草铵膦在转基因抗除草剂杂交稻培中的应用效果研究

随着劳动力成本的不断提高和水稻耕作方式的革新,如何高效防除杂草成为当前水稻栽培中亟待解决的重要问题,转基因抗除草剂杂交稻的培育成功为此提供了重要途径.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所水稻组经过十多年的研究,成功培育了具有灭生性除草剂草铵膦抗性的“香125S/Bar68 -1”和“株1S/Bar68 -1”等多个转基因抗除草剂杂交稻组合,并进入到生产性试验阶段.近年来,课题组围绕草铵膦在转基因抗除草剂杂交稻大田栽培中的应用开展了系列研究,获得如下主要结果:(1)以转基因抗除草剂杂交稻“香125S/Bar68 -1”和常规杂交稻“株两优819”为材料,采用直播、抛秧和手插3种栽培方式,设置草铵膦除草、常规1次除草和不除草3种除草处理,初步探讨草铵膦除草剂的应用效果.结果表明:草铵膦除草剂对“香125 S/Bar68 -1”的直播、抛秧和手插3种栽培方式稻田中的杂草防除效果均比常规除草剂好,在直播栽培中的效果尤为显著.“香125S/Bar68 -1”在各处理间的主要经济性状表现优势为:抛秧和手插田草铵膦除草＞直播田草铵膦除草＞抛秧和手插田常规除草＞直播田常规除草.(2)以转基因抗除草剂杂交稻“株1 S/Bar68 -1”为材料,常规除草剂2次除草方式为对照,比较了草铵膦除草剂1次除草方式在直播栽培中的应用效果.结果表明:与常规除草相比,草铵膦除草对供试材料株叶形态无明显影响,但使田间杂草数量(主要为千金子)减少577％,同时显著增加了有效穗数和直链淀粉含量,极显著增加了千粒重,实际增产49.4％,节约成本37.5％.(3)以转基因抗除草剂杂交稻“香125S/Bar68 -1”为材料,常规除草剂2次除草方式为对照,比较了草铵膦除草剂1次除草方式在抛秧栽培中的应用效果.结果表明:草铵膦除草处理区杂草茎数(主要为双穗雀稗)仅为常规除草剂处理区的11.7％,实际增产12％,节约成本42％.(4)以转基因抗除草剂杂交稻组合“株1 S/Bar68 -1”为材料,采用草铵膦除草剂1次除草的除草方式,进行了手插和抛秧的栽培示范研究.结果表明,草铵膦1次除草效果良好,手插和抛栽区基本无可见杂草,手插栽培产量和有效穗数均比抛秧栽培高5.2％,但差异不显著.综合上述研究结果初步提出了转基因抗除草剂杂交稻栽培中应用草铵膦1次除草的技术要点为:草铵膦有效成分浓度0.6 g/L,每公顷用量480 ～ 960 L(有效成分剂量288～ 576 g/hm2),于分蘖盛期或末期(视杂草发生情况而定)紧挨冠层均匀喷雾,冒头杂草重点喷施.同时认为开展培育矮秆少蘖的转基因抗除草剂杂交稻应用于直播栽培研究、大田应用草铵膦同时除草除杂技术研究和草铵膦施用浓度及喷施技术研究等,将能进一步发挥转基因抗除草剂杂交稻的巨大优势.     

抗虫抗除草剂转基因水稻恢复系B2A68的培育

利用人工优化合成的抗虫基因Cry2Aa#与抗除草剂的Bar基因构建的植物表达载体转化水稻恢复系D68,经过分子鉴定获得1个单拷贝的转基因水稻株系B2A68。B2A68和杂交种株1S/B2A68叶片中Cry2Aa蛋白的表达量在齐穗期分别为10.45～26.84和9.0～13.45μg/g。草铵膦抗性试验和抗虫性测定结果显示,转基因水稻B2A68既抗除草剂草铵膦,又抗稻纵卷叶螟。     

