罗伯逊脐橙在不同生境下果实有机酸代谢相关酶的研究

以罗伯逊脐橙为试材,研究了四川3个生态型区5个代表性园片中的果实有机酸代谢相关酶的活性,以及它们的变化动态与果实有机酸积累关系,旨在探讨引起不同生境下果实有机酸含量差异的主要酶。结果表明,PEPC和CS是影响果实有机酸合成的重要酶,而影响有机酸分解的重要酶则是IDH;在不同生境下,果实整个生长发育过程中CS、MDH和线粒体ACO活性差异不明显,而IDH活性的差异则达到极显著水平,然而花后120d后,果实内PEPC和细胞质ACO活性差异极显著,说明IDH才是引起不同生境下脐橙果实有机酸含量差异的主要酶,而PEPC和细胞质ACO则起一定作用。     

果实成熟软化机理研究进展

综述了果实成熟软化方面的研究资料,介绍了果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁组分和结构的变化以及相关机理的研究进展。研究认为果实的软化与PE(果胶甲酯酶)、PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)、纤维素酶等酶的活性增强有关,果实成熟过程中PE、PG等细胞壁酶活性升高,使果胶、纤维素、半纤维素等细胞壁物质降解,细胞壁超微结构发生变化,从而引起果实硬度下降,果实变软。酶活性的升高受基因的调控,采后生物技术的研究为抑制果实成熟软化提供了新的途径。     

‘黄冠’梨采后热处理和钙处理对其钙形态及细胞壁物质代谢的影响

 以‘黄冠’梨为材料,研究了采后热处理（38 ℃热空气24 h）,钙处理（6% CaCl₂浸果15 min）及热加钙处理（6% CaCl₂ + 38 ℃）对果实低温贮藏过程中钙形态及细胞壁物质代谢的影响,以清水浸果为对照。结果表明：果胶钙为果实中主要的钙形态,其含量占全钙的49.7% ~ 55.8%,钙处理、热加钙处理果实的总钙含量与对照相比分别增加了22.95和31.58 µg · g^-1;钙处理、热加钙处理显著抑制了果实纤维素、原果胶、水溶性钙及果胶钙含量的下降,促进了草酸钙含量的增加,延缓了果实硬度的下降;热处理、热加钙处理显著降低了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）和纤维素酶活性。相关分析表明,果实硬度与纤维素、原果胶、水溶性钙和果胶钙含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性果胶含量呈极显著负相关;PG和纤维素酶与果实硬度均呈极显著负相关,PME与果实硬度的相关性不显著。钙处理、热加钙处理通过抑制可溶性钙向难溶性钙转化、细胞壁组成成分降解以及降低细胞壁降解酶活性,延缓果实软化,其中以6% CaCl₂ + 38 ℃的处理效果最好。     

脐橙果实糖酸比及代谢相关酶活性变化研究

以罗伯逊脐橙为试材,研究了脐橙果实糖酸比及其代谢相关酶的活性变化动态,旨在探索影响脐橙果实糖酸比的重要酶.结果表明:SS合成活性在果实膨大期与糖酸比大小呈显著正相关;花后120 d后,IDH的活性与糖酸比呈极显著正相关;SPS和细胞质ACO也对糖酸比有一定的作用;虽然CS和PEPC是有机酸合成的重要酶,但它对果实糖酸比的影响小.因而可认为脐橙果实糖酸比是SS合成、SPS、IDH和细胞质ACO综合作用的结果,但SS合成和IDH的作用更大.     

阿魏酸和那他霉素对采后黑莓果实细胞壁代谢的影响

以黑莓品种'Hull'为试材,采用阿魏酸和那他霉素浸泡黑莓果实,测定了果实细胞壁成分和细胞壁降解酶的活性,研究了采后处理对黑莓果实细胞壁的作用,以期阐明采后处理提高黑莓果实硬度的作用机制.结果 表明:阿魏酸和那他霉素处理后果实中纤维素和果胶含量高于对照组.阿魏酸处理可显著降低α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-Af)活性;那他霉素处理可显著降低β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)和β-甘露聚糖酶(β-Man)活性;阿魏酸和那他霉素联用可以显著降低多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性,提高木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶(XET)活性.综上所述,阿魏酸和那他霉素处理可以下调黑莓果实中的细胞壁降解酶活性,提高细胞壁保护酶活性,抑制果胶、半纤维素和纤维素的分解,从而延缓黑莓果实软化.     

