大豆品种抗旱性早期鉴定方法

为探讨鉴定大豆品种抗旱性的简易方法,依据吸水后48h的发芽率对109个大豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级。继而在萌发期、营养生长期(V3)和生殖生长期(R4)进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证大豆植株的抗旱性。结果发现,大豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,吸水后48h发芽率与抗旱性密切相关。幼苗侧根数量、主根长度和根系干重与抗旱性呈显著(P0.05)相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在V3期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%～11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著(P0.05)高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在R4期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著(P0.05)高于普通品种。鼓粒期(R6)普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。研究结果表明,大豆种子48h发芽率可作为大豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期大豆对水分胁迫最敏感。     

水分胁迫对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种，分别在正常供水和水分胁迫奈件下，研究水稻产量构成因素及株高、穗长、叶面积、干物质积累等生育特性的变化。结果表明：水分胁迫下，水稻株高降低，叶面积及叶面积指数减小；各器官干物重、总干重均明显降低；前期干物质积累缓慢，后期植株衰老加速。水分胁迫引起各品种穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实卒、千粒重均下降，最终引起产量降低。品种的抗旱性不同，其产量及其构成对水分胁迫的反应存在一定差异，表现为抗旱性强的品种下降幅度相对较小。     

水分胁迫条件下氮素营养对不同冬小麦基因型的生理效应

为给旱地小麦高产栽培和氮素高效利用提供依据,以水氮高效型品种小偃22和水氮低效型品种小偃6号为供试材料,通过水培试验,研究了水分胁迫下介质氮素营养对冬小麦幼苗根系和冠层干重、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)等生理指标的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫和介质氮素供应对小麦幼苗各生理指标均有显著影响.水分胁迫下,介质供氮显著提高冠层干重、叶片相对含水量、根系活力及叶片叶绿素含量,降低根干重.而在供氮条件下.水分胁迫导致小偃22根系和冠层干重均明显降低,而小偃6号根系和冠层干重均明显增加,两个品种的叶片相对含水量(P<0.05)和根系活力(P>0.05)显著降低,培养阶段前期的叶片叶绿素含量提高.在介质缺氮条件下,水分胁迫使小偃22和小偃6号冠层干重分别增加和下降,两个品种根干重和叶片叶绿素含量均明显下降,叶片相对含水量和根系活力均增加.说明改善介质氮素营养可增强水分胁迫下小麦抗旱能力,促进冠层干物质积累,同时也增大小偃22根、苗干物质积累和两个品种叶片相对含水量对水分胁迫的敏感性,而降低了小偃6号根系和冠层干物质积累及两个品种根系活力和叶绿素含量对水分胁迫的敏感性.     

甘薯主要数量性状配合力分析及亲本选配

以 4× 4不完全双列杂交试验 ,研究了甘薯蔓长、一次分枝数、藤叶重、结薯数、鲜薯重、大中薯率、烘干率的配合力、基因效应和遗传力。亲本主效应对所研究的 7个性状均有显著或极显著作用 ,多数性状的加性基因比值≥ 50 % ;烘干率、藤叶重、蔓长的遗传力很高 ,鲜薯重和一次分枝数具有中等遗传力 ,其余性状遗传力较低。     

大豆光合生理生态的研究——第4报 大豆不同节位叶片形态解剖的研究

哈79—9440、78—2和黑农8号三个大豆品种,在其个体发育中主茎共生长16—17节叶片。初生叶和1—4节位的叶片较厚,单位叶面积栅栏细胞数目多;5—9节位的叶片较薄,单位叶面积栅栏细胞数目少;10—12节位的叶片厚度和单位叶片面积栅栏细胞数目均显著增加;13节位以上的叶片厚度变薄,单位叶面积栅栏细胞数目减少。叶厚度与栅栏组织厚度呈高度相关。植株不同节位叶片的栅栏细胞层数也明不显同。三个大豆品种初生叶栅栏组织细胞为3层或4层;1—3节位的叶片和哈79—9440的及78—2两品种,第11—12节位的叶片栅栏组织细胞为3层或部分地出现3层;其它节位卧片栅栏组织细胞均为2层。     