20％草铵膦AS对棉田杂草的防效

20％草铵膦AS按照有效成分用量450～1800g·hm^-2进行棉花行间定向喷雾处理,其对棉田杂草的田间防效优于对照药剂41％草甘膦异丙胺盐AS1230g·hm^-2。该药剂不仅除草速度快,而且持效期长,能有效防除棉田多种常见杂草,且对棉花幼苗无不良影响。     

2种除草剂防除茶园杂草试验效果对比分析

选取艾敌达57%石蜡油EC、保试达18%草铵膦AS两种除草剂进行了除草试验。结果表明:艾敌达57%石蜡油EC有机除草剂对茶园常见的杂草均有较好防效,推荐有机茶园中使用艾敌达57%石蜡油EC15倍液药液防治杂草;保试达18%草铵膦AS药后14 d和21 d防效均达100%,推荐无公害茶园防治杂草使用300倍液的保试达18%草铵膦AS药液。     

不同除草剂对盘锦地区旱直播田杂草防除效果研究

近年来,随着水稻直播方式在辽宁滨海稻区的推广,为解决新的农田杂草防治问题.本研究通过选用4种除草剂进行田间主要杂草株防除试验.试验结果表明,460 g/L二甲·灭草松SL对除稗草外杂草防治效果最好,50％二氯喹啉酸WP对稗草防效最好,25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD和19％氟酮磺草胺SC杀草范围最广,25 g/L五氟磺草胺O...     

转Bar基因抗除草剂两系杂交早稻恢复系Bar 68-1的培育研究

通过基因枪转化方法将抗除草剂基因Bar转入早籼稻两系恢复系D68中,育成了转基因抗除草剂恢复系Bar 68-1和杂交早稻组合香125S/Bar 68-1;Southern杂交检测和除草剂抗性鉴定结果显示,它们具有抗除草剂特性并能稳定遗传。转基因抗除草剂杂交稻组合香125S/Bar 68-1和对照香两优68(香125S/D68)相比,株高显著降低,直链淀粉含量极显著降低,其它农艺、品质和产量性状没有明显变化。     

转bar基因抗草铵膦油菜对草铵膦抗性的评价

为评价抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦的抗性,以转bar基因抗草铵膦杂交油菜“7748”为材料,在2个密度水平和4种除草剂下,以油菜单株鲜重、株高、单株叶面积、净光合速率、SPAD值、全株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重等为指标,研究了草铵膦及其对照药剂对抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜生长、产量及产量构成、品质的影响.结果表明,草铵膦处理后4d之内油菜叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率极显著低于对照,15d左右内油菜单株鲜重、单株叶面积极显著低于对照,20 d左右内油菜株高极显著低于对照,但药后1个月左右均超过对照.密度间、密度与除草剂交互作用差异显著,密度间以高密度的平均产量最高,除草剂间以草铵膦处理的平均产量最高.草铵膦处理后,油菜全株角果数有所下降,但角粒数、千粒重提高.转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦有较强的抗性,草铵膦对转基因杂交油菜安全并能稳定增加其产量,可应用于生产.     

直播稻田杂草药剂防除试验

水稻直播是一种省工省力高产高效的栽培技术，近年在我国发展很快。由于直播稻田杂草生长与稻苗生长基本同步，草、苗争肥、争光，若不及时除草，便会引起草荒，造成减产，甚至绝收，因而需要予以重视。对于草害，应用化学除草剂仍不失为一种有效的方法。1996年我们对金秋等3种新型除草剂对直播稻田杂草的防除效果和安全性进行了考查，取得了较为理想的效果。（－）材料与方法1．参试药剂与处理浓度参试的3种药剂6个处理分别为：10％金秋可湿性粉剂（美国氰胺公司生产）每公顷150、225、300g；28.8％超级扫菲特颗粒剂（瑞土汽巴－嘉基公司生…     

抗虫抗除草剂转基因水稻B1C893的获得与鉴定

利用农杆菌介导法将Cry1Ca#和Bar基因转化水稻恢复系R893,获得6株再生植株。经过分子鉴定,发现Bar基因和Cry1Ca#基因成功整合到水稻基因组并稳定表达。测定其中单拷贝且可育的转基因株系苗期不同器官中Cry1Ca蛋白的表达量,发现根系中最低而叶片中最高,其中最高的第6号株系叶片中含量达到35.07μg/g。获得的转基因株系对除草剂草铵膦和稻纵卷叶螟均具有良好的抗性。     

