风沙半干旱区旱地玉米提高降水生产效率的栽培技术研究

研究垄膜沟种微集雨和全地面平铺覆膜栽培技术对提高旱地玉米天然降水利用率的影响。结果表明,田间沟垄微集雨结合覆盖有效地利用了垄膜的集雨和沟覆盖的蓄水保墒功能,改变了降雨的时空分布,使降雨集中在沟内,明显提高了降雨的利用率,特别是5 mm左右微小降雨的利用率。全地面平铺覆盖栽培最大限度降低了土壤水分的无效蒸发,达到保墒的目的。田间沟垄微集雨技术和全地面平铺覆盖栽培技术能增加玉米产量,提高降水利用率。     

TECHNIQUE AND METHODS OF LUCERNE SEED PRODUCTION

During 1955–8 the technique of lucerne seed production was examined to compare the yield of seed and fodder under identical treatments on light and heavy soil. In addition, direct combine harvesting was compared with the tripod method.
With the exception of the first year, which suggested certain advantages in seed production on light soil, the results obtained were not conclusive because of damage to the seed crop on light soil. The previous finding, that the best yield and quality of seed are secured from the first growth, were confirmed. It was shown that the aftermath could be cut in the autumn without a significant effect on the yield of seed, or persistency of the stand in subsequent years, and that the total yield of fodder was higher on heavy than on light soil.
Direct combine harvesting of a seed crop after pre-harvest desiccation (4.8 lb. of D.N.O.C. in 30 gal. of water per acre), proved to be a satisfactory harvesting method when facilities for drying the seed were available.
Observations on pollinating insects suggested that honey bees were mainly responsible for the amount of seed set.     

甘蔗大型机械化收获模式对蔗地土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响

为明确机械收获对蔗地土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响,以消除蔗农对大型机械收获系统对甘蔗耕层土壤严重压实的顾虑。以广西红壤坡耕地为研究对象,设置机械收获和人工收获2种处理,研究机械收获对耕层土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响。结果表明：蔗垄0~40 cm土层,土壤容重、贯入阻力、抗剪强度、田间持水量和总孔隙度等土壤物理性状在机械收获和人工收获间均无显著差异。蔗沟0~20 cm土层,机械收获后,土壤紧实度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度显著提高,总孔隙度和通气孔隙度下降。同人工收获相比,机械收获过程中,机具行走对蔗沟土壤造成压实,但对蔗垄土壤影响不显著。蔗垄土壤紧实度在垂直梯度上存在2个明显交替变化的界面,0~20 cm土层以人工收获的土壤紧实度较高,20~40 cm土层以机械收获的土壤紧实度较高。第1年宿根季和第2年宿根季人工收获处理蔗茎产量均高于机械收获处理,但差异不显著。综上所述,在固定道技术下,甘蔗机械收获对蔗垄土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响不显著。本研究为规范甘蔗机械收获操作,减少大型机械对蔗地土壤压实提供了科学依据。     

春玉米行间覆膜田间土壤水分时空动态及水分高效利用机理研究

在不同覆膜方式下对春玉米田间土壤水分时空运移规律、耗水特征和水分利用效率进行了系统研究。结果表明:行间覆膜全生育期0～100cm土层土壤贮水量明显高于行上覆膜和不覆膜。不同覆膜方式下,春玉米全生育期土壤水分状况可分为土壤水分大量损耗期和土壤水分收支平衡期,且0～100cm土层可分为急变层、活跃层和相对稳定层;不同覆膜方式下膜内外土壤水分差异主要体现在0～60cm土层,行间覆膜使玉米根系长期生长在土壤含水量较高的区域,促进了玉米的生长发育和土壤水分的直接有效利用;不同覆膜方式的土壤水分利用效率、产量和产量水平的水分利用效率皆表现为行间覆膜>行上覆膜>不覆膜。行间覆膜较高的水分利用效率主要是充分有效地运用了降水和灌溉水。     