水分胁迫对不同基因型夏大豆冠层发育及耗水量的影响

在防雨棚条件下研究了不同阶段水分胁迫对4个夏大豆品种五星3号、冀豆15、冀豆16和冀豆17冠层发育和耗水特性影响.结果表明:大豆耗水规律为出苗后20 d内日耗水强度较低,初花期～鼓粒初期较高,最高峰出现在初花期前后,鼓粒中后期较低.最大叶面积指数(LAI)出现在盛花期,不同阶段水分胁迫使多数品种的LAI明显下降.从冠层发育角度,冀豆16苗期抗旱性较强,五星3号花期和鼓粒期抗旱性较强,冀豆15鼓粒期抗旱性较强.五星3号、冀豆15和冀豆16的LAI相近,但五星3号的耗水量较低,冀豆17 LAI和耗水量均较高.大豆主要耗水层在0～100 cm,尤其0～50 cm土层土壤水分状况对大豆的生长发育影响效应更大.     

小粒咖啡叶片解剖结构和综合抗旱性评价

以7个品种的小粒咖啡为供试材料,通过测定叶片厚度(LT)、角质层厚度(CT)、栅栏组织厚度(PT)、海绵组织厚度(ST)、气孔密度(SD)和叶片小脉密度(VD),并计算出叶片组织结构紧密度(MTR)、叶片组织结构疏松度(MLR)和气孔面积指数(SPI),分析其抗旱能力的差异,为小粒咖啡栽培和筛选抗旱性状提供理论依据。结果表明,所选9个抗旱性指标,品种间差异显著,运用主成分分析方法结果显示,PT和MTR载荷较高,是反映小粒咖啡抗旱性信息的主要因子,可以作为评价小粒咖啡抗旱性的主要指标。其中德热169、P7963和矮卡综合抗旱能力较强,CCCA24较弱,P2,德热296和铁毕卡居中。     

花生抗旱性与生理生态指标关系的研究

用干旱棚分别在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下，研究了抗旱性不同的4个花生品种叶片相对含水量、失水率、萎蔫指数、株高、根干重，座果的变化与品种抗旱性的关系，并用隶属函数进行抗旱性综合分析，结果表明：4个花生品种各项抗旱性生理及形态指标的变化与抗旱指数的相关性大小次序是：根干重、叶片萎蔫指数、叶片失水率、叶片相对含水量、座果率、株高。品种综合抗旱性强弱为：远杂9307、远杂9102、豫花6号、白沙1016。     

玉米植株抗旱性状的杂种优势分析

利用耐旱性不同的玉米自交系,研究了玉米植株抗旱性状在正常条件和水分胁迫下杂种优势的变化,分析了玉米植株性状的遗传力。结果表明:株高、穗位高、单株叶片数、茎粗、根干重的杂种优势明显;叶片数、雄穗分枝数和单株叶面积的狭义遗传力分别达到62.94%、62.93%和54.00%。株高和叶干重的遗传受干旱胁迫的影响较小。     

水分胁迫对玉米叶片水分代谢的影响

试验在盆栽人工控制水分的条件下，比较了不同水分胁迫强度对不同抗旱性玉米杂交种叶片水分代谢的影响。结果表明，水分胁迫下玉米叶片水势、相对含水量、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均明显降低，随胁迫程度增强，降低幅度增大。其中叶片水势和叶片相对含水量与品种抗旱性密切相关，蒸腾速率和气孔阻力与品种抗旱性关系不明显。     

水分胁迫对马铃薯的生理反应

以中早熟品种“坝薯９号”、中晚熟品种“坝薯１０号”和“乌盟８５１”为试材，研究了干旱对马铃薯的影响，结果表明：①随着水分胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增加，叶片相对含水量和叶水势下降，蒸腾强度减弱，伤流量减少；植株高度、茎粗、叶片长和宽、功能叶间距均降低；块茎单株产量和收获指数降低，块茎干物质含量提高；叶绿素含量与光合作用强度随水分胁迫时间延长而降低，但随胁迫强度的增加而提高．②单株产量与叶水势和收获指数是显著正相关，与块茎干物质含量是显著负相关．③坝薯９号和乌盟８５１是两个耐旱品种．     

