高海拔地区马铃薯高产中的钾肥效应研究

在贵州高海拔地区织金县采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术 ,马铃薯产量为14 91t/hm2 ,超过当地平均产量 1 5倍 ,钾肥配施可增产马铃薯 1 0～ 2 5t/hm2 ,增幅 8 0 6 %～2 0 6 3% ,施钾产投比可达 2 0～ 3 5。施钾肥后马铃薯薯块重量增加 19 2 % ,增产以增加薯块为主 ,马铃薯品质有较大改善 ,试验认为 ,高产高效施肥的N∶K2 O比为 10 0∶95～ 14 0为宜 ,即施氮 (N)10 5kg/hm2 ,施钾 (K2 O) 10 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 为宜。施磷量应根据土壤中缺肥情况进行调整。     

旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果研究

研究了豫西褐土区旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果。结果表明,施钾量（K2O）在0～112.5 kg/hm2的范围内,随施钾量增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重逐渐增加,各生育期总茎数及干物质积累量明显增加。施用钾肥对旱地冬小麦有显著的增产效果,增产幅度为7.9％～15.7％,最高产量（4 336kg/hm2）的施肥量（K2O）为114.2 kg/hm2,经济最佳产量（4 275.7 kg/hm2）的施肥量为77.4kg/hm2。     

冬小麦每公顷产量超9000kg综合栽培技术体系

通过近年来冬小麦每公顷产量超 90 0 0 kg的综合配套技术体系研究得出 :施足基肥、培肥地力是冬小麦每公顷产量超 90 0 0 kg的关键 ;因地制宜选用高产良种和合理的栽培技术是实现每公顷产量超 90 0 0 kg的基本保证。初步认为 ,在目前生产条件下 ,选用成穗率高的多穗型品种创每公顷 90 0 0kg以上产量较种植大穗型品种更为稳妥 ;基本苗多穗型品种以 12 0～ 180万 /hm2 ,大穗型品种以 2 10～2 4 0万 /hm2为宜 ;总施肥量以每公顷施纯氮 2 70 kg、P2 O5187.5kg、K2 O2 10 kg为宜 ,N∶P∶ K的施肥配比为 1∶ 0 .7∶ 0 .8;重施拔节肥 ,补施挑旗肥。全生育期浇四次水 ;生育后期以延长功能叶的有效光合时间、提高光合能力、增加穗重为主攻目标。     

不同氮磷钾处理对中浙优1号水稻产量、品质、养分吸收利用及经济效益的影响

采用"3414"试验设计,在2008-2010年3年中研究了不同氮磷钾施肥处理对浙中水稻籽粒产量、品质、养分吸收利用及经济效益的影响。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以显著提高籽粒产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任意两种肥料配施;其对籽粒产量的作用顺序为NKP。N3P2K2处理产量最高,为8746kg/hm2。施氮可提高稻米胶稠度、蛋白质含量和总氨基酸含量,降低碱消值;施磷可提高蛋白质含量;施钾可提高胶稠度、碱消值及蛋白质含量;氮、磷、钾肥的施用对直链淀粉含量均无显著影响。水稻养分总吸收量和100kg籽粒养分需求量随施肥量增加而增加,肥料吸收利用率及农学利用率则随施肥量增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率分别为25.2%、38.3%和36.0%。N2P2K2、N2P3K2、N2P2K1和N3P2K2处理的经济效益较高,比N0P0K0处理分别提高21.1%、20.3%、20.3%和22.4%,差异达显著水平。利用肥料效应方程,得出该地区获得最高产量的氮、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)肥施用量分别为258.8kg/hm2、39.3kg/hm2和100.8kg/hm2。     

平衡施肥对木薯产量及品质的影响初报

采用"3414"完全随机区组设计,开展木薯平衡施肥田间试验,研究施肥对木薯产量及品质的影响.其结果表明:(1)施肥对木薯产量有极显著的增产效应,氮、磷、钾肥增产的主次顺序为K>N>P.(2)木薯最高产量的氮、礴、钾优化施肥组合为N:150.00 kg/hm2,P2O5:36.75 kg/hm2,K2O:150.00 kg/hm2,此时最高产量为36.04t/hm2,其最佳施肥配比为N:P2O5:K2O=4:1:4;木薯最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N:150 kg/hm2、P2O5:29.50 kg/hm2、K2O:150 kg/hm2,其最佳施肥利润达10 780.11元/hm2,此时产量为36.00 t/hm2,其最佳施肥利润配比为N:P2O5:K20=5:1:5.(3)施肥对木薯淀粉含量有极显著的影响,氮、磷、钾肥对木薯淀粉含量影响的主次顺序为:N>K>P.     

