镉胁迫对银条开花期生理生态的影响

为了探讨镉胁迫对银条开花期生理生态的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了镉胁迫对银条叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着Cd浓度的提高,银条叶片叶绿素含量显著降低,Cd浓度与叶片叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数r=-0.9852**(P0.01);细胞质膜透性、SOD活性均随镉处理浓度的增加显著升高、相关系数分别为r=0.9850**(P0.01)r、=0.9923*(P0.05);MDA含量、POD活性则先升高再降低,与镉浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数r分别为0.9845**(P0.01)0、.9018*(P0.05)。     

木香薷群落负离子及PM_(2.5)浓度的时空变化及其影响因素

以木香薷为试材,对开花进程中、一天中不同时间及仪器进气口距植株顶部不同高度处的空气负离子、PM_(2.5)浓度、气象因子进行测定,以期探究芳香植物木香薷群落负离子及PM_(2.5)浓度的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:开花进程中木香薷群落负离子浓度由低到高的变化顺序依次为初花期盛花期末花期;开花进程中PM_(2.5)浓度由高到低依次为初花期盛花期末花期;木香薷群落负离子浓度的最高值出现在17:00,最低值出现在15:00;PM_(2.5)浓度最高值出现在11:00,最低值出现在17:00;仪器进气口距植株顶部15 cm处空气负离子浓度高于45 cm处的浓度,二者相差90.5 ion·cm~(-3),而不同位置处的PM_(2.5)浓度差值仅0.6μg·m~(-3),即群落负离子浓度受位置变化影响较大,PM_(2.5)浓度则受影响较小;木香薷群落负离子浓度与温度、光照强度均呈极显著负相关,而与湿度呈极显著正相关,且直线回归表明负离子浓度与各气象因子的相关性从强到弱依次为湿度温度光照强度;PM_(2.5)浓度与温度呈显著负相关,与湿度、光照强度均呈正相关,且与湿度的相关性达到极显著水平。     

甘蓝两种类型雄性不育系花器官形态及结实特性的比较研究

 以结球甘蓝自交系02-12和01-20分别多代回交转育而育成的两种不同类型雄性不育系为试材,对其花器官形态、蜜蜂授粉情况及制种产量的差异进行了研究。结果表明：相同自交系转育而成的显性核基因雄性不育系（DGMS）与细胞质雄性不育系（CMS）在花冠直径、雄蕊长、花瓣长、花药长,花蕾直径、一级分枝死花蕾率、二级分枝死花蕾率,蜜腺大小、单花花蜜量、蜜蜂访花次数、蜜蜂访花时间和荚粒数、制种产量方面存在显著差异;以上性状均表现为显性核基因雄性不育系明显优于细胞质雄性不育系。制种产量与主要开花结实性状的相关性分别为：花冠直径（r = 0.907,P＜0.01）,蜜蜂访花次数（r = 0.893,P＜0.01）和一级分枝死花蕾率（r =–0.891,P＜0.01）。     

设施西瓜不同品种泌蜜量和花粉萌发特性的研究

以18个设施栽培的西瓜品种为试材,对影响蜜蜂授粉效果的雌花花蜜分泌量、泌蜜规律、雌花花冠直径、雄花花粉量、离体花粉萌发率和花粉管长度进行了研究。结果表明:不同西瓜品种在花蜜含量、花冠直径、花粉数量、15℃条件下的花粉萌发率、花粉管长度上差异显著,而在25℃下花粉萌发率上无显著差异;在雌花开花当天7:00~17:00内,花蜜量随时间推移,其分泌速率受温度影响,表现出双S曲线变化趋势;比较不同品种在泌蜜量、花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度等性状方面的表现,"早佳(8424)"、"京欣一号"、"京欣三号"、"小玉五号"、"小玉八号"西瓜综合表现较好,可以考虑作为西瓜蜜蜂授粉的重要品种。     

