人工与智能仪器对不同番茄品种 感官评价对比分析

摘要：以8种番茄为研究对象，利用人工感官评价和智能仪器（电子眼、电子舌和电子鼻）评价相结 合的方法，研究不同番茄品种的消费者喜好度差异和影响消费者喜好度的内在原因。结果表明：智能感官 仪器中的电子眼可以将番茄外观参数量化及数字化，从而进行精确比较；电子舌可以代替人工多次重复性 品尝并对不同品种番茄的酸甜滋味差异进行分析；电子鼻可以通过分析和数据处理，找出影响不同品种番 茄风味差异的对应化合物；通过此次人工感官评价与智能感官评价结果结合分析，发现消费者更加喜欢红 色番茄，而影响番茄风味的主要是青草味、果香味、奶酪味的一些化合物。人工感官与智能感官评价相结 合不仅能够得到消费者喜爱的产品，还能分析出影响喜好度的原因；因此，人工与智能感官评价结合能够 对果蔬风味进行科学评价，也可以为未来培育出更受消费者喜爱的蔬菜品种提供理论依据。     

Ethylene sensitivity regulates the wounding response in wild type and never ripe tomatoes

Tomatoes are important sources of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive molecules. The fresh cut industry is interested in including tomatoes among the fresh cut vegetables. The wounds usually induce tissue degradation and release of juice, which can negatively affect quality during storage. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of ethylene in the processed vegetables using the never ripe (Nr) mutant and wild type tomatoes. The ethylene accumulation affected shelf life and quality based on the differential sensitivity of the genotypes to ethylene. Physiological and biochemical parameters related to membrane stability, phospholipases activities, ethylene and carbon dioxide accumulation were investigated in Nr mutant and wild type tomatoes as processed products and whole fruits. Results indicate that ethylene biosynthesis significantly regulates membrane breakdown. Nr tomatoes showed higher membrane stability, higher tolerance to wounding, and lower variability of physiological and biochemical parameters. Hence, this genotype can represent a genetic source of traits that can be exploited in fresh-cut tomato breeding programmes.     

Seed Number,Specific Gravity and External Appearance of Hollow Tomato Fruits

Experiments were carried out in Israel over several years with outdoor winter tomatoes, cv. Moneymaker. It was concluded that generally no correlation exists between the average number or weight of seeds per fruit and the frequency or grade of hollowness. The separation of regular, globe-shaped from irregularly shaped fruit substantially reduced the percentage of hollowness of the samples. The immersion of tomato fruits in tap or distilled water allowed satisfactory separation between hollow fruits, most of which floated on the surface, and normal fruits which mostly sank to the bottom.     

番茄斑萎病毒TSWV 的鉴定及抗病种质的筛选

 在北京顺义地区番茄栽培温室中随机抽取了15份疑似感染番茄斑萎病毒（TSWV）的植株叶片和果实,利用TSWV试剂盒进行DAS-ELISA检测,结果均为阳性,表明其感染了TSWV。利用来自秘鲁番茄的抗TSWV基因Sw-5的共显性SCAR标记,对442份番茄材料进行分析,筛选出24份含有Sw-5的材料,其中4份为野生番茄,1份为杂交种,16份为高代育种自交系,3份为野生潘那利番茄渐渗系。4份野生番茄综合农艺性状较差,如果实小、产量低、品质和风味差等,不能直接应用于育种;其余20份含Sw-5的材料综合农艺性状较好,可作为番茄抗TSWV的育种材料。     

甘露聚糖酶与番茄果实硬度的关系

摘　要：本试验采用逆转录法从番茄品种Micro-Tom的成熟果皮中分离得到LeMan4基因,构建了LeMan4反义基因的植物表达载体pBI121-RLeMan4,并通过根癌农杆菌EHA105将其转化番茄,根据NptⅡ序列对抗性植株进行PCR和Southern检测分析,并进行了转基因植株的生理检测。结果表明,NptⅡ序列已整合到番茄基因组中,各转基因植株果实的甘露聚糖酶活性被抑制在12.2 %以下,果实硬度比对照高,但果实都能够成熟和软化,这说明甘露聚糖酶活性与果实软化有关,但却不是番茄果实成熟软化的必要因子。     

不同消毒剂及清洗温度对番茄货架期腐烂率的影响

针对番茄采后腐烂率较高的问题，研究了不同清洗温度〔果温（28±5）℃〕下消毒剂（100  mg·kg^-1 NaClO和5 mg·kg^-1 ClO₂）和自来水清洗处理对番茄货架期（PE包装，室温28～30 ℃，7 d）腐 烂率的影响。结果表明，与不清洗对照相比，清洗后番茄果实腐烂率由47 %下降到9 %～26 %；清洗温度 对自来水和ClO₂处理的番茄果实腐烂率影响不大，但高于果温（28 ℃）5 ℃的NaClO处理的番茄果实腐 烂率较低于果温5 ℃的NaClO处理显著降低，其货架7 d番茄果实腐烂率仅为9 %，是各清洗处理中效果最 好的。     

