两种报春苣苔属(苦苣苔科)植物传粉生物学研究

以原产于广西阳朔的漓江报春苣苔(Primulina lijiangensis)和心叶报春苣苔(P.cordata)2种报春苣苔属植物为试材,从开花生物学、花粉活力和柱头可授性、花粉/胚珠(P/O)比率、访花昆虫种类和访花行为、杂交指数(OCI)以及繁育系统等方面对2种报春苣苔属植物的传粉生物学进行比较研究。结果表明:2种报春苣苔属植物花期长度相近,均约45d,心叶报春苣苔开花较早;前者单花周期短,花小,每花序花多,开花式样大;后者单花周期相对较长,花大,每花序花少,开花式样小;花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)分别为290.85±5.34和331.76±13.08;二者均为雌雄异熟(雄蕊先熟),柱头和花药存在空间隔离,可以避免自花传粉,但自交亲和,需要依靠传粉媒介完成异花传粉或自花传粉,传粉者黄纹无刺蜂(Trigona ventralis)扮演很重要的角色,相同的传粉者在不同的物种中表现出不同的传粉行为;二者OCI指数均≥4,为异交型,自交亲和,不存在无融合生殖现象,自然授粉结实率均低于人工授粉结实率,前者自然结实率高于后者自然结实率,二者自然结实率差异不显著。     

花楸的传粉生物学研究

以黑龙江省森林植物园内花楸为研究对象,对其花粉传递的生物学特性及传粉媒介进行了研究,并对花楸传粉机制进行了初步探讨,以明确其在传粉过程中导致败育的生物学和生态学障碍的原因。结果表明:随花粉储存时间的延长,无论干燥还是湿润条件,花粉活力均呈显著下降趋势;花楸传粉盛期集中在开花当天至第3天。不同的授粉和传粉处理结果表明,花楸种群既不存在自发的自花传粉现象,也不具有无融合生殖现象;风媒对果实结实影响较大,同时虫媒传粉也对结实具有促进作用,但效果不显著,因此认为花楸属于风媒花。访花昆虫主要以蛱蝶科、蜜蜂科、叶蜂科、寄蝇科、食蚜蝇科以及花蚤科为主。     

苦苣苔科原生植物欣赏(一)

正苦苣苔科植物花大色艳,是近些年花卉园艺市场的新宠。我国有极为丰富的苦苣苔科植物资源,各地狭域分布的苦苣苔种类非常多,特别是喀斯特地貌、石灰岩山地等地形地貌,在或潮湿阴生、或干燥养生的石壁上,有着千奇百怪的苦苣苔。这丰富的种质资源也为园艺育种提供了极为广泛的亲本。     

海南苦苣苔科野生植物资源及其观赏特性评价

根据对海南苦苣苔科野生植物的实地调查并参考相关的文献资料,对分布于海南的野生苦苣苔科植物资源进行了整理、分类和评价。结果表明:海南苦苣苔科植物共有13属21种1变种,其中海南特有属2个,海南特有种10个,同时对海南苦苣苔科植物的观赏特性进行了评价,并对资源的保护和开发利用提出了建议。     

广西苦苣苔科植物资源及产业化前景

苦苣苔科观赏植物是近年来国际市场上十分流行的花卉。我国苦苣苔科植物资源丰富,类型众多,其开发却基本是空白。本文探讨了在保护资源的前提下如何利用和发展广西苦苣苔科植物,形成具有自身特色的花卉类群参与国内外日趋激烈的市场竞争。     

我国苦苣苔科植物研究进展

我国苦苣苔科植物资源丰富,但受环境、人为及其自身特点的影响,园艺化栽培较少,甚至有的还有濒临灭绝的危险。文章从野外调查、生物学研究、繁殖栽培和园林应用等角度对我国苦苣苔科植物的研究进展进行综述。     

艳丽的花脸苣苔

花脸苣苔（KoWeda）又名艳斑苦苣苔、角桐草、科罗拉多苦苣苔等．别名花猫。是苦苣苔科花脸苣苔属的总称。本属植物约有20种,原产于美洲,但因其鲜艳的颜色和异乎寻常的斑点花瓣,很早就传人欧洲,19世纪达到鼎盛,并人工杂交出许多新的衍生品种．由于其生性强健．花色艳丽,花期很长,病虫害少,管理容易,深受园艺界的喜爱。     

