桃褐腐病发病症状与防治措施

桃树褐腐病是一种常见的桃树重要病害.除危害桃树外,还危害樱桃、李、杏等其他核果类果树.褐腐病在全国各桃产区都有发生,该病危害桃树的花、叶、枝梢及果实,以果实受害最重.如果防治不及时,可造成毁灭性损失,造成产量欠收,给果农带来很大的经济损失.桃树褐腐病的发病症状与综合防治措施是：     

桃褐腐病的发生及综合防治技术

正桃褐腐病是桃树主要病害之一,发生广泛,北方桃园多在雨季发生流行。褐腐病不仅导致桃树落果、烂果,贮运期亦可继续传染发病,常造成较大经济损失。褐腐病除危害桃树外,还可侵染李、杏、樱桃等核果类果树。现将桃褐腐病发病规律及防治措施总结如下。1发病症状桃褐腐病主要危害果实,也可危害桃树的花、叶、枝梢。幼果至成熟期均可受害,越接近成熟受害越重。果实被害,最初在果面产生褐色圆形病斑,果肉随之变褐软腐,以后在病斑表面生出灰褐     

好力克SC、安泰生WP防治桃褐腐病田间药效试验

以43 %好力克(戊唑醇)SC、70 %安泰生(丙森锌)WP为试材,进行桃褐腐病防治田间药效试验.结果表明,好力克、安泰生对桃树褐腐病均具有良好防效,安泰生1 000倍 好力克10 000倍混配液,平均防效可达到94.26 %.     

北京市平谷区桃褐腐病的发生与防治

正褐腐病是平谷区桃树的最重要病害,主要为害果实,遇天气适合发病的年份,防治如不及时,桃果采摘前后往往大量烂果,造成重大损失。为了改进防治技术,获得稳定的好果率,于2005—2008年进行了研究。1桃褐腐病的发生情况褐腐病在全区普遍发生,中熟品种和晚熟品种受害重,早熟品种受害较轻。2桃褐腐病的症状表现     

好力克、安泰生对桃褐腐病的防治效果

2007年进行了43%好力克(戊唑醇)SC、70%安泰生(丙森锌)WP防治桃褐腐病的田间药效试验。结果表明,好力克、安泰生对桃树褐腐病均有良好防效,安泰生1000倍液 好力克10000倍液的防效达94.26%。     

桃树冠腐病的发生与防治

桃树冠腐病的发生与防治卜丽花（辽宁省辽中县南门街６号１１０２００）桃树冠腐病又名颈腐病、疫腐病，主要为害桃树苗木和大树的根颈部，发病初期或病情较轻时，其症状不明显，发病较重时，病部皮层变褐腐烂，相对应的地上部枝干发芽迟缓、叶片窄小、生长不良，花期提前...     

桃菌核病的发生与防治

桃菌核病是上海郊区和江南一带桃园发生较多的一种真菌性病害,由于本病也能造成幼果的迅速变褐腐烂,因此也常被统称为“褐腐病”。本病在某些年份也能造成重大损失。据在上海郊区观察,本病与油菜菌核病为同一病原。除桃外,梨也有发生。但梨树上以花腐及叶腐为主,梨果发病较轻。为害症状:本病能为害桃树的花、新叶、嫩梢及幼果。初期的症状与桃褐腐病极为相似,花期受     

北京地区桃褐腐病的发生规律与防治措施

<正>平谷区作为北京市最大的桃树栽植地区,现有桃树面积1.46万hm2,桃树已成为当地的支柱产业。自2000年以来,桃褐腐病在平谷区普遍发生,且逐年加重。其中2005年发病严重的桃园,桃果受危害,大量脱落;采摘时未显症的果实,在采后2~3d内50%桃果腐烂,给果农造成严重的经济损失。     

4种桃树主要真菌病害及其防治技术

介绍了山东省桃树褐腐病、疮痂病、黑斑病和炭疽病等4种病害的病原、危害症状、发生规律及防治技术。     

山东桃褐腐病病原菌种群鉴定及致病性分析

【目的】明确山东省桃褐腐病病原菌种群结构及其致病力差异，为山东桃褐腐病病原菌的多样性研究及有效防控提供理论依据。【方法】采集烟台、威海、临沂等地桃褐腐病样本，利用形态学鉴定、rDNA-ITS序列分析、欧氏距离非加权组平均法(UPGMA)等技术手段，对桃褐腐病病原菌种类、致病力等进行分析。【结果】采集桃树叶片、果实、枝条褐腐病样品，通过组织分离获得41株桃褐腐病病原菌，这些菌株在菌落形态上存在较大差异，结合rDNA-ITS序列分析，分别鉴定为Monilinia fructicola、Monilia yunnanensis及Monilia polystroma，三者占比分别为80.48%、9.76%、9.76%。桃褐腐病病原菌菌丝生长速率为0.47～1.09 cm·d^-1,UPGMA聚类分析证实，其生长速率可被划分为慢、中、快三大类。采用桃叶片有伤接种菌饼方法，确定桃褐腐病病原菌引起的病斑大小范围为0～2.32 cm,UPGMA聚类分析证实，其致病力可被划分为强、中、弱三类。桃褐腐病病原菌菌丝生长速率及产孢量与致病力相关性分析发现，相关系数r分别为0.297 5、0....     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.     