短期夜间低温对栽培番茄和野生番茄果实蔗糖代谢的影响

 在人工气候室内以低温敏感的栽培番茄（Solanum lycopersicon）‘Money Maker’和耐低温的野生番茄（S. habrochaites）‘LA1777’为试材,研究了短期（4 d）夜间15 ℃处理和9 ℃、6 ℃及其恢复处理对番茄果实糖含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明：6 ℃处理0.5 d,耐低温的番茄（‘LA1777’）果实中果糖和葡萄糖含量升高,低温敏感番茄（‘Money Maker’）果实中两种糖含量无显著变化。6 ℃处理‘Money Maker’中蔗糖和淀粉的含量显著降低,而‘LA1777’中含量提高。在恢复期,两种番茄的蔗糖含量均恢复到对照水平,6 ℃处理的葡萄糖和果糖未恢复到对照水平,而9 ℃与对照无显著差异。6 ℃处理降低两种番茄果实中转化酶和蔗糖合成酶（SS分解方向）的活性,无法恢复至对照水平,‘Money Maker’果实中SS合成方向的活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性提高,而‘LA1777’变化不显著。说明短期夜间低温条件下耐低温的番茄是通过提高果实中总的碳水化合物含量来适应低温胁迫的,而低温敏感的番茄则是降低果实中碳水化合物含量来响应低温。     

番茄灰霉病和叶霉病拮抗细菌WXCDD51的筛选鉴定及其生防促生作用

从健康番茄植株根际土中分离筛选得到对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄叶霉病菌均有较强拮抗作用的生防细菌WXCDD51,通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S r DNA序列分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。菌丝生长试验研究结果表明,该菌株的无菌滤液可以显著抑制番茄灰霉病菌和番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长,抑制率分别为94.29%和94.06%;盆栽试验结果表明,该菌株可以有效防治番茄灰霉病和番茄叶霉病,防效分别为66.23%和69.45%;拮抗试验显示,该菌株对10种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,抑菌率在53.04%~94.59%;促生试验表明,该菌株对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长均具有一定的促进作用,用浓度为10~6 cfu·mL~(-1)的菌液浸种处理,种子发芽率、胚根长度与对照相比分别增加80.0%和62.57%。用菌液(10~7 cfu·mL~(-1))灌根处理的番茄幼苗,其各项生理指标均显著高于对照;用菌液(10~7 cfu·mL~(-1))浸泡番茄果实可防止腐烂且对果实营养品质无不良影响。     

土壤磷素活化剂对番茄生长的影响

以番茄品种中杂9号为材料，研究了土壤磷素活化剂对番茄生长的影响。结果表明，土壤磷素活化剂可促进番茄的生长发育，在茎粗、叶片长度、叶片宽度、株高和果实大小等性状上施用土壤磷素活化剂均好于对照。土壤磷素活化剂可作为番茄绿色生态肥料。     

Effects of CCC on the occurrence of tomato puffy fruits and the endogenous cytokinin activities

CCC treatment at flowering time suppressed the occurrence of tomato fruit puffiness in solution culture. Root application, truss spraying and whole plant spraying of CCC were all effective in correcting fruit puffiness, and truss spraying did not decrease fruit weight, unlike the other two treatments. For practical use, truss spraying might be the best method to control tomato fruit puffiness.Cytokinin contents in the xylem sap of tomatoes increased when CCC was applied to roots. This suggests that cytokinin biosynthesis in roots was increased by CCC treatment. Cytokinin activities in tomato fruits at an early developmental stage were also markedly increased by CCC treatment to roots. These results suggest that the CCC effect on the control of tomato fruit puffiness might be partly due to increased cytokinin activity in the developing fruit.     

Effects of high electrical conductivity of nutrient solution and its application timing on lycopene,chlorophyll and sugar concentrations of hydroponic tomatoes during ripening