我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥研究 Ⅱ．红壤区稻田双低油菜中双7号高产施肥

江西红壤稻田三熟制条件下，双低油菜新品种中双7号合理配施氮磷钾复混肥（纯N240kg/hm2 P2O5 60kg/hm2,K2O90kg/hm2和硼砂15kg/hm2)，有利于提高植株养分含量，保持养分平均，增加生物学产量，菜籽产量达到2437.5kg/hm2，与NK，NP和N等施肥处理比较，差异达极显著水平。     

甘蔗新台糖22号氮、磷、钾肥料施用量研究

分析2011～2012年合浦县甘蔗新台糖22号3个“3414”肥料效应试验,结果表明,施肥处理均能显著提高甘蔗的产量和经济效益,产量比不施肥处理1(CK)增长17.0%～64.1%;经济效益增收0.30万～1.43万元/hm2。建立3个试验的肥料效应函数模型,综合得出甘蔗新台糖22号最高产量10.70 t/hm2、最高施肥量氮(N)530.0 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)116.0 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)340.7 kg/hm2和最佳经济产量10.6 t/hm2、最佳施肥量氮(N)438.6 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)110.9 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)272.9 kg/hm2。结合当地实际情况,总结出合浦县中低等肥力田块种植甘蔗新台糖22号的科学施肥配方为氮(N)450 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)120 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)280 kg/hm2,施肥比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O＝1∶0.27∶0.62,产量10.59～10.70 t/hm2。     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

化肥减施下生物有机肥对甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响

为了筛选内蒙古地区甜菜减施化肥下配施生物有机肥的最佳用量,以常规施甜菜专用化肥(900 kg/hm2)为对照(L0),在化肥施用量为450 kg/hm2条件下,设置5个生物有机肥施用量处理L1(1 500 kg/hm2)、L2(3 000 kg/hm2)、L3(4 500 kg/hm2)、L4(6 000 kg/hm2)、L5(7 500 kg/hm2),分析了生物有机肥对甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响。结果表明,在减施化肥下配施生物有机肥能够不同程度促进甜菜生长发育,改善根冠比,提高产量。综合分析生长发育、产量、产糖量形成表明,以减施化肥条件下配施6 000 kg/hm2生物有机肥(L4)表现较优,能够实现甜菜全生育期株高增加13.19%～24.28%、叶面积指数增加32.29%～63.25%、茎叶和根干物质积累量分别增加24.61%～49.91%和36.22%～65.49%、根产量提高16.01%、产糖量提高10.65%。因此,内蒙古地区甜菜生产中,施用450 kg/hm2甜菜专用化肥+6 000 kg/hm2生物有机肥是一种具有较好增产稳糖效果的施肥方式。     

锰与氮钾配施对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量的影响

为确定在河南省典型潮土上合理的锰(Mn)与氮(N)、钾(K)配施方案.提高冬小麦蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,通过正交区组三因素五水平通用旋转组合设计的田间试验,研究了Mn与N、K配施对冬小麦蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量的影响.结果表明,合理的Mn与N、K配比可显著提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与蛋白质产量.N、K2O和MnSO4·H2O分别控制在33.57～42.29、259.30～276.64、163.83～164.63 kg·hm-2时,蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量才会较高.其中,氮肥对籽粒中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量影响较大,对醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白的作用均为Mn>K;对球蛋白的作用则是K>Mn.因此,保证N肥的合理供应是获得较高蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量和各蛋白组分的先决条件,在此基础上根据籽粒产量和品质要求调节Mn肥与K肥的施用比例.     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响

为考察酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254菌株的胞内成分。结果表明：通过谱库扫描得到32种高匹配率代谢物的初步鉴定结果,主要包括氨基酸类、酸类、烷烃类等,其中含量相对较高的有7种;枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物的种类和含量与其培养环境的酸碱度变化呈一定的相关性,强酸性(pH＝3)条件下培养的胞内代谢物具有特异性,而接近中性(pH＝5、7)条件及碱性(pH＝9、11)条件下培养胞内代谢物则相似。由此推断,不同pH条件影     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。