PG酶与果实的成熟软化

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PGs）是一种在细胞壁结构的改变中起重要作用的酶，它可以催化果胶分子中α～（1、4）－聚半乳糖醛酸的裂解，从而参与果胶的降解，它与果实的软化密切相关。PGs具有2或3种同工酶，它们分别出现于果实发育的不同阶段。PGs是由多基因家族编码的，各基因家族成员分别调节不同时空的表达，通过反义RNA技术和插入失活的方法可对PG基因进行调控。乙烯在翻译水平控制PG基因的表达而对PGmRNA的转录没有影响。气调贮藏、热处理、钙处理等贮藏措施能抑制果实PG酶的活性，延缓果实的后熟软化进程。综述了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG酶）在果实成熟中的作用、PG酶同工酶、PG酶基因及其表达调控、乙烯及贮藏措施对PG酶活性和果实软化的调控。     

不同钙制剂对‘寒富’苹果果实硬度及相关细胞壁代谢物质的影响

【目的】探讨不同类型钙制剂对果实硬度影响的生理机制,为有效延长果实货架期、维持果实品质提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以硝酸钙、氯化钙、氨基酸钙、糖醇钙为钙制剂,对‘寒富’苹果进行采后浸钙处理,在货架期内动态监测果实硬度、细胞壁物质组分、细胞壁降解酶活性等指标。【结果】采后‘寒富’苹果果实硬度、原果胶含量、纤维素含量呈下降趋势,而果实可溶性果胶、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(CX)酶活性均呈上升趋势。4种形态钙制剂处理均提高了果实硬度,抑制了果实原果胶和纤维素下降以及可溶性果胶上升,抑制了PG、CX和PME酶活性。至贮藏35 d时,硝酸钙、氯化钙、氨基酸钙、糖醇钙处理的果实与对照相比,硬度分别增加了4.0%、6.0%、6.6%和7.9%;原果胶含量比对照高17.2%、21.0%、25.3%和29.6%;纤维素含量比对照高28.9%、36.5%、53.3%和68.5%;可溶性果胶比对照分别低13.7%、5.0%、19.4%和26.6%;PME活性比对照果实分别低19.8%、21.9%、27.9%、31.8%;PG酶活性比对照果实分别低5.4%、8.7%、15.3%、19.6%;CX酶活性比对照果实酶活性分别低22.1%、22.6%、43.7%、50.1%。相关性结果显示:果实硬度与可溶性果胶(p0.01)、PG酶(p0.01)、CX酶(p0.01)、PME酶(p0.05)均呈显著负相关,而与原果胶、纤维素呈显著正相关(p0.05)。【结论】采后钙处理能显著降低‘寒富’苹果PME、PG、CX酶活性,抑制原果胶和纤维素的降解和可溶性果胶的上升,从而更好地维持果实硬度。4种钙制剂中以糖醇钙处理效果最优。     

番茄果实发育过程中糖的变化与相关酶活性的关系

 在日光温室内以普通栽培番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) ‘辽园多丽’为试材, 在番茄开花后不同天数, 分别取果柄维管束、萼片、果肉、果胶质和胎座、心室隔壁和果实维管束, 分别测定各部位糖的组成和含量以及糖代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明, 在番茄果实发育过程中, 果肉中葡萄糖和果糖的含量与蔗糖合成酶( SS) 活性呈显著和极显著负相关, 相关系数分别为-0.9497^*和-0.9598^**, 两者与转化酶的活性在果实整个发育期达到显著正相关; 而蔗糖的含量与酸性转化酶及中性转化酶活性均达到极显著负相关, 相关系数分别为-0.9706^**和-0.9669^**, 与SS活性呈显著正相关, 相关系数为0.8886^*。在果实整个发育期, 3种糖的含量均与蔗糖磷酸合成酶( SPS) 无显著相关, 说明番茄果实中各种糖的积累与代谢主要受SS和转化酶活性的调控, 与SPS活性关系不大。果实中淀粉的积累只与SS呈显著正相关, 与其它3种酶活性关系不大。所以转化酶与蔗糖合成酶( SS) 的共同作用是影响普通栽培型番茄果实中糖积累的重要因子。     