Tomato (cv. Durinta) plants were grown hydroponically under two electrical conductivities (EC, 2.3 and 4.5 dS m⁻¹) of nutrient solution inside a greenhouse. The high EC treatment was initiated either immediately after anthesis (high EC treatment) or 4 weeks after anthesis (delayed high EC treatment). Fruits were harvested weekly beginning 2 weeks after anthesis, until all fruits reached the red stage (8 weeks after anthesis). Lycopene, chlorophyll, sugar and total soluble solid (TSS) concentrations of fruits were measured every week for all harvested tomatoes from the different ripeness stages. The results showed that lycopene concentration, fructose and glucose concentrations and TSS of red ripe tomato fruits were enhanced by both high EC and delayed high EC treatments compared to those in the low EC treatment. The lycopene concentration of red ripe tomato fruits in the high EC and the delayed high EC treatments showed an increase of 30–40% (1.29–1.39 mg g⁻¹ dry matter) compared to those in the low EC treatment (0.99 mg g⁻¹); however, there was no significant difference in the lycopene concentration between the high EC and delayed high EC treatments. TSS of red ripe tomato fruits grown in the high EC treatment was 6.1%, significantly greater than those grown in the delayed high EC treatment (5.7%). Weekly change in lycopene concentration indicated that lycopene synthesis was enhanced by the high EC treatment, regardless of the application timing. Regardless of EC treatment, chlorophyll concentration in fruit declined linearly during fruit development and ripening and reached non-detectable levels 7 weeks after anthesis. Our results indicated that: (1) accumulation of sugars and TSS in fruit was due to reduced water flux to the fruit under high EC as previously reported, and (2) lycopene synthesis was promoted by, but chlorophyll degradation was independent from, the osmotic and/or salt stress caused by the high EC.     

不同施肥方式对日光温室番茄产量、品质及肥料利用率的影响

为准确掌握陇东地区日光温室不同肥料种类、施用量、施肥方法的肥料利用状况，开展了日光温室不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥、不施磷肥、不施钾肥、配方施肥、新型肥料(水溶肥)、水肥一体化和肥料减量小区对比试验，对不同处理番茄生长发育、抗病性、产量、品质及土壤、果实和茎叶养分含量进行分析。结果表明：配方施肥处理的番茄开花期提前了3 d，采收期延长了10 d，长势旺盛，单果质量较大且品质较优，667 m²产量为7 972.8 kg，位列第2，较CK增产83.28%，氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别为37.38%、26.21%、61.99%。水肥一体化处理的番茄开花期提前了2 d，采收期延长了8 d，长势较好，单果质量最大且品质较优，667 m²产量最高，为8 108.9 kg，较CK增产86.41%，氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别为46.85%、27.69%、65.70%。配方施肥及水肥一体化均能有效改善日光温室土壤养分状况，提高番茄产量、品质和肥料利用率，实现化肥减量增效的目的。     

番茄耐裂果基因Cr3a的精细定位

以栽培番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)‘1052’为遗传背景的潘那利番茄(S.pennellii)‘LA0716’的渐渗系‘14h616’含有‘LA0716’第3染色体上长度为2.66Mb的片段,该片段含有番茄耐裂果基因Cr3a。以‘14h616’和‘1052’为亲本构建了番茄耐裂果基因Cr3a的亚渐渗系群体,以亚渐渗系群体F5代中易裂果和含有耐裂果基因Cr3a的耐裂果为材料制作石蜡切片,测量果实含水量。结果表明易裂果番茄与含Cr3a耐裂果番茄果皮角质层厚度和表皮细胞层数均无显著差异;但绿熟期易裂番茄果实含水量显著高于含Cr3a耐裂番茄。亚渐渗系群体遗传分析并结合表型鉴定结果表明,番茄耐裂性对易裂性为不完全显性关系,基因Cr3a的遗传贡献率是27.41%;将Cr3a定位于分子标记3-ZY75和3-ZY43约349kb范围内,在该区段内检测到47个候选基因。利用分子标记对以耐裂材料‘182h640’为母本、易裂材料‘182h680’为父本构建的F2群体及200份遗传背景不同的高代材料进行验证,符合性较好,选择准确度可达96%。本研究的结果为Cr3a的图位克隆和番茄耐裂果分子改良打下了坚实的基础。     

The effect of different day/night temperature regimes on growth,development and yield of glasshouse tomatoes

Summary

The response of glasshouse grown tomatoes, cv. Counter, to day/night temperature regimes was examined in two consecutive years. In both years three day/night temperature regimes, with the same average 24-hour temperature, were applied in duplicate, i.e. high/low, equal, and low/high. Differences in temperature were maintained from three days after planting (4 December 1984 and 3 February 1986) until 13 May 1985 and 1 May 1986, respectively. Plant development (increase in number of trusses) was not affected.by the temperature regime. Growth in length of the stem was strongly reduced by a lower day temperature. In the first experiment the crop at the low day temperature treatment was damaged by leaf scorch, most likely caused by low transpiration. Consequently, early yield was lower for this treatment. In the second experiment no leaf scorch occurred and no significant differences in early yield were found. Final yield and average fruit weight, until 1 July for both experiments, were higher at the higher night temperature. Shelf life of the fruits and internal quality was not influenced by the temperature regime. Thus, the length of a tomato plant can be manipulated by the difference between day and night temperature, while development and early yield depend greatly on the average 24-hour temperature. Final yield can be higher at higher night temperature and the same average temperature because the crop is more robust. Temperature control based on average 24-hour temperat-ure can be used to minimize energy. consumption and, together with other growth factors, to optimize financial yield.     