全膜覆盖双垄集雨沟播种植马铃薯的效益分析

在降雨量400 mm左右的原州区开城镇寇庄村,对晋薯7号进行了不同覆膜方式的研究,测定了0～20 cm土层地温和0～100 cm土壤含水量,以探索全膜覆盖双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤温度和含水量的影响。结果表明:在马铃薯生长的每一个时期,不同土壤深度的地温和有效积温总体表现为:秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培>顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培>播期全膜双垄沟播栽培>秋季半膜栽培>顶凌半膜栽培>播期半膜栽培;不同处理土壤含水量是秋季覆膜栽培>顶凌覆膜栽培>播期覆膜栽培,全膜覆盖栽培>半膜覆盖栽培。播期半膜栽培马铃薯667 m2产量为1 436.9 kg,而秋季全膜覆盖双垄沟播栽培667 m2产量达到1 762.7 kg,增产效果非常显著。     

Soil quality responses to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China

This paper explores the soil responses to alfalfa that is established using a field micro-catchment technique to harvest water under semiarid conditions. The field micro-catchment technique involved setting up ridges and furrows alternately on the flat land. The ridges served as the rainfall harvesting zone and the furrows as the planting zone. Five treatments were set up in this study: (1) conventional cultivation in a flat plot without mulch (CK), (2) plastic mulched ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (M30), (3) plastic mulched ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (M60), (4) bare ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (B30), (5) bare ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (B60). The mulching treatments increased the productivity of seeded alfalfa and significantly (p < 0.05) increased water use efficiency, causing the soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TSN) and C/N ratio to increase. We also found that the alfalfa root system was very good at breaking up the plowing pan created by many years of tillage. In the M30 and M60 treatments, the total forage yield during the 3 years was higher than in CK by 10.7% and 40.3% respectively, whereas the total forage yield over the 3 years in the B30 and B60 treatments were lower than in the CK treatment by 14.2% and 28.3%, respectively. The water use efficiency in the mulching treatment was significantly higher than in the other treatments. After 3 years (2001–2003), the SOC content in ridge and furrow treatments (M30, M60, B30 and B60) was increased by 7.4%, 14.2%, 4.5% and 1.8%, respectively, contrasting with a decrease of 3.5% in the CK treatment. The increase in SOC positively correlated (R² = 0.6257) with the forage yield of alfalfa in the ridge and furrow treatments. The TSN for CK, M30, M60, B30 and B60 increased by 0.35%, 1.70%, 2.30%, 0.75% and 0.64%, respectively by the end of the 3 years. However, we found that the available phosphorus (P) in the mulch treatments during the 3-year period decreased rapidly indicating that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer to alfalfa-cultivated land under these management conditions. In conclusion, the ridge and furrow with mulch treatments, especially M60 treatments, proved to be a better pattern for alfalfa establishment, soil quality and nutrient cycling under semiarid conditions.     

不同覆膜方式对春玉米超高产群体冠层垂直结构的影响

在不同覆膜方式下对春玉米超高产田的冠层垂直结构与产量进行了系统研究。结果表明：行间覆膜可使春玉米超高产群体的植株叶片功能期延长、LAI和LAD增大、Pn和叶绿素提高,冠层内光分布均匀合理,能截获更多的光合有效辐射量,透光率增大,避免下层叶片早衰,提高光合能力,获得更大产量。不同覆膜处理在冠层各层中对叶片功能期、LAI、LAD、Pn、光合有效辐射量及透光率均表现为行间覆膜>行上覆膜>不覆膜,这一规律与各处理对产量的影响一致。     