杏不同品种花粉量及花粉萌发特性的研究

以17个鲜食杏品种、4个仁用杏品种和4个杏李杂交品种为试材,对单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度进行测定,并观察统计了这25个杏品种的完全花比例,为杏主栽品种选择适宜授粉树。结果表明:不同杏品种间单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度和完全花比率差异显著;不同果实类型(鲜食、仁用和杏李杂交)间花粉量和完全花比例差异显著,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度则没有果实类型间的显著差异。花粉量与花粉萌发率和完全花比率之间无显著相关性,而与花粉管长度显著相关(r=0.417,P0.05);花粉萌发率与花粉管长度极显著正相关(r=0.691,P0.01),与完全花比率负相关但不显著。聚类分析发现,花粉量较多且花粉管生长状况较好的杏品种有"串枝红"、"沙金红"、"金太阳"和"胡安娜",适宜作为授粉树;花粉粒较少和花粉管生长状况较弱的有"恐龙蛋"、"味帝"和"苏联4号",而它们的完全花比例都很高,需要配置授粉树。     

假眼小绿叶蝉成虫在茶园中的活动规律研究

通过粘虫板诱捕试验,研究了假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis G(o)the)成虫在茶园中的活动规律.结果表明:假眼小绿叶蝉成虫主要在茶树植株顶部上方0～40 cm的范围内飞行,在粘虫板上边缘高于茶树植株顶部40 cm高度处诱捕的成虫数量显著多于其它高度(P＜0.01).在东西南北各方位上的成虫诱捕量无显著差异(P＞0.05).成虫活动高峰期是在清晨和傍晚时分,5:00～9:00和15:00～19:00的诱捕量分别占全天诱捕量的49.06％和40.57％,成虫活动低谷期是夜间21:00～翌日4:00.     

叶面施用硫酸镁矫治柑桔缺镁症的效果研究

为研究提高硫酸镁叶面矫治柑桔缺镁症的效果,以硝酸镁为对照,进行了硫酸镁安全浓度、矫治效果以及添加表面活性剂与ZnO增效剂的试验.结果表明,提高硫酸镁施用浓度能有效地提高缺镁症矫治效果,叶片Mg含量增加值(△Mg,％)在硫酸镁试验浓度(C％,以MgSO4·7H2O计)范围内呈近指数增长:△Mg=0.0044672C2.C2112.98(F=72.09,P＜0.0001,C取值范围为[2,5]).镁离子浓度相同的硫酸镁和硝酸镁溶液处理后,两者柑桔叶片气孔开闭状况无差异;硫酸镁溶液中添加0.33‰表面活性剂或0.1％ ZnO对其矫治效果的影响不显著.在试验样株处于缺氮与严重缺镁状态下,叶面施用硝酸镁后叶片N含量变化与NO3-浓度无关,排除NO3-、Mg2+浓度(偏因子)影响,矫治处理叶片N含量增加值与其基础含N量呈极显著偏相关(r=-0.622 3,P=0.0026),即叶片基础含N量越低,矫治处理后叶片N含量增幅越大;矫治处理叶片S含量增加值与施用SO42-浓度无关,却与叶片Mg含量增加值呈极显著相关(r=0.6467,P=0.0009).硫酸镁叶面矫治柑桔缺镁症推荐浓度:萌芽至幼果期≤5％,矫治效果与2％硝酸镁相当;其他生长季≤8％,冬季10％.     

额济纳荒漠红砂叶片中保护酶活性及丙二醛含量变化

以额济纳荒漠典型红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落为研究对象,通过对额济纳旗荒漠盐化环境下红砂自然种群叶片的保护酶活性和丙二醛含量及其影响因子的分析,了解额济纳荒漠条件对红砂生长发育的影响,以期为野生红砂群落的保护和进一步研究提供参考依据.结果表明:在红砂的一个生长季内,随着时间的推移,红砂叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,最高活性为6.65 U·g-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈递增趋势,含量变化为0.012～0.046 μmol·g-1FW;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现出先升高后降低的趋势,最低活性为0.002 4 U·g-1·min-1.2年内,红砂叶片中SOD、CAT活性,与平均温度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);MDA含量则正好相反,与平均温度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著正相关(PP＜0.01);各土层土壤含水率(SWC)相关性的试验结果表明,SOD活性与SWC(20～100 cm)呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与SWC(0～20 cm)呈显著负相关(P＜0.05);CAT活性与SWC(20～100 cm)呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);MDA含量与SWC(0～20 cm)呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与SWC(40～60 cm)呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);20～60 cm 土层的土壤含水率对红砂叶片中CAT、SOD活性以及MDA含量影响最大.     