黄瓜果实衰老过程中果皮超微结构的变化

以抗衰老‘649’和易衰老‘D0313’两个不同黄瓜品种为试验材料, 观察活体黄瓜果实衰老过程中果皮细胞壁及叶绿体、线粒体超微结构的变化。结果显示: ‘649’授粉后30 d果壁中胶层质密度降低, 叶绿体基质片层向两端拉伸; 授粉后40 d细胞壁开始降解, 叶绿体基粒片层变得膨大并开始解体, 线粒体内脊数目开始减少。‘D0313’授粉后20 d果壁中胶层断续不均匀, 叶绿体基粒类囊体开始膨大; 授粉后30 d, 细胞壁中胶层开始溶解, 叶绿体内部结构开始解体, 线粒体内脊模糊。表明, 衰老过程中, 易衰老品种‘D0313’果皮细胞壁、叶绿体、线粒体的衰老症状出现的都比耐衰老品种‘649’早。衰老过程中线粒体是较稳定的细胞器, 其变化迟于叶绿体。     

‘红富士’苹果果实蔗糖代谢与酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶关系的研究

 ‘红富士’苹果果实生长发育过程中糖积累和糖代谢相关酶活性的变化规律表明, 发育前期, 可溶性酸性转化酶和细胞壁结合酸性转化酶活性与此阶段果实中可溶性糖的积累量呈显著的负相关; 发育后期, 蔗糖合酶与蔗糖的积累水平呈显著的正相关。据此认为,红富士苹果果实蔗糖代谢可能主要受到酸性转化酶和蔗糖合酶的调控。     

低温贮藏对菠萝细胞壁降解的影响

菠萝在贮藏过程中PG、PE活性升高 ,水溶性糖醛酸含量增加 ,硬度降低 ,同时果肉组织细胞表现为细胞壁微纤丝层次性排列被破坏 ,中胶层电子密度降低。低温可延缓水溶性糖醛酸含量的增加和硬度的下降 ,抑制PG和PE活性 ,从而抑制细胞壁的降解。     

Involvement of 1-methylcyclopropene in ripening of harvested mei (Prunus mume) fruit

Summary

Harvested mei (Prunus mume) fruit were stored at 20°C after exposure to 500 nl l^–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 8 h. Firmness, peel colour, chlorophyll content, chlorophyllase activity, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), respiration and ethylene production, and cell wall hydrolysis enzyme activities were monitored to determine the efficacy of 1-MCP treatment in delaying mei fruit ripening compared to untreated control fruit. Results showed that control ‘daqinghe’ mei fruit displayed typical climacteric patterns of respiration and ethylene production. Peak CO₂ production and ethylene production were observed after 6 d. Fruit softening was accompanied by a progressive decrease in colour parameters expressed as hue angle (h°), chlorophyll content, SSC, TA and increases in chlorophyllase, pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities. 1-MCP treatment prior to the climacteric increase significantly delayed the onset of the climacteric peaks of CO₂ and ethylene production. These delays were associated with reductions in fruit softening, consistent with delaying the activities of PME and PG. Fruit treated with 1-MCP exhibited less peel colour change from green-to-yellow because of their lower levels of chlorophyllase activity and less chlorophyll breakdown. Moreover, 1-MCP treatment also significantly retarded reductions in SSC and TA compared with control fruit. The shelf-life of mei fruit ripening was increased by 4 d following 1-MCP treatment. Thus, 1-MCP treatment can markedly extend the post-harvest life of ‘daqinghe’ mei fruit.     

The effectiveness of grafting to improve tomato fruit quality

The possibility of applying grafting to improve fruit quality has been scarcely investigated. Different shoot tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes were grafted onto distinctly-different tomato rootstocks and the effect of the rootstock on two important fruit quality parameters, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), was studied under both non-saline and saline conditions. Increased SSC and TA in fruits from grafted plants grown under saline conditions were observed on different grafting combinations. One of these rootstocks (cv. Radja) was able to induce increases in both fruit yield and fruit quality traits of the scion. When recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the crossing of the cultivated tomato and wild tomato (Solanum cheesmaniae) were tested as rootstocks, using the commercial hybrid ‘Boludo’ as scion, the rootstock also improved SSC and TA when grafted plants were grown under non-saline conditions. On the whole, these results show the effectiveness of grafting with respect to upgrading of fruit quality in tomato, which is of great importance as grafting is a rapid and efficient alternative to achieve this goal.     