生育后期断水时间和收割日期对优质水稻产量及品质的影响

以南粳9108为试验材料,设计3个断水时间(齐穗后29、34、39 d)、3个收割日期(齐穗后45、50、55 d),共设置9个处理。结果表明,南粳9108齐穗后39 d左右断水,55 d开始收割,可以保证加工品质、外观品质。说明断水期提前,前期可以促进水稻籽粒灌浆,但最终的收获产量降低;断水过早会造成水稻糙米率降低,而土壤水分充足的情况下,收割日期对糙米率无明显影响。收割日期对垩白粒率、垩白度影响显著,收割过早,垩白粒率、垩白度高,外观品质差。     

Lodging Resistance Related to Root Traits for Mechanized Wet-Seeding of Two Super Rice Cultivars

Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging and yield,and their relationships with root traits.In this study,field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two super rice varieties(hybrid rice Peizataifeng and inbred rice Yuxiangyouzhan)under three furrow establishment treatments(T1,both water and seed furrows were established by the machine;T2,only seed furrows were established by the machine;and T3,neither water nor seed furrows were established by the machine).Lodging index,lodging-related traits,grain yield,above-ground dry weight and root traits were measured.The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with furrows(T1 and T2).The strongest lodging resistance was detected in the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment(T1)in both 2012 and 2013.Lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance.No significant difference was found in grain yield or dry weight of the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice.Therefore,the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment increased rice lodging resistance,which was related to root traits.     

行间覆膜对内蒙古河套灌区春玉米水分利用效率及土壤排盐量的影响

试验于2009～2010年在内蒙古河套灌区进行,设行上覆膜、行间覆膜和不覆膜(CK)3个处理,分析河套灌区盐渍化土壤覆膜对春玉米土壤水分运移及利用的影响,挖掘春玉米农艺节水机制。结果表明,行间覆膜显著减少土壤供水消耗,提高灌水利用率和降水利用率,总耗水量降低。行间覆膜通过改变春玉米阶段耗水量、日耗水量和耗水模系数,达到各时期土壤水分最适比例;行间覆膜处理水分利用效率较对照分别提高了20.05%和57.13%;覆膜能很好地抑制土壤返盐,行间覆膜处理0~80 cm土层可溶性盐分降低了1.30 g/kg,可有效预防土壤板结,显著提高灌水效率和灌水均匀度。     

Effect of water saving management practices and nitrogen fertilizer rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system

Deficit irrigation (DI) is a water-saving irrigation strategy in which irrigation water is applied at amounts less than full crop-water requirements. Some researchers have suggested that greater increases in water use efficiency (WUE) could be realized if DI was used in combination with water conservation or rainwater harvesting techniques. The objective of this six-year field study was to determine the effect of DI in combination with straw mulch (SM) or plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrows (RF) on grain yield and WUE in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation. Interactive effects between the water-saving management practices and N fertilizer rate were also investigated. Results indicated that maize yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were as much as 1.6 times those in the DI and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) treatments. Over the six-year study, total maize yield in the RF + DI treatment was 5580 kg/ha more than in the CFI treatment and 6500 kg/ha more than in the DI treatment. Wheat yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were similar to the CFI treatment but slightly more than in the DI treatment. At harvest, there was no significant difference in water storage in the 0-200 cm soil profile among the RF + DI, SM + DI, DI, and CFI treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased maize and wheat yield compared to the unfertilized treatment; however, there was no further yield response when the N application rate exceeded 120 kg N/ha. In summary, these results indicated that DI in combination with SM or RF practices increased crop yield and WUE in the winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation. Compared to CFI practices, the SM + DI and RF + DI practices reduced the amount of irrigation water applied over a six-year period by about 350 mm.     