Internodal elongation: A potential screening technique for heat tolerance in potato

Summary In pot culture experiments over 2 consecutive years, 20 potato genotypes of varying heat tolerance were grown under long day conditions and heat stressed by being exposed to high (38 °C/21 °C mean day/night) temperature. The percent increase in mean internode length of heat stressed plants over those grown at normal temperatue (25°C/16°C day/night) was correlated with the percent tuber dry matter yield of the heat stressed plants (r=0.618, P=0.01). In the same 20 genotypes, grown under short day conditions at normal temperature, the fraction of leaf bud cuttings exposed to high night temperature (23°C) that produced tuber initials correlated with the percentage increase in internode elongation in stem cuttings exposed to 25°C compared with those exposed to 15°C (r=0.680. P=0.01). Thus the relative changes in internode elongation are related to thermal tolerance, and it is suggested that this can be used as a selection criterion for heat tolerance.     

Effect of planting density on lodging-related morphology,lodging rate,and yield of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Increase of planting density has been widely used to increase grain yield in crops. However, it may lead to higher risk of lodging hence causing significant yield loss of the crop. To investigate the effects of planting density on lodging-related morphology, lodging rate (LR), and yield of tartary buckwheat, an experiment was carried out with a split-plot randomized block design at the experimental farm of Chengdu University (Sichuan, China) in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Results showed that plant density significantly affected characteristics of stem and root. In each season, with the increasing of planting density, light transmittance, main root length, number of first lateral root, root volume, internode number, and first internode diameter decreased, the plant height, first internode length, abortion rate and LR increased. Increasing density caused decreased grains number per plant, the dry matter weight and yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the internode number, first internode diameter, number of first lateral roots, and root volume were significantly negatively correlated with LR, but positively correlated with stem breaking strength and lodging resistance index. The LR was significantly positively correlated with plant height and first internode length. In both years, the D2 (9 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) and D3 (12 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) yielded more grains than in other treatments, and the effects of density on two cultivars showed the same trend. The results suggested that planting density could alter lodging-related traits, lodging resistance, and yield of tartary buckwheat.     

Comparison of Root System Development in Two Rice Cultivars During Stress Recovery from Drought and the Plant Traits for Drought Resistance

Summary

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare root system development of two upland rice cultivars, IRAT 13 and Senshou, during recovery from drought stress and to identify the plant traits that confer drought resistance. From 62 days after sowing (62 DAS), drought stress was given for 6 d followed by rewatering for 14 d. Root length density (RLD) and root diameter (thickness) were measured at the end of the stress and rewatering periods. Control plants were well-watered throughout the study. Gultivar IRAT 13 had thicker roots and higher relative RLD (ratio of RLD in drought-stressed plants to that in control plants) than under drought stress, and significantly higher root growth recovery after rewatering cultivar Senshou. Related plant traits such as evapotranspiration (ET), leaf and stem dry weights and weight of senescent leaves (dead leaves) in IRAT 13 were significantly more favorable for drought resistance compared to Senshou.     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

高原粳稻抗倒性与农艺性状及亲本抗倒性的关系

 调查了26份高原粳稻品种(系)的田间抗倒性，测定了材料的株高、穗重、穗长、节间长度、节间壁厚、节间直径与节直径7类共20个性状，同时分析了品种抗倒性与系谱之间的关系。结果表明, 穗长、穗重与节间直径3类性状与抗倒性相关不显著，株高、穗下节间长度、穗下节间壁厚、穗下节直径这4类性状与品种抗倒性显著或极显著相关；品种系谱分析表明，品种（系）的抗倒性与其亲本关系密切。品种抗倒性与其亲本关系密切，选择抗倒伏品种作亲本，可以提高育成品种的抗倒性。     

