Association of Phytate Formation with Grain Filling in Rice

The grain-filling characteristics of six rice varieties (combinations) and the relationships between their relative biochemistry composition during phytate synthesizing and grain plumpness were studied. Regarding results for ISHR1,ISHR2, R198 and JW21, with good grain plumpness, the two-step-filling in superior spikelets and inferior spikelets was not clear, while for ISHR3 and 559, with poor grain plumpness, it was very clear. From booting stage to flowering stage, the contents of phytate and inositol in varieties with good grain plumpness was obviously higher than those in varieties with poor grain plumpness. While at grain filling stage, the content of inorganic phosphorus in varieties with poor grain plumpness was obviously higher than that in varieties with good grain plumpness. The contents of phytate and inositol from booting stage to flowering stage was highly significantly correlated with the initial filling power (RO), the mean filling rate (RM) and grain filling percentage (PGF), and the content of inorganic phosphorus at grain filling stage was negatively significantly correlated with R0, FM and PGF. Furthermore, effective approach to improving grain filling was put forward.     

植酸形成与水稻籽粒充实的关系

研究了6个水稻品种（组合）的籽粒灌浆特征及植酸合成过程中相关生化成分变化与籽粒充实的关系。籽粒充实度好的亚杂1号(ISHR1)、亚杂2号（ISHR2）、R198和JW21,强、弱势粒灌浆不表现两段灌浆现象,而籽粒充实度差的亚杂3号（ISHR3）和559两段灌浆现象则十分明显。孕穗期至开花期,籽粒充实度好的品种其植酸、肌醇含量显著高于籽粒充实度差的品种;灌浆期,籽粒充实度差的品种无机磷含量明显高于籽粒充实度好的品种。相关分析表明,在孕穗期至开花期籽粒中植酸、肌醇含量与起始灌浆势（P0）、平均灌浆速率（RA）和籽粒充实率（GFP）均呈极显著正相关;灌浆期,无机磷含量与P0、RA和GFP呈极显著负相关,肌醇含量与P0、RA和GFP无明显相关性。提出了提高水稻籽粒充实度的有效途径。     

Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice

Sink strength plays an important role in grain filling of cereals but how it is related to the pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves is not clear. This study investigated if and how an increase in NSC reserves could enhance sink strength, and consequently improve grain filling of later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to the earlier flowering superior spikelets) for rice varieties with large panicles. Two “super” rice varieties (the recently bred high-yielding rice) and two New Plant Type (NPT, named in IRRI for the extra-large panicle) rice lines were compared with two elite inbred varieties under field-grown conditions. Three nitrogen (N) treatments, applied at the stages of panicle initiation, spikelet differentiation or both, were adopted with no N application during the mid-season as control. Both super rice and NPT rice showed a greater yield capacity as a result of a larger panicle than the elite inbred rice. However, a lower percentage of filled grains limited the realization of higher yield potential in super rice and especially in NPT rice, due to their lower grain filling rate and the smaller grain weight of their inferior spikelets. The low grain filling rate and small grain weight of inferior spikelets are mainly attributed to a poor sink strength as a result of small sink size (small number of endosperm cells) and low sink activity, e.g. low activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The amounts of NSC in the stem and NSC per spikelet at the heading time are significantly and positively correlated with sink strength (number of endosperm cells and activities of SuSase and AGPase), grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Nitrogen application at the spikelet differentiation stage significantly increased, whereas N application at the panicle initiation or at both panicle initiation and spikelet differentiation stages, significantly reduced, NSC per spikelet at the heading time, sink strength, grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice. The results suggest that pre-anthesis NSC reserves in the stem are closely associated with the sink strength during grain filling of rice, and N application at the spikelet differentiation stage would be a good practice to increase pre-anthesis NSC reserves, and consequently to enhance sink strength for rice varieties with large panicles, such as super rice varieties.     