桂林植物园苦苣苔科观赏植物及其园林应用

苦苣苔科观赏植物是近年来国际上较为流行的观赏花卉。我国苦苣苔科植物资源丰富,类型众多,对其观赏价值的开发基本是一片空白。本文对桂林植物园苦苣苔科观赏植物资源、生态习性、生物特性及园林应用种类进行了论述,并对其在园林中的应用作了初步的探讨。     

10种野生苦苣苔科植物的引种栽培及园林应用价值分析

通过对1O种野生苦苣苔科植物进行物候期及适应性的观察记录,对这1O种野生苦苣苔科植物的生长习性和引种栽培、繁殖技术进行阐述,同时,对其观赏性进行量化评价,并对其在武汉地区园林景观中的应用前景进行分析和展望。     

苦苣苔科植物的扦插繁育研究

以报春苣苔属、半蒴苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、吊石苣苔属、口红花属、非洲紫罗兰属、大岩桐属、艳斑苣苔属等苦苣苔科植物为试材,进行扦插繁育研究,并对4类基质组合的扦插效果进行对比分析。总结了苦苣苔科各属植物的扦插生长特性,分析了各类基质的优劣,筛选高效扦插繁殖方法。结果表明:珍珠岩+蛭石配方在叶插中最为经济简便且应用广泛,而河沙+泥炭土+珍珠岩+蛭石基质配方在枝条扦插中应用性最强。     

Spatiotemporal availability of pollinator attractive trees in a tropical streetscape: unequal distribution for pollinators and people

Street trees integrate the urban green infrastructure and are important elements for the maintenance of biodiversity, including pollinators. Thus, assessments of the spatiotemporal distribution and composition of these trees can subsidize strategies of conservation for different groups of pollinators in the cities. Here, we evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution of trees attractive to pollinators across the streetscape of a large Brazilian metropolis with more than 2.5 million inhabitants. We used the georeferenced data of ca. 300,000 woody plant individuals cataloged across the streetscape. These plants were characterized according to their geographical origin, flowering season, and the floral visitor groups that are attracted based on a literature survey. We also tested the “luxury effect” hypothesis on the resource availability to pollinators by evaluating the relationship between the average family income of the population and the richness and abundance of trees. We found that the streetscape was characterized by the dominance of a few tree species, with a balanced representation of both native and non-native species. Bees were the most favored group (94.86%) while bats (1.43%) and moths (1.73%) were the least. The potential supply of resources was homogeneous across dry and wet seasons, but the density of trees was reduced in most of the landscape. We found a strong luxury effect since tree richness and abundance were positively related to regions with higher average family income. Our study highlights the need for better planning and management practices of urban green areas to support pollinators more uniformly across streetscapes. This will allow the benefits provided by pollinators to be more evenly shared among residents of urban landscapes.     

“南红梨”授粉品种选择及其结果性状分析

以15年生高接"南红梨"为试材,采用人工授粉的方法,研究了10个授粉品种对"南红梨"坐果率、花萼脱落、果实质量、果形指数、果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量及风味的影响,以期为"南红梨"授粉品种的选择及其的高产、优质栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:10个授粉品种均表现出较好亲和性,坐果率达70%以上,7个品种脱萼率在10%以下,其中"花盖"授粉后,"南红梨"平均单果质量增加最大,比对照增加28.11%,除"花盖梨"以外,其它品种花粉给"南红梨"授粉,"南红梨"果形指数有减小的趋势,"苹果梨"给"南红梨"授粉,"南红梨"果实硬度显著增大,"花盖"授粉,平均单果质量增加最大,而"南红梨"果实的可溶性固形物含量、风味无明显的影响,差异不显著。综合来看,"苹果梨"和"花盖梨"为"南红梨"的优良授粉品种。     

Non-native plants and illegitimate interactions are highly relevant for supporting hummingbird pollinators in the urban environment