草甘膦等不同茎叶处理除草剂对棉田杂草的防除效果

研究了草甘膦异丙胺盐、乙氧氟草醚、草铵膦3种茎叶处理除草剂单用及与二甲戊灵、精异丙甲草胺2种土壤处理除草剂混用后,对棉田苗期杂草的防效。试验结果表明,23.5%乙氧氟草醚EC按照105.8、176.3、246.8g·hm~(-2)和41%草甘膦AS按照615g·hm~(-2)使用对棉田杂草的防效较差;20%草铵膦AS按照900、1350g·hm~(-2)处理表现优良;同时将草甘膦分别与乙氧氟草醚、草铵膦、二甲戊灵和精异丙甲草胺混合使用后,均有明显增效作用,与单剂相比,既提高了速效性,又延长了持久性,混合使用后尤其以草甘膦+乙氧氟草醚的增效作用最为明显。     

Recent Advances in Development of Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Hybrid Rice in China

In addition to weed control in direct seeding field of hybrid rice, herbicide resistance genes were used by Chinese scientists to increase and identify the purity of hybrid seeds, and to realize the mechanization of hybrid seed production. The elite restorer lines, such as Minghui 63, R752, T461, R402, D68 and E32 were transformed directly with herbicide resistance genes, in which D68 and E32 are restorer lines of two-line system and the others are of three-line system. Because almost all of important restorer lines are indica varieties and are recalcitrant in transformation, many herbicide resistant near-isogenic restorer lines were developed by sexual hybridization of indica and japonica varieties and backcross with indica restorer lines later, such as Ce 64, Minghui 63, Teqing, Milyang 46, R402 and 9311, in which 9311 is a restorer line of two-line system. The elite photoperiod-sensitive/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, such as Pei'ai 64S, P88S, 4008S and 7001S, were transformed with herbicide resistance genes. A few herbicide resistant male sterile lines were developed through sexual hybridization and subsequently systemic selection, such as Bar1259S, Bar2172S, 05Z221A and 05Z227A. With the employment of herbicide resistant male sterile lines or herbicide resistant restorer lines, a few herbicide resistant hybrid rice combinations were developed, such as Xiang 125S/Bar 68-1 and Pei'ai 64S/Bar 9311. Based on herbicide resistance, the research was marching on to investigate the parental lines of hybrid rice with insect resistance, drought tolerance, etc.     

温室条件下抗除草剂转基因水稻与杂草稻杂交和回交后代的适合度分析

在温室条件下,将抗除草剂转基因水稻Y0003和99-1与马来西亚杂草稻和国内安徽塘稻人工授粉获得的携带抗性基因的F1、F2与相应杂草稻回交,统计回交结实率和携带抗性基因的比例,并对携带抗性基因的杂交/回交代的适合度进行了测定,综合判断抗性基因漂移的风险。研究表明,在人工授粉的条件下,携带抗性基因的杂交代都能与相应的杂草稻回交并结实,结实率为15%～60%。F1的种子绝大多数都对草丁膦表现出了良好的抗性,F2和回交代分别表现为3∶1和1∶1的抗性分离比例,符合孟德尔遗传规律。适合度研究表明,杂交代、回交代与相应的杂草稻相比没有明显差异,大多数的杂交种的适合度和回交代相差不大,个别杂交代的适合度没有回交代高。以上研究结果表明在无除草剂选择压下,携带转基因水稻Y0003和99-1的抗性基因的2种杂草稻的杂交和回交后代有在适宜环境条件下生存定植的可能性。     