转基因番茄果实成熟与乙烯含量的关系

为探索番茄果实成熟与乙烯的关系,测定了转反义NR和ACC基因突变体番茄果实不同发育期乙烯释放量的变化,结果显示:(1)NR2、NR17和NR18号转反义NR基因果实各期的乙烯含量变化规律与普通果实相同。(2)转反义 NR基因番茄果实与转反义ACC基因番茄果实不同,前者果实能正常成熟、但成熟延迟,后者不能正常成熟。(3)在转反义NR基因果实发育各期中,粉红期乙烯释放量最高。(4)转反义NR基因果实成熟各期乙烯的释放量均明显低于普通果实。说明乙烯受体蛋白基因——NR基因的表达在被抑制后,也反过来抑制了番茄果实乙烯的释放。(5)转反义NR基因果实在常温下贮藏,贮藏期延长了43d。     

Use of low-pressure storage to improve the quality of tomatoes

Freshly harvested vine-ripened tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Neang Pich) were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) at 10°C for 11 days with 100% RH. Fruit quality was examined upon removal and after being transferred to normal atmosphere (101 kPa) at 20°C for 3 days. Weight loss was significantly lower in fruits which were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) than in fruits that were stored at regular atmosphere (101 kPa) at 10°C. Fruits that were stored at low pressure (4 kPa) reduced calyx browning by 12.5%, and calyx rots by 16%, compared to fruits that were stored at regular atmosphere (101 kPa) at 10°C. Fruit firmness was not significantly different between fruits stored at low pressures (4 kPa) and the normal atmosphere (101 kPa), with an average firmness of 14 N after fruits were stored at 10°C for 11 days. There was no difference in the SSC/TA ratio. The results suggest that a low pressure of 4 kPa at 10°C has potential as an alternative, non-chemical postharvest treatment to improve tomato quality during storage.     

日光温室不同果穗番茄品质差异性研究

为探究番茄果实穗数与品质之间的关系，确定品质最优果穗，以“原味一号”和“世纪嘉丽”2种不同类型番茄为试验材料，通过测定番茄果实9个主要品质指标，分析了不同果穗各项品质指标的差异性及变化规律。结果表明：2种番茄多项品质指标存在品种间差异，但随果穗数的升高变化规律基本一致，综合外观品质、风味品质和营养品质，2种类型番茄品质均以第3、4穗果最佳。     

网销中果型鲜食番茄全产业链生产管理技术

摘要：为了提高中果型鲜食番茄生产经营者的积极性,保护全产业链各方利益,保证产业健康有序发展,从产前、产中、产后3个方面系统阐述了中果型鲜食番茄产地环境、GAP要求、品种选择、壮苗培育、田间管理、采摘收获、生产记录、产品包装、等级标准、存储条件、快递服务、售后服务及运营管理等全产业链生产管理技术,该技术推广应用后,可实现番茄的周年安全、稳定供应,得到了菜农的积极响应,农户不仅获得了番茄种植的收益,还参与视频直播,获得了网络销售的收益。     

Almond shell waste: possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture

This industrial residue is the woody endocarp of the almond fruits. This material is normally incinerated or dumped without control. Almond shell used (100% pure) as growing media can be more ecologically-friendly and less expensive than traditional rockwool since it can be locally produced. Three commercially produced random samples of two different textures and two volumes (19 and 25 L) were evaluated as growing media for soilless production. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of volume and texture and to compare this substrate with rockwool in terms of yield and quality characteristics of fruits in melon and tomato culture. The physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties studied did not differ significantly between both textures. Tomato plants grown in almond shell residue used 21% less water compared to rockwool over the course of production. We found non-limiting in comparison to rockwool for melon and tomato crops in relation to fertigation parameters, water uptake and yield. Significant differences of yield were found when we used the big size, specially in melon crop where commercial yield and soluble solids of plants growing on 25 L bags was higher than that on small one. The results suggested that almond shells seem to be an acceptable growing media as rockwool substitute for soilless vegetable production.     

盐胁迫对番茄不同砧木生长的影响

以"大维番茄根砧"、"坂砧一号"、"久留大佐"、"春树"4种番茄砧木为试材,研究了不同浓度盐胁迫处理对其耐盐性的影响。结果表明:4个砧木品种的耐盐性强弱为"大维番茄根砧">"春树">"坂砧一号">"久留大佐"。