安哥诺李果皮花青苷与内源激素、酶活性变化规律及其相关性

为了明确李果实花青苷合成的调控因子,以安哥诺李为试材,对果皮花青苷、内源激素和PAL、PPO活性的变化以及内源激素、酶活性与花青苷的相关性进行研究。结果表明,果皮花青苷含量在发育前期含量很低,发育后期含量迅速升高,呈上升趋势;果皮中ABA、乙烯、ZT含量和PPO活性与花青苷的变化趋势相同,乙烯释放量与花青苷呈极显著正相关关系r=0．8885**,ABA和ZT含量与花青苷呈显著正相关关系r=0．7159*和r=0．7476*,PPO活性未达显著水平;果皮中IAA、GA3含量和PAL活性变化在发育前期含量较高,在发育后期含量较低,果实发育过程中IAA、GA3含量呈逐渐下降趋势,与花青苷呈显著负相关关系r=-0．7039*和r=-0．8238*,PAL活性未达显著水平。     

不同天气下黄瓜叶片湿度变化特征及其影响因子

以黄瓜为试材,设土壤相对含水量50%~60%(SW1)和土壤相对含水量75%~90%(SW2)为处理,在生长季连续观测日光温室黄瓜叶片湿度及环境因子,以揭示日光温室黄瓜叶片湿度变化特征及影响因子。结果表明:在不同天气下,日光温室黄瓜叶片湿度表现为增-降-增的变化趋势,00:00—08:00逐渐增加,08:00—19:00骤降于一个低的水平,19:00—00:00快速增加至较高水平的变化趋势,且SW1和SW2处理的黄瓜叶片湿度均表现为阴天晴天。由统计分析得出,黄瓜叶片湿度与二氧化碳浓度、光合有效辐射、相对湿度、饱和水汽压差呈正相关,与光照总辐射、温度、土壤相对含水量呈负相关。     

A nectar oasis for urban Glossophaginae bats: Temporal resource dynamics of the chiropterophilous Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae)

Pollinator-friendly plants are often a necessary component of the management of urban ecosystem that aim to reduce the impact of the artificial urban matrix on natural pollinator populations. Nectarivorous bats are neglected components of the urban pollinator community and there is a paucity of assessments on pollinator-friendly plants that may provide urban bats with reliable, year-long resources. Crescentia cujete is a bat-pollinated Bignoniaceae with very distinctive chiropterophilous features that is often used as an ornamental species in tropical urban areas worldwide. Its flowers are large and produce copious amounts of nectar, which accumulates in the flower’s storage-shaped flowers. Thus, the species is a potential bat-friendly urban plant. We assessed the species’ year-round flower emission and nightly nectar production dynamics in a green area in northeastern Brazil, and described the behavior of its floral visitors. C. cujete showed a steady, year-round flowering pattern, with no significant seasonality. Its flowers secreted copious amounts of diluted nectar and were visited exclusively by the Pallas long-tongued bat Glossophaga soricina throughout the night at high visiting frequencies, delivering successive visits to individual flowers spaced by short intervals. Our results suggest overexploitation of floral resources from C. cujete by urban bats. Moreover, its continuous flowering and copious nectar production may become a reliable resource in an artificial environment generally lacking bat-pollinated plants, thus mitigating the effects of food shortage for urban nectar bats.     