Variations in Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation among Spikelets at Different Positions Within a Panicle During Rice Grain Filling

The accumulation dynamics of kernel components for spikelets at different positions within a rice panicle were investigated during grain filling to understand the physiological reasons for the variation of grain quality.Two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangjing 9538 (japonica),were field-grown,and the grain filling characters and contents of starch,soluble sugar,and protein of the spikelets at different positions were studied.There were significant differences in matter accumulation among spikelets at different positions during grain filling.The early-flowering spikelets presented dominance over the late-flowering spikelets in initial time and initial rate of accumulation.At the initial and mid filling stages,the contents and the rates of starch and amylose accumulation in spikelets decreased with the flowering sequence,but soluble sugar content (SSC) exhibited the opposite trend.The difference in SSC among the spikelets of Yangjing 9538 was greater than that of Yangdao 6,but amylose content in mature spikelets showed no obvious relationship to their flowering sequence.The crude protein content (CPC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering ones at the initial filling stage,and CPC in the spikelets on the secondary branch was higher than that on the primary branch,but CPC in early-flowering ones was lower than that in late-flowering across the whole grain filling period.Grain water content (GWC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering spikelets on the same branch at the initial and mid filling stages,especially for the top grain on each primary branch.The results suggested that poor grain filling of late-flowering spikelets may be attributed to their low biological activity rather than carbohydrate supply limitation.     

IAA与亚种间杂交稻籽粒发育的关系及烯效唑的调节

 以汕优413及其父本品种中413为材料,研究了内外源IAA在籽粒发育过程中的作用及植物生长延缓剂S-07对其强、弱势粒灌浆过程的影响。在灌浆前期,强势粒抑制弱势粒的发育,外源IAA可代替强势粒的这种抑制作用;灌浆过程中强、弱势粒内源IAA的变化动态存在差异,其中强势粒的内源IAA在开花后急剧上升,8 d左右达最高峰;而弱势粒的IAA水平开花后则有一段约12 d的“滞缓期”,在开花后20 d左右才有一高峰出现。强弱势粒对3H-IAA的合成和吸收能力差异可能是导致其内源IAA水平不平衡的原因之一。孕穗末期喷施S-07可部分抑制强势粒的发育而相对促进弱势粒的发育,提高弱势粒千粒重;孕穗末期喷施S-07溶液可降低强势粒但提高弱势粒灌浆前期的内源IAA水平。     

优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应

【目的】探讨优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应。【方法】以食味值不同的常规粳稻和杂交稻为材料,在结实期设置不同氮素施用水平处理,分析不同类型品种在不同氮素水平下的蒸煮食味品质及其与稻米蛋白质及其组分含量的关系。进一步分析各品种在不同氮素水平下稻穗不同部位的氨基酸含量及籽粒蛋白质含量在结实期的动态变化,总结优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应特征。【结果】优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质含量较低,且随着氮素水平的增加而上升;优良食味水稻崩解值较高,消减值较低;蒸煮食味品质受氮素水平影响较小。优良食味水稻品种蛋白组分含量较低,且稻米蛋白质含量与食味品质呈显著负相关。在常规粳稻中,稻米食味值与清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著负相关;在杂交稻中,稻米食味值与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量显著负相关。优良食味水稻品种籽粒充实过程中游离氨基酸含量较低,并呈现较低水平的蛋白质积累。而食味较差品种灌浆期籽粒的氨基酸含量较高,成熟籽粒蛋白质含量也较高,且氮素供应水平提升其籽粒蛋白质含量的效应更为显著。【结论】优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质含量较低,与其充实过程中蛋白质积累水平较低有紧密关系,且受氮素水平影响较小。     

籼型水稻两段灌浆理论的研究（英文）

 选取50～90年代的代表品种以及不同类型的杂交稻，研究其灌浆理论。结果表明：两段灌浆乃水稻的共性所在，而强、弱势颖花的同步灌浆及弱势花的异步灌浆能力的差异决定该特性的表达。同步性强异步性弱，两段灌浆表现不明显；同步性弱异步性强，两段灌浆明显。同步性强表现灌浆起动早，速度快，强度大，物质撤退迅速，有利于提高结实率和籽粒充实度。文中提出籽粒物质积累模式，认为同步性很强，异步性丧失，极有利于物质积累；同步性较强，异步性较弱次之；同步性较弱，异步性可充分表达，易受环境条件的影响，不利于提高结实率和籽粒充实度；而同步性较弱，异步性表达受阻，物质积累少。栽培与育种上应尽量避免后两种情况。     