脐橙在不同生境下果实蔗糖代谢相关酶的研究

 研究了四川3 个生态型区5 个代表性果园中的脐橙果实蔗糖合成酶(SS) 和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS) 的活性变化及其与果实糖积累的关系。结果表明: SPS 是影响果实膨大期糖积累的重要酶, 而成熟期的关键酶则是SS 合成方向; 在不同生境下, 果实内SPS 和SS 分解方向活性差异不明显, 而SS 合成方向活性的差异则达到极显著水平, 说明虽然SS 分解方向和合成方向都通过调节果实库强而影响糖的运输和积累, 但SS 合成方向才是引起不同生境下脐橙果实含糖量差异的关键酶。     

PG,ACC,乙烯对番茄果实成熟的影响

番茄果实在成熟过程中硬度下降迅速，ＰＧ活性急剧上升，表现出显著的负相关；用ＡＣＣ和乙烯利处理绿熟期果实，结果乙烯促进了正常番茄和ａｌｃ番茄果实成熟进程，其ＰＧ活性也升高，而外源乙烯和ＡＣＣ不影响ｎｏｒ基因突变体果实的成熟进程。ＡＣＣ和ＰＧ无直接关系。     

抗裂制干枣新品种‘阎良相枣’

 ‘阎良相枣’为优良制干枣晚熟新品种。果实中等大小，扁圆形，平均单果质量9.5 g，最大果15 g，平均单核0.4 g，鲜枣可食率96％，可溶性糖29.2％，有机酸0.31％。果皮赭红色，韧性强，极抗裂，适宜制干，制干率46％。制干后，干枣果肉饱满，富有弹性，果面光亮。适宜年均气温11～13℃、 降雨量550～650 mm的北方地区栽培，适宜枣粮间作。     

Fractional changes of pectic polysaccharides in different tissue zones of developing guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits

Cell-wall pectic polysaccharides were fractionated by sequential extraction with water, 1% potassium oxalate at room temperature, 0.05 M HCl at 100 °C and 0.05 M NaOH at 4 °C from the three specific tissue zones, i.e., outer pericarp (OP), middle pericarp (MP) and inner pericarp (IP) of the guava fruits during their development and ripening. The water and oxalate-soluble pectic fractions were found to increase, while acid and alkali-soluble pectic fractions had a decreasing trend at ripening phase of fruit, irrespective of the different tissue zones. However, the extent of pectic solubilization was more pronounced in IP region as compared to OP and MP zone of the fruit tissue. The differential degradation of pectic polymers thus points out that ripening as well as tissue softening of guava fruits are centrifugally expressed as evidenced by higher accumulation of sugar and soluble pectic polysaccharides in IP zone of the fruits.     

沙棘中糖、酸、维生素C和SOD的动态变化

对中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古国沙棘果实的总糖和可溶性固形物、总酸、维生素C和SOD以及叶中维生素C在年生长周期中的变化规律进行了比较研究。结果表明,果实着色前含糖量和可溶性固形物的变化一直下降,着色后呈上升趋势;有机酸含量在果实发育前期至中期一直呈增加趋势,至果实着色期后迅速下降,但中国沙棘在着色期后有机酸含量变化不大,成熟前才迅速下降;维生素C含量变化是中国沙棘在成熟时达到最大,成熟后迅速下降,俄蒙沙棘叶中维生素C则高于中国沙棘;SOD是先升后降,在成熟前达到最大值,成熟时下降。     

Introduction of New Promising Apple Genotypes: A Study of Quality Attributes of Apple in Crosses between Iranian Early Ripening and Exotic Late Ripening Apple Cultivars

Apple breeding is usually done to produce higher quality apples. We crossed two late ripening high quality apple cultivars (i.e., Golden Smoothie and Red Spur) as maternal parents with two Iranian domestic early ripening apple cultivars (i.e., Golab-e Kohanz and Shafi Abadi) as pollen parents in 2005 to breed new early ripening apple cultivars. We then measured qualitative and quantitative traits of 360 off spring during 2010 and 2011. Results of recorded traits on the 5th and 6th year of growth of the progeny showed that during two evaluation years, flowering and fruit ripening time, titrable acidity, SSC/acid ratio, and fruit weight had the highest coefficients of phenotypic variations. Progenies were classified in three groups: early, mid, and late ripening. Some of the selected progeny were better than their early ripening parental cultivars being earlier in the ripening, with larger fruit size and better texture and flavor. Genotypes A31, A32, I5, I23, and I57 were in the early ripening category, B11 and A34 were in the middle, and B77 and E21 were in the late ripening categories. These characteristics were considered to present an improvement.