不同铲蔸深度对甘蔗根系形态和生理特性的影响

以云蔗07-2800为材料,在收获期设置4个不同铲蔸深度（5、0、-5、-10 cm）,研究不同铲蔸深度对甘蔗伸长期根系形态特征和生理特性的影响。结果表明：铲蔸深度对伸长期甘蔗生物量有极显著影响（P<0.01）。铲入地下5 cm处理甘蔗伸长期地上部生物量干重极显著高于其他处理,各处理间根冠比差异较大。在伸长期甘蔗总根长、根系总表面积和根系总体积均呈现增长趋势,且在伸长中期和后期,铲入地下5 cm处理的总根长、根系总表面积和根系总体积均极显著高于其他处理。同一时期各处理根系丙二醛（MDA）含量高低表现为5 cm>-5 cm>0 cm>-10 cm,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性高低总体表现为伸长后期>伸长中期>伸长早期。根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和硝酸还原酶（NR）酶活性高低均表现为5 cm<0 cm<-5 cm<-10 cm的趋势。蔗蔸铲入地下5 cm处理的甘蔗生物量最大,产量最高,说明该处理可有效促进宿根甘蔗根系生长、发育,增加深层根系总量,提高根系抗逆性生理指标含量与活性,提高甘蔗植株对水分、养分的利用效率,增产增效。在甘蔗机械化管理收获技术水平不断提高和宿根蔗年限不长的背景下,宿根蔗采用入土5 cm铲蔸作业,具有较好增产效果和大面积推广应用的前景。     

马铃薯的养分需求

在综合了大量国内外关于马铃薯植株需肥研究资料的基础上,运用Excel进行统计分析生产1 000 kg马铃薯块茎的植株需肥量及影响其需肥的因素。结果表明,概率较高的1 000 kg马铃薯需N、P2O5、K2O的区间分别是3.0～4.0 kg,1.00～1.50 kg,4.0～6.0 kg。影响马铃薯养分需求量的因素有土壤有机质含量、土壤pH值、年份、产量等。明确单位产量的马铃薯需肥量及其影响因素,以期对我国的马铃薯测土配方施肥提供依据,对马铃薯因环境条件的差异而确定施肥量提供有益的信息。     

秸秆还田与覆膜对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育的影响

试验研究秸秆还田对不同覆膜时期的全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育与土壤理化特性的影响。结果表明,经秸秆还田后全膜双垄沟播耕层土壤养分含量变化依次表现为整株还田>秸秆粉碎>免耕留茬,不同覆膜时间对土壤养分变化影响不明显;秸秆还田土壤容重明显降低但免耕留茬一膜两年用处理土壤容重增大。在玉米生育前期经秸秆还田后的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照,其株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照;在玉米生育后期秸秆腐解后对土壤水分起到一个补偿效应。玉米产量表现为秋覆膜整株秸秆还田>顶凌覆膜整株秸秆还田>秋覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>顶凌覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>免耕留茬一膜两年用,秸秆还田后玉米产量较对照有增产趋势,而免耕留茬一膜两年用有减产倾向,但处理间差异不显著。     

江淮地区夏大豆高产栽培技术

定远地处江淮地区中部,土壤较肥沃,水利条件较好,适宜夏大豆的种植。从整地施肥、选用良种及种子处理、播种、肥水管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获与存储等方面总结了江淮地区夏大豆高产栽培技术,为最大限度地提高夏大豆产量提供参考。     

Production of perennial ryegrass cultivars of different maturity types when grown as pure swards and in certain combinations

A field investigation was carried out over 3 years to determine if there was a synergistic effect on total or seasonal yield when cultivars of perennial ryegrass were grown in combination. The three cultivars used were Stormont Zephyr, Hora and Perma, representing respectively early, medium late and late maturing groups. Each cultivar was grown as a pure stand and also as a 50:50 mixture with each of the other two cultivars. Each of these swards was maintained under two rates of nitrogen fertilization (300 and 600 kg per ha per annum) and under two harvesting treatments (4 and 8 harvests per annum). Mixture yield did not exceed significantly the pure sward yieid of the highest yielding component. Occasional yield improvements were detected for the mixtures averaged as a group over monocultures averaged as a group. There was a tendency, especially under frequent cutting, for the yield response to nitrogen to be greater from mixed than from pure swards.     