黑龙江省水直播田杂草药剂系统防控技术

本文应用“二封一补”的策略完成黑龙江省水直播田杂草的药剂系统防控试验,结果表明,在16个有效处理中,处理5（25%噁草酮EC+25%丙炔噁草酮OD+10%吡嘧磺隆WP,50%丙草胺EC+33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG,5%五氟磺草胺OD+30%氰氟草酯OD）防控效果最好,对总杂草的株数相对防效和鲜质量相对防效均为100%,产量也最高,达到7.77 t/hm²;处理6（25%噁草酮EC+25%丙炔噁草酮OD+10%吡嘧磺隆WP,50%丙草胺EC+33%嗪吡嘧磺隆WG,5%五氟磺草胺OD+48%灭草松AS）防控效果次之,对总杂草的株相对防效和鲜质量相对防效分别为99.92%和99.74%,产量也较高,达到7.65 t/hm²。此外,从首次出苗率、分蘖动态、株高动态、千粒重和结实率等指标来看,各处理间差别很小,无药害问题。     

茶园常用除草剂田间药效试验与残留动态

对比评价了草甘膦、草铵膦、复配剂型草甘膦-乙草胺及草甘膦-助剂对茶园主要恶性杂草的防治效果,并对试验小区土壤中各除草剂的残留水平进行了评估。试验结果表明,与草甘膦相比,草铵膦起效快,在施药第7天杂草覆盖度降低到9.15%,施药14βd后对野老鹳、续断菊、小飞蓬等杂草的防治效果在95%以上,草胺磷在茶园土壤中降解较快,30βd的消解率达到94%,残留水平较低（第58天残留量为0.01βmg·kg^-1）,可能是替代草甘膦除草剂的较优选择;乙草胺作为封闭型除草剂,能够抑制禾本科杂草出苗,且在土壤中消散较快（21βd后的消解率为97%）,可用于防治禾本科等杂草。     

Relations of rice seeding rates to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice

Aerobic rice describes a management adaptation to reduced irrigation water supplies but, due to reduced intervals of flooding in this system, this requires revised weed management approaches to reduce costs and provide effective weed control. One approach is to make the crop more competitive and reduce the effects of weeds on the crop by using higher rice seeding rates. A study was conducted in the Philippines and India in 2008 and 2009 to assess the relations of seeding rates (15-125 kg ha⁻¹) of hybrid and inbred varieties to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice. Plant densities, tillers, and biomass of rice increased linearly with increased in seeding rates under both weedy and weed free environments. Weed biomass decreased linearly with increasing seeding rates from 15 to 125 kg ha⁻¹. Panicles and grain yields of rice in competition with weeds increased in a quadratic relation with increased seeding rates at both locations; however, the response was flat in the weed free plots. A quadratic model predicted that seeding rates of 48-80 kg ha⁻¹ for the inbred varieties and 47-67 kg ha⁻¹ for the hybrid varieties were needed to achieve maximum grain yield when grown in the absence of weeds, while rates of 95-125 kg seed ha⁻¹ for the inbred varieties and 83-92 kg seed ha⁻¹ for the hybrid varieties were needed to achieve maximum yields in competition with weeds. On the basis of these results, seeding rates greater than 80 kg ha⁻¹ are advisable where there are risks of severe weed competition. Such high seeding rates may be prohibitive when using expensive seed, and maximum yields are not the only consideration for developing recommendations for optimizing economic returns for farmers. Results of the present study do suggest however that increasing seeding rates of aerobic rice does suppress weed growth and reduce grain yield losses from weed competition. This information could be incorporated in integrated crop management packages to manage weeds more effectively.     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻田杂草种群的影响

 草铵膦作为抗除草剂转基因水稻的专用除草剂，对千金子、节节菜、陌上菜、丁香蓼、鳢肠、双穗雀稗、四叶萍和水竹叶表现出优良防效，但不能有效防治牛筋草、牛毛毡、矮慈姑、野荸荠和空心莲子草。在田间使用草铵膦可以有效防治早期出苗的无芒稗，但不能防治中后期出苗的莎草科和阔叶类杂草。与常规稻秀水11相比，转基因水稻99 1的每穗实粒数显著高于秀水11，从而获得了更高产量。转基因水稻嘉禾201与亲本丙94 02比较，对稻田主要杂草密度和生物量的影响差异不显著。转基因水稻99 1和嘉禾201对无芒稗的影响因子R显著大于化感潜力品种地谷，但与非化感品种秀水11相当，表明99 1和嘉禾201无化感竞争优势。     

