杂交水稻制种田自生稻的来源及防治措施

通过种子埋藏试验,证明了杂交水稻制种田中的自生稻杂株来源于前一年杂交水稻制种遗留在田间的稻粒。分析了影响自生稻杂株形成的因素,提出了相应的防治措施。     

通州区机插水稻高产栽培技术的集成与推广

在认真进行试验示范研究的基础上,集成了适合通州区大面积推广的机插水稻高产栽培技术体系。详细介绍了机插水稻标准化育秧技术和机插水稻大田栽培技术的技术内容与指标,总结了通州区进行技术推广的措施和收获。加强宣传发动,加大技术推广应用率,从而提高粮食综合生产能力、确保粮食安全。     

栽培措施对超级稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物。在人口增长和经济快速发展的大背景下,对粮食的需求量不断提高,产量的提高要求更大的肥水投入和更优化的栽培措施。在我国肥水投入量已经很大的情况下,优化栽培措施对水稻的增产增效意义重大。以籼粳杂交稻甬优2640与常规粳稻武运粳24为试验材料,采取4种不同的栽培措施(氮空白、当地常规、增密减氮、精确灌溉),探讨了不同栽培措施对水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,增密减氮、精确灌溉等栽培措施可以显著提高有效叶面积指数(LAI)、高效LAI,提高粒叶比,增加库容,提高氮素相关代谢酶活性,从而提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率。     

几种水稻病虫害无公害防治方法

针对化学农药残留影响水稻质量问题进行试验示范的结果表明,采用生物农药5%井冈霉素和菌毒杀星防治水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病,用1%苦参碱防治稻水象甲,用杀虫灯、糖酒醋液诱杀水稻害虫,通过饲养河蟹消灭稻田杂草等项技术措施,可安全有效地控制水稻田中的病虫草害,无污染、无残留。     

日韩水稻生产机械化发展情况考察报告

介绍了日韩两国水稻生产机械化发展的历程和农机的研发与推广。阐述了依法建立农机试验鉴定体制;赋予农机试验鉴定自愿性和权威性;指导用户选购、安全使用和改进、开发产品是鉴定的主要目的等日韩两国农业机械试验鉴定管理内容。并从考察中得到收获和启示:国家推动是促进水稻机械化发展的基础,研发机具是促进水稻机械化发展的关键,节本增效是发展水稻机械化的目标,发展农机化是实现生产标准化、促进农产品质量安全的有效措施。     

水稻应用联合固氮菌肥试验总结

水稻联合固氮菌肥 (绿宝 ) ,是中国农业科学院原子能利用研究所利用基因工程和生物发酵工程研制而成的生物肥料。该菌肥具有较强的抗逆性 ,在盐渍型水稻土中能旺盛生长 ,高铵条件下仍能保持固氮活性 ,可为作物不断提供氮、磷、钾等营养元素。稻田中施用该菌肥 ,能促进水稻生长 ,提高产量 ,改善品质 ,是发展优质稻米 ,开发创汇农业的有效措施。为验证该菌肥对盘锦地区水稻的增产效果 ,我们进行了苗田、本田试验。结果如下 :1　试验材料与方法试验地设在大洼县王家农场旭东分场一农户家的承包田 ,土壤肥力中等。试验材料　绿宝 (水稻联合固氮…     

冀东稻区水稻抛秧栽培技术规程

水稻抛秧栽培技术具有省工、省力、降低成本、效益高的优点。通过塑料软盘育秧,科学合理抛秧,针对抛秧稻的生长发育特点采取合理的本田管理措施,确保水稻丰产丰收。该规程是在总结多年试验、示范、推广经验的基础上制定的,紧密结合生产实际,具有地域特色。     

寒地水稻秸秆直接还田技术

针对哈尔滨市稻田养分严重亏缺的问题,通过水稻收割机配套秸秆粉碎装置或留高茬的方式,利用高速打浆机耙田作业,结合水稻泡田和氮肥运筹等农艺措施,实现了在正常水稻生产情况下的水稻秸秆全部还田,缓解了有机质含量下降和养分缺乏等水稻田土壤退化带来的压力。试验示范结果表明,水稻秸秆全量还田可以达到7.2%以上的增产效果,连续3年还田能使土壤有机质约提高0.6 g/kg。     