3种喷雾助剂对东北春大豆除草剂减量增效的影响

为降低除草剂使用量,提高东北春大豆杂草防除效果,在常用土壤封闭处理剂和茎叶处理剂减量25%的基础上,分别添加3种喷雾助剂(有机硅类助剂施倍丰、表面活性剂类助剂激健、植物油类助剂速捷),比较杂草防除效果和大豆生物学性状、产量、收益等指标,探明3种助剂对除草剂减量的作用影响。结果表明:3种喷雾助剂对杂草总防效优异,鲜重防效、株防效均高达90%,添加3种喷雾助剂的减药处理与常规不减药处理比较没有显著差异。施倍丰对禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草的防效最好,对2类杂草的最高鲜重防效和最高株防效均达到90%以上;速捷对禾本科杂草的鲜重防效最高,达94.2%,但株防效最低,为86.7%,对阔叶类杂草的鲜重防效和株防效约为86%;激健对禾本科杂草防效与施倍丰相当,株防效和鲜重防效约为90%,激健对阔叶类杂草的鲜重防效和株防效比速捷略低,防效约85%。3种喷雾助剂对大豆株高、荚数、百粒重等生物学性状及产量、收益与常规不减药处理比较没有显著差异。激健对产量的影响最大,能增产4.47%,增效3.43%,其次是施倍丰,增产1.6%,增效2.12%,速捷没有增产增效作用。结果表明除草剂使用中添加喷雾助剂能达到减量增效的作用,本研究结果可以为推广除草剂减施技术提供方法参考。     

奥卡尼克生物菌肥对花生生长发育和产量的影响

在花生播种前沟施奥卡尼克生物菌肥（BGP），同时在开花下针期和饱果期叶面喷洒（PGA），可降低花生茎枝高度，增加单株结果数和饱果率，降低公斤果数，明显增加产量。     

东北地区沟垄和地膜覆盖对土壤水分分布及利用的影响

定量化分析沟垄和地膜覆盖对玉米根区0～100 cm土壤水分分配、耗水量和玉米水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与平作不覆膜(NRF)相比较,沟垄不覆膜(RF_0)没有提高出苗前玉米根区0～20 cm土壤含水量,沟垄覆膜(RF_(100)和RF_(58))提高玉米种子周围0～10 cm土壤水分含量。RF_0处理没有使玉米最大日耗水量提前,覆膜处理提前10 d。沟垄种植(RF_(100)、RF_(58)和RF_0)没有降低花期最大日平均耗水量,提高玉米产量水分利用效率和干物质水分利用效率,覆膜处理进一步提高。沟垄和覆膜处理对水分吸收和利用受降水年型的影响,这种提高效应在少雨年份尤为明显。沟垄覆膜处理可有效规避作物生长发育过程中由于降水分布不均引起的干旱风险,确保作物高产、稳产。     

Effects of Different Soil Treatments on the Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spongospora subterranea</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">subterranea</Emphasis> in Potato Roots and Tubers in the Greenhouse

Powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) causes extensive losses in potato production systems globally. Two pot experiments were established in the greenhouse in summer 2013 and winter 2014 to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil chemicals, fumigant, amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) against Sss in the rhizospheric soil, potato roots and tubers. The study used visual assessment methods to assess the effect of treatments on root galling and zoosporangia production, and qPCR to measure Sss concentration in the soil and in the potato roots and tubers. All six soil treatments, namely metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide, Biocult and a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower numbers of zoosporangia in the roots compared to the untreated control. The same effect was observed on the concentration of Sss DNA in the roots at tuber initiation. A more diverse picture was obtained when root gall scores at tuber initiation and Sss DNA in the rhizospheric soil at tuber initiation and harvesting were compared. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also noted in disease severity, disease incidence, and tuber yield between metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide and the untreated control. Calcium cyanamide gave the highest tuber yield. The study demonstrated the potential of soil treatments such as metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax and calcium cyanamide in managing Sss in potatoes by reducing the pathogen both in the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the potato plant.