Urbanization leads to the restructuring of plant-animal interactions due to environmental changes and introduction of non-native species that become part of local ecological processes. The conservation of pollinators in urban areas has received increasing attention. However, detailed quantification of available floral resources and their use by pollinators are rarely conducted. Here, we characterized the interaction network between hummingbirds and native and non-native plants, the behavior of resource use by pollinators and the temporal availability of nectar resources in an extensive urban green area from Brazil. We found that more than half of the interactions between hummingbirds and plants were illegitimate, which do not constitute potential pollination. The interaction network was generalized, indicating low level of niche partitioning, which is usual for urban environments. Inclusion of non-pollination interactions increased specialization. Although native and non-native plants provide a similar amount of nectar when considering each plant species for a given month, the latter contributed most to the total nectar availability owed to their higher abundance and longer flowering phenologies. Importantly, non-native plants provided resources when native flowers were scarce. Our results show how non-native plants may sometimes have relevant contributions for maintenance of pollinators in cities throughout the year, supporting them during periods of resource shortage. At the same time, urban pollinator-plant communities may be characterized by high prevalence of illegitimate interactions, which highlights the opportunistic use of resources by animals. In conclusion, our study suggests that biodiversity-friendly urban planning should consider the relevant role played by non-native species and that pollinator support may require different types of interactions with flowers.     

The native pollinators of an apple orchard: variations and significance

Observations on native and domestic insect pollinators were carried out during the blossom period from 1978 to 1980 in a semi-dwarf apple orchard in Ontario. Weather conditions and numbers of blossoms per tree were also recorded. Apis mellifera was the most frequent pollinator for all years. The Anthomyiidae (Diptera) ranked second for 1978 and 1979, but in 1980 the Andrenidae and Halictidae were of greater importance than the Diptera. The efficiency of the pollinators was determined by analysis of the pollen carried on their bodies. Hymenoptera had more pollen on their bodies than the Diptera. Among the Hymenoptera, the Andrenidae and the pollen-gathering Large Andrenidae had the greatest amount of fruit pollen on their bodies. Among the Diptera, the Syrphidae had the greatest amount of fruit pollen. The effectiveness of the pollinators was evaluated by measuring fruit set, seed set and the effective pollination period. There was no significant difference in fruit set between years inspite of adverse weather in 1979. Native insects were important pollinators, particularly in unfavourable weather.     

Determination and confirmation of S-RNase genotypes of apple pollinators and cultivars

Summary

We analysed the S-RNase genotypes of 23 crab apple (Malus spp.) pollinators and 102 cultivars of domestic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) by PCR amplification and digestion. Within the 23 pollinators, four pollinators, ‘Hopa’, ‘Jack’, ‘Pink Perfection’ and ‘Profusion B’, each had two unidentified S-RNase alleles. These cultivars should be useful pollinators for all domestic cultivars. Twenty-one of the domestic cultivars exhibited S-genotypes contrary to those expected from their supposed parentage, suggesting that one or both reported parents were wrong. We confirmed many of the S-RNase genotypes by pollination tests.     

金华大白桃花粉直感研究及授粉组合模糊综合评价

以大观1号作对照,选取16个有花粉品种为父本开展金华大白桃花粉直感效应研究。花粉直感后金华大白桃坐果率在25%～68.6%,早露蟠等4个品种授粉处理坐果率高于对照。与对照相比,花粉直感对金华大白桃果实可溶性固形物含量、果实硬度有显著影响,其中金山早红、艳光授粉处理效果较佳;虽然花粉直感对单果质量的影响未达显著差异,但对...     

Eignen sich die Mauerbienen Osmia bicornis und Osmia cornuta als Best?uber im Obstbau?

Mason bees have been successfully managed as orchard pollinators in Japan and USA for many decades. Recently, the European species Osmia bicornis (L.) and Osmia cornuta (Latr.) attract more interest as pollinators in fruit orchards in Germany. Several studies indicate the potential of these mason bees as pollinators of pome and stone fruit. Here, we investigated the composition of the pollen loads in the brood cells of these two mason bees in fruit orchards different in habitat characteristics. At eight study sites, trap nests and cocoons of O. bicornis and O. cornuta were installed. During fruit tree blossom, pollen was sampled every two weeks and the percentage of Rosaceae pollen was identified. Landscape characteristics were assessed in a radius of 250 m from the trap nests. At all eight study sites, O. bicornis and O. cornuta collected pollen of Rosaceae. The percentage of Rosaceae pollen in the samples and the local habitat quality of the foraging sites were negatively correlated. In fruit orchards with a low diversity of suitable foraging habitats, brood cells contained a relatively high percentage of fruit tree pollen. These results indicate the potential of O. bicornis and O. cornuta as efficient pollinators in intensively managed fruit orchards. However, intensive fruit orchards appear less suitable as habitats for these mason bees to establish an endogenous pollinator population. Hence, the introduction and management of mason bees in orchards will improve pollination.