不同落黄类型小麦品种的籽粒灌浆及叶片光合特性

为给不同落黄类型小麦品种的选育提供理论依据,研究了不同落黄类型小麦品种籽粒灌浆和穗、茎、叶对籽粒灌浆的贡献。结果表明,早衰落黄型、灰白落黄型、全身落黄型小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性、叶片叶绿素含量变化和旗叶光合速率均存在较大差异。早衰落黄型和灰白落黄型品种旗叶和倒二叶叶绿素含量衰减发生早,下降速度快,旗叶光合速率低,籽粒物质积累在灌浆前中期多而后期较少;全身落黄型品种叶绿素含量衰减发生晚,下降速度缓慢,旗叶光合速率高,穗、茎、叶对籽粒灌浆的贡献率较大,籽粒平均灌浆速率高,籽粒饱满指数较高。因此认为,全身落黄型是小麦高产育种选择的重要指标。     

In vitro availability of iron and zinc in white and coloured ragi (Eleusine coracana): role of tannin and phytate

White and brown ragi (Eleusine coracana) varieties were analysed for tannin, phytate phosphorus, total phosphorus, iron, ionisable iron, zinc and soluble zinc content. White ragi had no detectable tannin while in brown varieties it ranged from 351 to 2392 mg per 100 g. Germination brought about a progressive decrease in tannin and phytate phosphorus and an increase in ionisable ion and soluble zinc content of grain ragi. Both in raw and germinated grain, ionizable iron was significantly higher in white than in brown varieties. While ionisable iron was inversely correlated with the level of tannin and phytate phosphorus, soluble zinc was negatively correlated with phytate phosphorus. After extraction of tannin, ionisable iron of brown ragi rose by 85%. On the other hand, in white varieties, addition of tannin extracted from brown ragi, resulted in a 52–65% decrease in ionisable iron content. These studies indicated that poor iron availability in ragi as judged by its low ionisable iron content was due to the presence of tannin in the grain.     

孕穗期自然低温对籼型杂交水稻的影响分析

孕穗期低温主要通过影响籼型杂交水稻结实率导致产量降低，对有效穗，每穗粒数和粒重无明显影响。在自然低温条件下，籼型杂交水稻组合间孕穗期耐冷性表现出明显的强、中、弱差异；进一步对亲本组合的分析发现，籼型杂交水稻孕穗期耐冷性与不育系和恢复系均有关，而与恢复系的关系更为密切：建议以低温影响后的结实率及其与正常结实率的差异程度作为评价水稻品种孕穗期耐冷性的指标。     

Hormonal changes are related to the poor grain filling in the inferior spikelets of rice cultivated under non-flooded and mulched condition

Non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation (PM) of rice can save much irrigation but usually exhibits a poor grain filling and low grain weight when compared to traditional flooding cultivation (TF). This study measured the variations of plant hormones during grain filling and investigated whether they were related to the grain-filling problem under mulching in a field experiment. Hormonal levels in the grains and the grain development of both superior (early flowered) and inferior spikelets (later flowered) were monitored continuously during the grain filling period. The contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) were higher in superior grains than in inferior ones at early grain-filling stage. For individual spikelets, the peaks of IAA and ZR contents appeared just before the peak grain-filling rate but the peak ABA content matched it. The earlier flowered superior spikelets did not show much difference in grain filling characteristics and hormonal changes under the two cultivation treatments. Distinctively with the inferior spikelets in a panicle, PM led to lower grain weight, higher grain-filling rate at early stage and shorter active grain-filling period than the TF. PM also resulted in less IAA and ZR but more ABA contents in the grains than TF at early and middle grain filling stages in these inferior spikelets. Peaks of these hormone contents in the PM inferior grains usually appeared earlier and also disappeared more quickly than those in TF inferior grains. When exogenous IAA was applied to plants at the initial grain-filling stage, IAA and ZR were increased and ABA was reduced in the inferior grains. The treatment prolonged the active grain-filing period and reduced the peak grain-filling rate of inferior grains, similarly as the case with TF. As a result, IAA spraying enhanced the weight of PM inferior grains but reduced that of TF ones. Exogenous ABA spraying led to the opposite effects to those of IAA. The results suggest that the shortened grain-filling period in the inferior grains under PM is related to the increased ABA and reduced IAA and ZR in the grains. Regulation of the ratio of ABA to IAA in grains could potentially increase the weight of inferior grains under the water-saving cultivation with film mulching.     