Assessment of management of direct seeded rice production under different water conditions in Cambodia

In order to assess direct seeding of rice technology to cope with future agricultural labor shortage in Cambodia, agronomic experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to compare direct seeding with transplanting under three water conditions (non-flooded, shallow flooded, and deep flooded conditions) with/without weed control by herbicides (bentazone and cyhalofop-butyl) for two Cambodian rice varieties (shorter stature and early maturity Sen Pidao, taller stature and longer maturity Phka Rumduol). Average rice yield in 2 years was lower in direct seeding (341 g m⁻²) than transplanting (404 g m⁻²), but interaction components with year, varieties, water conditions, and weed management were significant, and the attained maximum yield of direct seeding (510 and 464 g m⁻² for Phka Rumduol variety in shallow flooded condition with weeding in 2005 and 2006, respectively) was similar to that of transplanting. Plant length and dry weight of rice were reduced in non-flooded and deep flooded conditions compared with shallow flooded condition, and grain yield was the highest in shallow flooded condition. Yield advantage of Phka Rumduol over Sen Pidao increased under direct seeding, particularly under non-flooded conditions in 2005 because weed infestation was more suppressed in Phka Rumduol even without weeding. Increase in 100 g m⁻² of weed infestation prior to heading (dry weight basis) reduced about 20% of attainable yield with weed control. This study identified importance of stature and growth duration of rice varieties and presence of standing water as well as the weed control, in order to develop and extend direct seeding in the Cambodia.     

一种不育系解决机械化制种和不育系混杂的设想与实践

劳动力成本的不断提高,劳动者减轻劳动强度的愿望日趋强烈,迫切要求杂交水稻制种过程的机械化.在制种过程中水稻光温敏核不育系遇到低温、某些细胞质雄性不育系遇到异常高温均会产生自交结实,导致杂种F1代中不育系混杂,从而降低杂交种的纯度、影响大田产量.培育对一种除草剂具有抗性、同时对另外一种除草剂敏感的水稻不育系,即抗/感除草剂水稻不育系,可以一次性解决杂交水稻机械化制种和不育系混杂两个问题.苯达松是一种对水稻安全的除草剂,但苯达松敏感隐性突变体对苯达松敏感.草铵膦、草甘膦、咪唑乙烟酸等能杀死水稻,但对具有抗性基因的水稻安全.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS、926BS与抗草铵膦的水稻杂交,选育出了抗草铵膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系09F316BS、09F317BS、09F319BS和09F320BS.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS为受体进行遗传转化,获得了抗草铵膦和草甘膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系EB185BS.由于这些不育系具有抗除草剂的特点,而恢复系不具备,制种时不育系与恢复系可以混播,待授粉完成后喷施除草剂杀死恢复系,成熟后机械化收割不育系上所结杂交种子,而不需要提前人工割刈恢复系;而且恢复系在不育系中均匀分布也可以提高异交率.如果在制种过程中遇到异常低气温,造成不育系少量自交结实而混杂在杂种F1代中,可以通过在杂种F1代秧田喷施苯达松杀死混杂的苯达松敏感不育系,杂交种由于野生基因的显性作用而不受伤害,从而可以保证大田F1代的纯度;此外,秧苗期喷施除草剂可以代替田间种植鉴定杂交种纯度,减少了种植鉴定中的土地占用和人工费用.本设想也可以运用到其它作物,通过培育一种抗/感除草剂的不育系来一次性解决机械化制种和清除不育系混杂的问题.     

Effect of Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Some Growth Attributes of Rice

In rice, the traditional system of transplanting gives the crop a 14 to 21-day growth advantage over the weeds [1]. The transplanting also enables rice to capture space earlier. This is because the young rice plants have leverage over germinating weeds due to shading and earlier establishment of root system. The immediate flooding after transplanting limits the establishment of many weeds [2]. Similarly, in direct seeded method, the use of high seed rates could reduce weed infestation to a lar…