、27、48、35、53、7号耐盐性最强,该结果为柳枝稷耐盐相关性状的遗传图谱构建、QTL定位、柳枝稷耐盐育种奠定了基础。     

Nutrient deficiency and hypoxia as constraints to Panicum coloratum growth in alkaline soils

Alkaline and saline–alkaline soils impose severe restrictions on plant growth. Panicum coloratum var. coloratum is a perennial C4 forage grass widely used in tropical and subtropical environments. Published information on its responses to alkaline soil conditions is scarce. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the effects of alkaline substrates on germination and initial growth in this species, (ii) to assess the influence of high pH in combination with reduced availability of either nutrients or oxygen and salinity, on plant growth and (iii) to evaluate some physiological traits potentially responsible for growth restrictions under alkaline soil conditions. Trials were conducted in a greenhouse. Germination and early plant survival were not affected by alkalinity. To isolate the effects of high pH, reduced nutrient and oxygen availability on growth, plants were grown either in neutral or alkaline soil, in hydroponics, in neutralized alkaline soil (with or without supplementary fertilization), or were flooded to induce hypoxia. Alkalinity effects on growth in hydroponics were milder than in soil. Growth in alkaline soil with nutrient supplement was still significantly lower (by 40%) than in neutral soil. Both alkalinity and hypoxia reduced growth non‐synergistically. These results show that studies of plant response to alkaline substrates carried out in aerated nutrient solutions can only partially address the complexity of this stress. Photosynthesis and PSII activity were among the physiological mechanisms negatively affected by alkalinity and may be partially responsible for the growth limitations observed in P. coloratum under alkaline conditions.     

Effects of temperature and light on salinity tolerance during germination in two desert glycophytic grasses,Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum

The grasses Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum are among the most important forage species of the Arabian deserts. Both are ‘glycophytic’ or salt‐intolerant species, where seed germination becomes reduced by salinity effects. Here, we report experimental effects of light/darkness, temperature and NaCl salinity on seed germination and ‘recovery’ germination in these two species, after seeds had been transferred from saline solution to distilled water. Seeds were germinated in a range of salinities and incubated at a range of temperatures, in both light and darkness. Seeds of P. turgidum germinated significantly more in darkness than in light at temperatures 15–25°C, but the reverse was true at higher temperatures. Seeds of L. scindicus germinated well across a wide range of temperatures and in both light and darkness. In both species, germination decreased with the increase in salt concentration, and in P. turgidum germination was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of 200 mm . In saline solution, germination in darkness was significantly greater than in light at all the temperatures. Seeds of both species ‘recovered’ their germination capacity after transfer from saline solutions to distilled water. Germination recovery depended on both light and temperature of incubation in both species.     

浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生对水稻生长的影响及对除草剂敏感性研究

调研了浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生及分布状况,并考察了糠稷种子萌发特性和对水稻生长的影响及植株对不同除草剂的敏感性,旨在为有效防治糠稷提供参考。结果表明,糠稷在浙北稻麦连作区直播田发生的相对优势度在0~2.8%、机插田发生的相对优势度在0~3.6%;糠稷种子在光照条件下才能萌发,光照36℃（12 h）/黑暗28℃（12 h）条件下,浓度为1 000 mg/L、500 mg/L的GA3溶液和浓度为0.2%、0.1%的NaOH溶液浸种24 h,糠稷的发芽率超过90%,较清水处理差异显著,说明糠稷种子存在休眠特性;田间糠稷发生密度越高,对水稻株高抑制率和水稻减产量越明显,当糠稷密度达125株/m²时,对水稻株高抑制率达4.17%,水稻减产率达61.42%;低龄或高龄糠稷植株对恶唑酰草胺和敌稗·丁草胺二种除草剂均较为敏感,低龄糠稷植株对五氟磺草胺较为敏感。     

Morphological characteristics and nutritive value of some grass species in an arid ecosystem

An experiment was conducted on four genotypes of Cenchrus ciliaris, two genotypes of C. setigerus and one genotype each of Panicum maximum, P. antidotale and Lasirus sindicus grasses at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana, India in 2003 and 2004. Two cuts were taken in the months of September and November in each year. Measurements were made of seven morphological characteristics and the nutritive value of the grasses. The total green fodder yield was highest in C. ciliaris cv. IGFRI in 2003 and in C. ciliaris cv. CAZRI 75 in 2004. Total dry matter (DM) yield was highest in P. maximum cv. IGFRI and C. ciliaris cv. CAZRI 75 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Crude protein and digestible DM yields were highest in C. ciliaris cv. CAZRI 75. It was concluded that C. ciliaris cv. CAZRI 75 can be recommended as the one with the most potential among the studied grasses for use in the arid regions of south‐west Haryana, India.