运用WOFOST模型对浙江水稻潜在生长过程的模拟与验证

通过2001～2003年在金华市和2004年在杭州市的水稻田间试验,应用WOFOST模型对浙江水稻潜在生长进行了模拟和验证。对于常规晚稻秀水11和杂交晚稻协优46,用2001年和2002年的试验数据作参数校正,得到一套参数后,用2003年试验数据作模型验证;对于单季稻两优培九,则以2004年试验数据用于校正,2003年的用于验证。通过对几种水稻品种模拟结果的综合分析,主要结论如下： WOFOST 模型可以成功地用于浙江主要水稻品种潜在生长过程的模拟,可以较好地分析浙江水稻的生长过程和产量潜力。由WOFOST模型计算得到浙江中部地区连作晚稻的生产潜力为8100 kg/hm2左右,中稻为9300 kg/hm2左右。目前两种水稻的实际平均产量分别为模拟产量的78%和70%。判断结果表明,有必要对目前水稻中、后期的田间管理措施进行重新审视。     

杂交稻后期穗枯症发生及防治研究

水稻后期的穗枯症以往在生产上并不特别引起人们的重视。本文调查结果表明，杂交水稻后期的穗枯症在田间的发生面较广，且会造成稻穗早衰，常导致产量下降和影响稻米的品质。笔者通过试验研究，提出了杂交水稻后期穗枯症的防治措施，在生产上有一定的实际意义。     

水稻不同节位和数量分蘖对抽穗期的影响

以汕优63为材料,研究了在盆钵栽培条件下人工去蘖形成不同节位、不同数量分蘖的处理对抽穗期的影响.结果表明,随着保留的分蘖数量减少,抽穗期逐渐延迟;分蘖早发(低节位分蘖多、高节位空位)的处理比分蘖迟发(低节位空位、高节位分蘖多)的处理抽穗期明显提早;分蘖迟发能促进高节位分蘖的发生,而分蘖早发则相反.因此,水稻分蘖不仅具有数量调节作用,还有空间及时间调节作用.     

长江中下游麦区小麦迟播的不利影响及育种对策

近年来长江中下游稻麦轮作区水稻成熟期不断推迟,致使小麦播期大幅度推迟,这已成为该麦区小麦高产稳产的主要障碍。迟播不仅导致小麦生育期缩短,积温、光照时数减少,营养生长不足,难以形成高产群体基础,还导致赤霉病和白粉病严重发生,增加了灌浆期遭遇高温危害的风险及收获前遇阴雨发生穗发芽的概率。为了减少小麦迟播的不利影响,除了栽培措施应对外,根本措施是培育适合迟播的小麦品种。在育种时应重点加强迟播条件下出苗快、生根快、分蘖早、越冬期仍能保持较大生长量和分蘖发生量等性状的选择;提高抗性,特别是赤霉病抗性、耐渍性和抗穗发芽性;注重选择灌浆速率高、耐高温逼熟的品种,利用灌浆速率的提高补偿灌浆时间缩短的不利效应,培育迟播高产品种。     

不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

通过在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位试验,研究了不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育的影响。秸秆还田提高水稻分蘖数、叶面积指数和地上部干物质量,增加了水稻每1 m2穗数和每穗实粒数,从而提高了水稻产量。但秸秆还田对早稻生长发育的影响明显大于对晚稻生长发育的影响。在施用氮、磷、钾肥条件下,秸秆还田使早稻产量增加1288%（2005年）和1003%（2006年）,效果显著;而晚稻仅增加133%（2005年）和261%（2006年）,增产作用不明显。造成秸秆还田对早晚稻生长发育及产量的影响有明显差异的主要原因是早晚稻生育期的温度等气候条件对还田后秸秆腐解及养分释放影响的不同及秸秆还田到水稻移栽这段时间的长短会对有机酸和CO2等物质的浓度产生影响。还对合理利用秸秆资源提出了建议     