小麦早熟新品种K35的阶段发育与灌浆特性

为了给早熟高产小麦新品种的选育及K35优良种质的利用提供理论依据,以中熟品种鲁麦14和济麦21、晚熟品种鲁源301和潍麦8号为对照,对小麦早熟品种K35阶段发育和籽粒灌浆特性进行了研究.结果表明,早熟品种K35成熟期比其它品种提前3～7 d,主要体现在二棱初期至二棱中期、挑旗期至抽穗期和灌浆期持续时间较短;二棱中期至雌雄蕊分化期持续时间与其他品种基本一致.与高千粒重品种潍麦8号、鲁原301相比,K35平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率较低,千粒重也偏低.开花后快增期灌浆速率与小麦千粒重之间存在显著正相关,渐增期灌浆速率与缓增期持续时间呈显著负相关.因而认为,K35幼穗分化期较短,而穗粒数较多,灌浆速率较低,而产量水平较高,并且落黄好,特点突出,作为早熟亲本应用时,应注意选择灌浆速率和千粒重较高的品种与其进行杂交.     

灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响

利用人工气候箱在水稻灌浆结实期不同时段进行温度试验,研究温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响。结果表明,灌浆结实期40℃高温处理后籽粒结实率显著降低,粒重下降,外观品质和食味品质变差。不同水稻品种对灌浆结实期温度的响应表现不一致。在试验条件下,华粳1号开花受精的敏感温度为35℃,而特优559开花、灌浆结实的最适温度为30℃,该温度处理结实率、粒重较高,外观品质以及食味品质较优。此外,灌浆结实期不同时段的高温对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响也存在显著差异：结实率对高温最敏感的时期是开花后1~5 d,粒重对高温最敏感的时期是开花后11~20 d;而温度对稻米品质影响最大的时期主要在花后16~20 d,25 d后温度处理影响较小。因此,灌浆前期适宜的温度条件对水稻优质栽培意义重大。     

稻穗颖花开花日序对籽粒胚乳细胞数和米质的影响

 以不同类型水稻品种为材料，分析了稻穗颖花开花日序对籽粒胚乳细胞数和米质形成的影响。研究发现，同一穗上随着开花日序的推迟，籽粒胚乳细胞数逐渐减少，垩白率、垩白度逐渐上升，糊化温度和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低。上述主要米质性状与胚乳细胞数密切相关，而与单个胚乳细胞重相关不显著。孕穗期去1/2株或始穗期喷施6-BA［6-(苄基)腺嘌呤］，籽粒的胚乳细胞数明显上升，垩白率、垩白度明显下降，糊化温度上升；孕穗期去1/2叶，结果相反；表明由于胚乳细胞数的不同，造成了穗上籽粒间米质的差异。还就改善米质的措施进行了讨论。     

“稻+鱼+再生稻”模式对稻田土壤氮、磷、钾养分含量的影响

设置头季稻+鱼(或泥鳅)+再生稻的栽培模式,水稻品种选用黄华占和Y两优800,分析两种模式下土壤中全量氮、磷、钾含量与速效氮、磷、钾含量表现,结果表明:(1)稻鱼模式和稻鳅模式可增加土壤中全效养分含量,全氮、全磷、全钾含量在整个生育期内维持在一个相对稳定的状态,其中以稻鱼处理效果更明显,总体高于对照田.头季稻与再生季两个生育季内全氮、全磷处于相对稳定的状态,全钾含量则在再生季略有下降;(2)稻鱼模式和稻鳅模式提高了土壤中速效养分含量,孕穗期、灌浆期、成熟期含量比分蘖期时有所提升,稻鱼模式下土壤速效养分含量整体表现要高于稻鳅模式.两个水稻品种再生季的土壤速效养分含量变化规律性不明显,但整体维持在相对稳定水平.     