Influence of lanthanum nitrate on the expression of aquaporin 7 in the testis of rats

AIM: To find out whether different dosage of rare earth element-lanthanum can influence the expression of aquaporin 7(AQP 7) in the testis of rats. METHODS:Rats were fed with lanthanum nitrate[La(NO₃)₃]and killed 6 months later.Testes were then removed immediately to extract total RNA.Northern blot analysis is performed finally. RESULTS:0.1 mg/kg La(NO₃)₃ depressed the expression of AQP 7 in rat testis, while 20 mg/kg La(NO₃)₃ had no significant effect on it. CONCLUSION: AQP 7 expession is found in the rat testis; La(NO₃)₃ can depress the expression of AQP 7 in the rat testis.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfung von Kirschensorten auf wuchsreduzierenden Unterlagen in Ungarn

Zusammenfassung In Ungarn gibt es ein reges Interesse an intensivem Obstanbau. Der Erfolg dieses Anbaus hängt in sehr großem Maße von den Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Standort, den Sorten-Unterlagen-Kombinationen und dem Anbauverfahren ab.Um die Wirkung wuchsreduzierender Kirschenunterlagen aus ausländischen Züchtungsinstituten unter ungarischen Klimaverhältnissen untersuchen zu können, wurde im Forschungsinstitut für Obst- und Zierpflanzenbau Budapest-Érd ein Vergleichsversuch durchgeführt. Der Versuch wurde mit Cerasus avium C. 2493, Weiroot 13, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72, Weiroot 154, Weiroot 158, GiSelA 5 und P-HL-A-Unterlagen 1997 in der Versuchsanstalt des Forschungsinstituts für Obst- und Zierpflanzenbau Budapest-Érd aufgepflanzt. Als Kontrolle diente die Sämlingsunterlage Cerasus mahaleb Cema, deren Anteil im ungarischen Süßkirschenanbau bei 70–80% liegt. Die Unterlagen wurden mit drei Süßkirschensorten (Germersdorfi , Linda, Katalin) und mit einer Sauerkirschensorte (Piramis) veredelt.Nach der Wüchsigkeit bis zum Ende des 8. Standjahres konnten die Unterlagen in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden: starkwüchsige (Cerasus mahaleb Cema, Cerasus avium C. 2493, Weiroot 13), mittelstarkwüchsige (Weiroot 158, Weiroot 154, P-HL-A) und schwachwüchsige Unterlagen (Weiroot 72, Weiroot 53, GiSelA 5). Die stärkste Neigung, Wurzelschosse zu treiben, zeigten Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 154.Während der Untersuchung der generativen Eigenschaften wurde beobachtet, dass es Unterschiede in der Blütezeit der Sorten-Unterlagen-Kombinationen gibt. Auf GiSelA 5 veredelte Sorten blühten 1 oder 2 Tage früher als die Kontrolle. Es gab nur geringe Unterschiede in der Reifezeit der Kombinationen. Den größten Ertrag hatte die Sorte Linda, gefolgt von Katalin, Germersdorfi 3 und Piramis. Der größte Fruchtdurchmesser wurde bei der Süßkirschensorte Germersdorfi 3 gefunden, der größte Anteil an Früchten größer als 26 mm bei den Bäumen auf Weiroot 72 (23%), der geringste Anteil großer Früchte bei den Bäumen auf GiSelA 5. Bei Piramis wurde der größte Fruchtdurchmesser auf Cerasus avium C. 2493 gemessen.     

Effects of corridors on home range sizes and interpatch movements of three small mammal species

Corridors are predicted to benefit populations in patchy habitats bypromoting movement, which should increase population densities, gene flow, andrecolonization of extinct patch populations. However, few investigators haveconsidered use of the total landscape, particularly the possibility ofinterpatch movement through matrix habitat, by small mammals. This studycompares home range sizes of 3 species of small mammals, the cotton mouse(Peromyscus gossypinus), old-field mouse (P.polionotus) and cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)between patches with and without corridors. The study site was in S. Carolina,USA. Corridor presence did not have astatistically significant influence on average home range size. Habitatspecialization and sex influenced the probability of an individual movingbetween 2 patches without corridors. The results of this study suggest thatsmall mammals may be more capable of interpatch movement without corridors thanis frequently assumed.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quercetin regulates Fas expression and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells

AIM: To investigate the role of 1, 4, 5- trisphosphate inositol (IP3) and Fas gene expression in apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by quercetin. METHODS: HepG2 cells were treated with quercetin at different concentrations (including 20, 40, 60, 80 μmol/ L) for 72 h and treated with 60 μmol/ L quercetin for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. IP3, Fas mRNA, Fas protein and apoptosis rate were assayed by IP3 - ［3H］ Birtrak assay, RT-PCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: When HepG2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of quercetin for 72 h, the IP3 content was lower than those in control. Fas mRNA expression, Fas protein expression and the apoptosis rate were higher than those in control. When HepG2 cells were incubated with quercetin for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, the IP3 contents were lower than those in control incubated with 60 μmol/L quercetin for 12 h. Fas mRNA expression was higher than that in control incubated with 60 μmol/L quercetin for 12 h . Fas protein expression was higher than that in control. The apoptosis rate was significantly higher than that in control incubated with 60 μmol/L quercetin for 24 h (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Quercetin induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells by reducing IP3 production and upregulating Fas gene expression.