水稻温敏核不育系后发分蘖穗定向培养技术研究

定向培养水稻温敏不育系后发分蘖穗生产核心种子,是核心种子生产新技术。2008年在广西灵川对P88S和准S的移栽秧龄、施肥方式、移栽秧苗带蘖数与后发分蘖穗形成的影响进行了研究,结果表明：P88S于7～8叶龄移栽,其后发分蘖数较4～6叶龄移栽多;以单株带1蘖秧苗移栽比单株不带蘖秧苗和单株带2蘖秧苗移栽更有利于培养后期分蘖。准S于6叶龄移栽,其后发分蘖较4～5叶龄移栽多;以单株不带蘖秧苗移栽比单株带1蘖秧苗和单株带2蘖秧苗移栽更有利于培养后期分蘖。按基肥30％十追肥70％施肥,P88S和准S群体的分蘖速率均明显高于按基肥50％＋追肥50％和按基肥70％＋追肥30％施肥的分蘖速率。因此,采用大秧龄移栽、单株带1蘖秧苗或单株不带蘖秧苗移栽及适当少施基肥多施追肥的方式,有利于培养单株多层穗结构。     

Formula for Determining Number of Basic Seedlings at Scattered-Planting with Seedling Dry-Raised on Plastic Trays in Double-Season Rice

Effects of the population structure on the development and growth of rice were achieved via influence of the growth and development of individual rice. The dynamics of tillers, leaves, and dry matter accumulation per plant resulted in different yield form…     

双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽基本苗公式的建立

观察了双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽秧苗期和大田期分蘖的发生及成穗状况,发现水稻塑盘旱育抛栽不仅存在非同伸蘖现象,且同伸蘖的成穗与湿润水育秧移栽也有较大差异。据此对传统的水稻栽培基本苗公式进行了改进,拟合出了双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽基本苗计算公式：早稻为X=Y/{(1+t1r1)\[1+(N-n-SN)Rr2\]+(SN-3-t1)R2r5};晚稻为X=Y/{(1+t1r1)\[1+(N-n-SN)Rr2\]+(N-n-SN-3)Rr2R1r3+ (SN-3-t1)R2r5}。其中：X—合理的基本苗;Y—单位面积适宜穗数;t1—单株带的所有分蘖数;r1—单株带的所有分蘖的成穗率;N—主茎总叶数;n—主茎伸长节间数;SN—抛栽时的秧苗叶龄值;R—有效分蘖节位上一次分蘖的发生率;r2— 一次分蘖的成穗率;R1—二次分蘖（除去秧苗所带分蘖上产生的二次分蘖）的发生率;r3—二次分蘖的成穗率;R2—抛栽后非同伸蘖发生率;r5—抛栽后非同伸蘖的成穗率。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插稻产量及形成的影响

以淮稻11号和甬优2640为材料,研究了基蘖肥与穗肥不同比例对钵苗机插稻产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明,基蘖肥与穗肥比例为7∶3或6∶4时,2个品种穗粒结构协调性好;群体茎蘖消长平稳,最终成穗率达70%以上,并能增加中后期群体叶面积指数和干物质积累,最终实产明显高于其他比例处理。     

早籼稻有效茎与无效茎碳素营养的比较研究

 以水稻品种浙8619为材料进行盆栽试验研究了有效茎和无效茎的碳素营养特性。当主茎叶龄指数在84.5%～91.6%时,无效茎出现干重滞增期,其最大干重乃为该品种有效茎的临界个体重,故可将干重滞增期作为该分蘖的有效、无效转折期的直接诊断指标。并阐明了无效分蘖的碳素营养特性：出生初期接纳养分的能力并不弱,后来由于生长停滞,来自母茎的同化物输入减少,致使¹⁴C葡萄糖的积累高峰提前,积累总量明显偏低;进入转折期后,光合能力明显降低,光合产物积累减少;在濒临死亡时,可能有一定量的同化物输出,但其输出总量并不大,且越是受光条件和生长基础差的无效分蘖,输出总量越少。还就无效分蘖对产量的贡献以及高产栽培对策进行了讨论。     

The effect of simulated rat damage on irrigated rice yield and compensation

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of simulated rat damage on grain yield in irrigated lowland rice in An Giang province, in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Rat damage was simulated by making a 45° cut at the base of the rice tillers about 3–5 cm above the soil surface. 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 25% and 50% of the tillers were removed at the tillering (25 days after sowing, DAS), panicle initiation (43 DAS), flowering (72 DAS) and ripening (87 DAS) stages. The total number of mature tillers, immature tillers and percent filled grains, the weight of 1000 grains and grain yields were recorded. The rice crop completely compensated by increased tillering and yield for tillers damaged up to 50% at the tillering stage. However, the damage and yield loss were highly variable. The ability of the rice crop to compensate at later stages progressively reduced. The implications for managing rat damage to rice crops are (1) rodent control activities should be applied before 10% of tillers are damaged at the tillering stage, and (2) a well balanced nitrogen supply during the tillering stage could potentially assist the rice plants to better compensate for rat damage.     