南方晚粳杂交稻与常规稻籽粒灌浆及后期叶片光合特性的差异

以南方杂交晚粳秀优5号和常规晚粳秀水110为材料,应用Richards方程对两个品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究了两个水稻品种的灌浆特性,并测定分析了两类品种的后期叶片光合特性。 秀优5号的起始灌浆势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均略低于秀水110,但活跃灌浆时间明显长于秀水110,说明杂交晚粳灌浆更为平缓、灌浆期长,有利于获得较高粒重,也有利于缓解其穗型较大引起的籽粒间物质的激烈竞争。齐穗后10 d,秀优5号的光合和叶绿素荧光参数与秀水110无显著差异,但齐穗后25 d,秀优5号除初始荧光值的增加幅度未达显著水平外,其他参数均显著高于秀水110。研究结果表明,南方杂交粳稻在灌浆后期仍保持较高的物质生产能力,是它具有较长籽粒灌浆持续期,大穗与较高粒重相协调,最终实现高产的重要生理基础。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤对水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响

选用两个品质不同的粳稻品种,研究在抽穗期喷洒6 苄氨基嘌呤（6 BA）对灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响。 抽穗后随灌浆进程籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性逐渐增加,达到峰值后又逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化,且抽穗后20 d 的酶活性最高;蛋白质含量高的品种灌浆前期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性高于蛋白质含量低的品种;与未喷6 BA对照相比,抽穗期喷洒6 BA供试品种的味度值、最高黏度、崩解值、可溶性蛋白含量等均有不同程度的提高,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和消减值降低,但蛋白质和直链淀粉含量变化很小。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Filling and Respiratory Rate of Caryopsis in Rice

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen （N） rate and application time on grain filling and respiratory trait of caryopsis in two rice varieties, IR36 and Dali. The treatments were consisted of no N application topdressing at both tillering and booting stages （CK）, 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage, 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage. The results showed that the proper utilization of N fertilizer can be helpful to maintain the higher water content, higher respiratory rate and higher dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis in late filling phase, and prolong the course for filling and maintaining higher respiratory rate and dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis. More N application at booting was more effective compared to more N application at tillering.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Caryopsis Filling and Respiratory Rate of Rice

The application of N fertilizer has been reported to have a great effect on filling of caryopsis. For example, the dry matter of caryopsis derived from photosynthates by tillers and leaves at two stages i.e. before and after panicle emergence [1-4]. Moreover, proper utilization of N fertilizer can improve N content and photosynthetic rate [5-7], delay leaf senescence [7-9], and increase the amount of dry matter for grain filling, thus improve the productivity of rice [5-10]. On the other hand…     

超级稻花后强、弱势粒淀粉合成相关酶活性和激素含量变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

 种植4个超级稻品种\[两优培九和Ⅱ优084（杂交籼稻）、淮稻9号和武粳15（粳稻）\]和2个高产对照品种\[汕优63（杂交籼稻）和扬辐粳8号（粳稻）\],观察其结实期强、弱势粒中蔗糖合酶（SuSase）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、淀粉合酶（StSase）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性及玉米素+玉米素核苷（Z+ZR）、3 吲哚乙酸（IAA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量的变化,并测定了强、弱势粒灌浆速率。结果表明,超级稻品种强势粒的最大灌浆速率、到达最大灌浆速率的时间、平均灌浆速率和糙米重与对照品种差异较小,超级稻品种弱势粒的灌浆速率和糙米重显著低于对照。灌浆期强、弱势粒的SuSase、AGPase 、StSase 和SBE活性变化及Z+ZR、IAA 和ABA 含量变化均呈单峰曲线。弱势粒的SuSase、AGPase、StSase 和SBE的峰值活性和平均活性及其Z+ZR 和IAA的峰值含量和平均含量均低于强势粒。弱势粒的ABA 峰值含量和平均含量显著高于强势粒,超级稻品种高于对照品种。籽粒灌浆速率与SuSase、AGPase和StSase 活性及Z+ZR 和IAA含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,与SBE活性及ABA含量的相关不显著。说明超级稻品种弱势粒中较低的SuSase、AGPase和StSase活性及较低的Z+ZR和IAA含量是其灌浆速率小、粒重轻的一个重要原因。