Non-native plants and illegitimate interactions are highly relevant for supporting hummingbird pollinators in the urban environment

Urbanization leads to the restructuring of plant-animal interactions due to environmental changes and introduction of non-native species that become part of local ecological processes. The conservation of pollinators in urban areas has received increasing attention. However, detailed quantification of available floral resources and their use by pollinators are rarely conducted. Here, we characterized the interaction network between hummingbirds and native and non-native plants, the behavior of resource use by pollinators and the temporal availability of nectar resources in an extensive urban green area from Brazil. We found that more than half of the interactions between hummingbirds and plants were illegitimate, which do not constitute potential pollination. The interaction network was generalized, indicating low level of niche partitioning, which is usual for urban environments. Inclusion of non-pollination interactions increased specialization. Although native and non-native plants provide a similar amount of nectar when considering each plant species for a given month, the latter contributed most to the total nectar availability owed to their higher abundance and longer flowering phenologies. Importantly, non-native plants provided resources when native flowers were scarce. Our results show how non-native plants may sometimes have relevant contributions for maintenance of pollinators in cities throughout the year, supporting them during periods of resource shortage. At the same time, urban pollinator-plant communities may be characterized by high prevalence of illegitimate interactions, which highlights the opportunistic use of resources by animals. In conclusion, our study suggests that biodiversity-friendly urban planning should consider the relevant role played by non-native species and that pollinator support may require different types of interactions with flowers.     

Perennial ground cover plants as floral resources for urban pollinators: A case of Geranium species

Urban green areas, due to their high plant diversity, can be supportive as floral resources (nectar and/or pollen) to wild and managed pollinating insects. This research aims towards understanding the contribution of ornamental ground cover perennials as a food source for urban pollinators. We compare floral phenology and abundance, nectar and pollen production, and insect visitation to flowers of Geranium macrorrhizum, G. platypetalum and G. sanguineum, planted in the botanical garden of Lublin, SE Poland. The investigation revealed that the studied hardy geraniums exhibit many features valuable for pollinators, including large floral display (G. macrorrhizum and G. platypetalum), extended flowering period (G. sanguineum) and ample nectar and pollen reward (G. macrorrhizum). They can supply urban pollinators with a high quality food during spring and early summer time, i.e. the period of high food demand by many bee species. Moreover, hardy geraniums might be valuable plants for urban beekeeping as they are eagerly visited by honeybees. The investigated ground cover plants could therefore be considered in future city plantings.     

Plants enhancing urban pollinators: Nectar rather than pollen attracts pollinators of Cotoneaster species

Urban green areas can play a crucial role in establishing spaces that are valuable for pollinators. However, to help ‘pollinator-friendly’ management of urban areas, complete information on the quantity and quality of available floral reward is needed. In this paper, the nectar and pollen of six Cotoneaster species (Rosaceae) were investigated in a two-year experiment established in Lublin city, SE Poland. In temperate climate, Cotoneaster species can ensure nectar and pollen in the full spring period (May/early June) or in early summer (June). A single species can support pollinators on average for 22.9 days. Flowers of Cotoneaster species produce high quantities of nectar (2.27–9.48 mg per flower) and low amounts of pollen (0.11–0.33 mg per flower). On average, the total sugar yield in Cotoneaster species was 11.5 g/m² (2.3–22.2 g/m²), whereas the total pollen yield was 1.3 g/m² (0.8–2.8 g/m²). Due to the high potential for total sugar yield, C. macrophyllus, C. lucidus, and C. horizontalis should be recommended to optimize the management of food resources in urban areas. Honeybee was the main insect visitor (70.1 % of the total number of visitors); therefore, Cotoneaster species can be considered valuable for urban beekeepers. However, conservation schemes for bumblebees (21.3 % of the total number of visitors) might also benefit from arrangements with these shrubs. Nevertheless, considering Cotoneaster species in conservation protocols, good-yielding pollen plants should be introduced to compensate for insufficient nutrient intake from pollen in spring.     