Investigating early vigour in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.): Part I. Seedling growth and grain yield in competition with weeds

This paper is the first of a series that investigates whether new cropping systems with permanent raised beds (PRBs) or Flat land could be successfully used to increase farmers’ incomes from rainfed crops in Lombok in Eastern Indonesia. This paper discusses the rice phase of the cropping system. Low grain yields of dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) grown on Flat land on Vertisols in the rainfed region of southern Lombok, Eastern Indonesia, are probably mainly due to (a) erratic rainfall (870–1220 mm/yr), with water often limiting at sensitive growth stages, (b) consistently high temperatures (average maximum = 31 °C), and (c) low solar radiation. Farmers are therefore poor, and labour is hard and costly, as all operations are manual. Two replicated field experiments were run at Wakan (annual rainfall = 868 mm) and Kawo (1215 mm) for 3 years (2001/2002 to 2003/2004) on Vertisols in southern Lombok. Dry-seeded rice was grown in 4 treatments with or without manual tillage on (a) PRBs, 1.2 m wide, 200 mm high, separated by furrows 300 mm wide, 200 mm deep, with no rice sown in the well-graded furrows, and (b) well-graded Flat land. Excess surface water was harvested from each treatment and used for irrigation after the vegetative stage of the rice. All operations were manual. There were no differences between treatments in grain yield of rice (mean grain yield = 681 g/m²) which could be partly explained by total number of tillers/hill and mean panicle length, but not number of productive tillers/hill, plant height or weight of 1000 grains. When the data from both treatments on PRBs and from both treatments on Flat land, each year at each site were analysed, there were also no differences in grain yield of rice (g/m²). When rainfall in the wet season up to harvest was over 1000 mm (Year 2; Wakan, Kawo), or plants were water-stressed during crop establishment (Year 1; Wakan) or during grain-fill (Year 3: Kawo), there were significant differences in grain yield (g/1.5 m²) between treatments; generally the grain yield (g/1.5 m²) on PRBs with or without tillage was less than that on Flat land with or without tillage. However, when the data from both treatments on PRBs and from both treatments on Flat land, each year at each site, were analysed, the greater grain yield of dry-seeded rice on Flat land (mean yield 1 092 g/1.5 m²) than that on PRBs (mean 815 g/1.5 m²) was mainly because there were 25% more plants on Flat land. Overall when the data in the 2 outer rows and the 2 inner rows on PRBs were each combined, there was a higher number of productive tillers in the combined outer rows (mean 20.7 tillers/hill) compared with that in the combined inner rows on each PRB (mean 18.2 tillers/hill). However, there were no differences in grain yield between combined rows (mean 142 g/m row). Hence with a gap of 500 mm (the distance between the outer rows of plants on adjacent raised beds), plants did not compensate in grain yield for missing plants in furrows. This suggests that rice (a) also sown in furrows, or (b) sown in 7 rows with narrower row-spacing, or (c) sown in 6 rows with slightly wider row-spacing, and narrower gap between outer rows on adjacent beds, may further increase grain yield (g/1.5 m²) in this system of PRBs. The growth and the grain yield (y in g/m²) of rainfed rice (with rainfall on-site the only source of water for irrigation) depended mainly on the rainfall (x in mm) in the wet season up to harvest (due either to site or year) with y = 1.1x − 308; r² = 0.54; p < 0.005. However, 280 mm (i.e. 32%) of the rainfall was not directly used to produce grain (i.e. when y = 0 g/m²). Manual tillage did not affect growth and grain yield of rice (g/m²; g/1.5 m²), either on PRB or on Flat land.