马铃薯器官生长发育与产量形成的研究

马铃薯叶面积、叶干重以及块茎干物重和块茎体积的变化动态均符合三次曲线变化 ,地上茎干重、茎粗、株高符合S型曲线变化 ,其中 ,叶干重的峰值早于叶面积的峰值 ,块茎体积的增长则在出苗后 5 5～ 70d内最快。马铃薯地上茎的生长主要是伸长与充实 ,但伸长较充实缓慢、持续时间更长。匍匐茎与块茎的形成是马铃薯产量形成的前提条件 ,二者的建成与植株其它器官的生长发育密切相关 :匍匐茎和块茎的形成与叶片和地上茎形成时期并进 ,所以 ,马铃薯块茎的建成与地上营养器官的生长发育存在着光合产物的竞争 ,但地上部器官的建成依然是产量形成的物质基础。     

小麦苗期抗旱相关形态指标的灰色关联度分析

为了系统研究小麦苗期形态指标与抗旱性的关系并筛选有效的抗旱性指标,使用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,采用灰色关联度分析法分析了28份小麦品种苗期干旱胁迫下的苗高、最长根长、根数、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根鲜重、根干重、叶片数、根冠比等9个形态指标与抗旱系数的关联程度,并以所得加权抗旱系数对各品种进行聚类分析.结果显示,各形态指标与抗旱系数的关联度依次为:叶片数(0.817)>苗高(0.766)>地上部干重(0.746)>地上部鲜重(0.729)>根数(0.699)>根干重(0.688)>根鲜重(0.681)>根冠比(0.645)>最长根长(0.399).研究还表明,9个形态指标可分为叶片相关因子、地上部生物量因子和根部生物量因子三大类,地上部生物量因子的关联度大于根部生物量因子;不能只通过差异显著度检验来判断某一指标是否可以用作抗旱性鉴定;聚类结果能较好地反映各小麦品种的地域分布.因此,进行小麦品种苗期抗旱性鉴定时,应加强对地上部形态指标的选择和鉴定,以提高选择效率.     

土壤干旱胁迫对白芥光合器官发育及光合速率的影响

利用旱棚盆栽研究了在土壤干旱胁迫下白芥抗旱和不抗旱品系的单叶面积,单株叶面积、出叶速度、叶绿素含量和和净光合速率。结果表明,在土壤干旱胁迫下不同白品系在不同生育时期的单叶面积、单株叶面积、出叶速度及净光合速率都下降,在一定土壤水分范围内,叶绿素含量随土壤水分的下降而增加,抗旱性强的品系受土壤干旱胁迫的影响较小。     

行距配置和化控对冬小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响

为明确行距配置和多效唑化控对小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响规律,采用裂区试验,研究了行距配置(12 cm等行距、15 cm等行距、12.5 cm+12.5 cm+20 cm共3个水平)和多效唑化控(对照、起身期化控、拔节期化控3个水平)对冬小麦茎秆形态的影响.结果表明,株高、茎秆重心高度和节间长度基本上以15 cm等行距处理的最小,12 cm等行距处理的最大,这2种行距配置之间拔节期和开花以后的株高及成熟时基部节间长度差异均显著(P＜0.05);而基部节间粗度、秆壁厚度、单位长度节间干重、茎秆机械强度及抗倒伏指数基本上以15 cm等行距处理的最大或较大,12 cm等行距处理的最小.起身期和拔节期喷施多效唑处理的小麦株高、节间长度和茎秆重心高度显著降低,基部节间粗度、秆壁厚度、茎秆机械强度有所增加,抗倒伏指数显著增大.除基部第二节间长度外,行距配置与化控互作对其他指标的影响不显著(P＞0.05).抗倒伏指数与株高、节间长度、重心高度呈极显著(P＜0.01)负相关(相关系数分别为-0.42、-0.76和-0.63),与茎秆机械强度、第1和第2节间单位长度干重、第2节间秆壁厚度呈显著或极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.97、0.42、0.64和0.64),与第2、第3节间粗度和第3节间秆壁厚度相关不显著.因此,15 cm等行距种植配合起身期或拔节期多效唑化控,可提高小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能.