Impact of plant community structure and its diversity on richness and abundance of arthropod aphidophagous natural enemy community

Arthropod natural enemies (ANEs) play an indispensable role in maintaining the balance for plant communities that also significantly affects the ANE diversities not only by supporting herbivorous prey, but also by providing habitats and floral food resources. Studying the diversity of ANEs is thus vital to develop an understanding of sustainable pest control. Relationships of the vegetation diversity (including richness, coverage, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) with associated arthropod aphidophagous natural enemies (AANEs) and their groups under Pinus tabuliformis of different distances were analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (metaMDS). Our results indicated that the vegetation richness affects AANEs at a small scale, while the vegetation structure affects it at a large scale. The richness and abundance of AANEs and the abundance of green lacewings (GLs) and aphid parasitoids (APs) were positively related to neighboring tree richness. But the richness of AANEs and aphidophagous ladybirds (ALs) were negatively associated with nearby tree coverage, as well as AANE richness with close-up shrub coverage, while the abundance of AANEs, ALs, and GLs possessed a negative and hump-shaped relationship with nearby tree coverage, as well as the abundance of AANEs and GLs with close-up shrub coverage. When tree and shrub layers each had approximately half coverage within a vegetation structure, the richness and abundance of AANEs were highest. Similarly, the richness and abundance of AANEs were positively related to neighboring blooming plant richness. However, the richness of AANEs and ALs, and the abundance of AANEs, AL, GL, and APs had a positive association either with the coverage or with the Shannon–Wiener diversity of close-up blooming plants. Half coverage of the tree and shrub layer combined with higher diversities (richness, coverage, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) of blooming plants resulted in low aphid density. The results provide a basis for effectively improving AANE diversity.     

瓜实蝇国内研究概况

瓜实蝇是一种世界性检疫害虫,在我国属二类检疫害虫,可危害100多种蔬菜和水果。综述了瓜实蝇在我国的研究现状,包括瓜实蝇的分布、寄主、危害程度、分类鉴定、生物学、生态学、生理生化、经济重要性评价、综合防治等,并对瓜实蝇的综合防治进行了展望。     

瓜实蝇国内研究概况

瓜实蝇是一种世界性检疲害虫,在我国属二类检疫害虫,可危害100多种蔬菜和水果.综述了瓜实蝇在我国的研究现状,包括瓜实蝇的分布、寄主、危害程度、分类鉴定、生物学、生态学、生理生化、经济重要性评价、综合防治等,并对瓜实蝇的综合防治进行了展望.     

甜瓜基因目录(2002)

2002年MichelPitrat在国际葫芦科遗传协会年报(CGCReport)第25期发表了最新的1份甜瓜基因目录1,它包括171个不同类型的基因。此译文是在1998年发表的基因目录2基础上增加了55个基因,其中包括8个QTL定位基因、1个细胞质基因。现将增加的基因全文整理翻译出来,供读者参考。     

中国柑桔粉虱记录（续）

黑圆穴粉虱(又名黑圆粉虱)1　名称　学名:ＡｌｅｕｒｏｌｏｂｕｓｓｕｂｒｏｔｕｎｄｕｓＳｉｌｖｅｓｔｒｉ2　国内分布　江西,福建。3　寄主　柑桔,九里香。4　形态特征　蛹壳(图10)描述见文献[6]。5　天敌　膜翅目:小蜂总科蚜小蜂科:Ｐｒｏｓｐａｌｔｅｌｌａａｒｍａｔａ(Ｓｉｌｖｅｓｔｒｉ)珊瑚瘤粉虱(又名珊瑚粉虱,小黑粉虱)1　名称　学名:Ａｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｓａｕｃｕｂａｅ(Ｋｕｗａｎａ)异名:ＡｌｅｙｒｏｄｅｓａｕｃｕｂａｅＫｕｗａｎａ,Ｔｅｔｒａｌｅｕｒｏｄｅｓａｕｃｕｂａｅ(Ｋｕｗａｎａ)2　国内分布…     

樱桃叶片对PP333吸收、运转及分配规律的研究

利用~(14)C的同位素示踪技术,结合观察定位施用PP333后樱桃植株营养生长的反应,研究了樱桃叶片对PP333的吸收、运转及分配规律。试验结果表明,叶片不仅能大量地吸收药物,而且可以大量地迅速向外运转,8天中吸收量和运转量分别占施用量的87.7%和81.8%。吸收量和运转量的变化与时间的相关均为高度的渐近曲线相关,相关方程分别为:Y=93.0-84.8(0.987)~x和Y=86.0-79.1(0.986)~x。