广州阳光玫瑰葡萄冬芽休眠与成花及枝梢淀粉含量季节动态研究

[目的]掌握葡萄冬芽的休眠状态、成花状态、碳素营养储备的变化规律对调节花期乃至熟期具有重要指导作用.[方法]以4年生平棚架式阳光玫瑰葡萄为研究试材,在不同月份进行不同节位修剪,探索冬芽休眠与成花的季节动态;于5月下旬对花穗以上4～5节位以铝箔纸进行遮光处理,8月下旬对该节位以上修剪,观测冬芽萌动情况;同时,在8月底取平棚架和V形架阳光玫瑰硬枝,测定淀粉含量.[结果]离体水培硬枝冬芽萌发率普遍高于在树硬枝萌芽率.进入9月以后硬枝冬芽萌芽率显著下降,而半软枝和软枝的冬芽在晚秋(11月)也维持一定的萌芽率.硬枝冬芽成花率高于软枝和半软枝冬芽,其中,7月份修剪,强制冬芽萌发,形成的带花穗的新梢比率最高,即使软枝冬芽成花率超过30％,也说明冬芽成花启动早;但进入9月后,软枝和半软枝冬芽的成花率降至0.各月份枝梢淀粉含量也会随枝梢老化而增加.进入11月后,各状态枝条淀粉含量显著提高.8月底,平棚架式比V形架式更有利于枝梢淀粉含量的积累.冬芽直接遮光处理对其萌动无显著影响.[结论]广州阳光玫瑰葡萄冬芽在9月后停止成花、10月后硬枝冬芽进入深休眠;枝梢碳素营养储备(淀粉)受枝梢成熟度、枝梢生长角度和季节信号共同影响,在11月后枝梢发生系统性淀粉积累.     

火龙果果实发育过程中淀粉与可溶性糖含量变化及其相关性分析北大核心

研究金都一号和越南白肉火龙果不同发育时期果实中淀粉与可溶性糖含量变化趋势,旨在为火龙果果实品质提升提供科学依据。以金都一号和越南白肉为试验材料,分别测定7个发育时期的果实中淀粉、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量等变化趋势。结果表明,金都一号和越南白肉火龙果果实淀粉含量均呈单峰型变化,二者均从花后5 d开始迅速积累淀粉,分别于花后20 d和15 d达到峰值,之后淀粉含量迅速降低,成熟期淀粉含量较少。金都一号火龙果蔗糖含量在花后10 d和30 d分别出现2个高峰值,而越南白肉火龙果的蔗糖含量呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,二者蔗糖含量均在花后30 d达到最高。2个品种从花后5~15 d期间果实中果糖和葡萄糖含量波动较小,花后20 d果糖和葡萄糖含量均急剧增加。金都一号火龙果果糖和葡萄糖含量分别在花后30 d和35 d达到最高,而越南白肉火龙果的葡萄糖和果糖含量分别在花后30 d和35 d达到最高。相关性分析发现,金都一号火龙果果实淀粉与蔗糖含量变化存在显著负相关关系;越南白肉火龙果的淀粉含量与蔗糖含量呈极显著负相关,与果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈显著负相关。火龙果果实淀粉降解和可溶性糖含量增加存在极显著和显著负相关,为探讨火龙果果实中可溶性糖积累与淀粉降解机制之间的关系提供了理论依据。     

苹果树环切操作要领

正环切,亦称环割,易于操作而难于辨树。如何辨树,依树环切是关键。1什么是环切从手法上讲,环切是指用环割工具在果树枝条光滑部位环状切割皮层,阻止营养物质向下运输,进而达到积累营养,促进成花的方法;简单地说,环切是为了调节营养生长(枝条发育)与生殖生长(花果发育)的平衡,使树势中庸稳定;简单来说,环切就是为了促花,提高坐果率。     

不同留叶量及不同时间摘叶处理对高海拔香格里拉地区“霞多丽”葡萄果实品质的影响

以8年生"霞多丽"葡萄为试材,比较分析了不同留叶量及不同时间摘叶处理对葡萄果实品质指标(总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH、总酚、丹宁)及一年生葡萄枝条的总糖、淀粉含量与茎髓比的影响。结果表明:结果枝留叶量为8或10片时与在葡萄转色后期进行摘叶处理均可明显改善果实层的通透性,显著提高葡萄果实品质,糖度增加,酸度降低,糖酸比、pH均有提高,酚类物质有效合成;不同留叶量与不同时间摘叶处理使树体总糖、淀粉含量及茎髓比均有不同程度的降低,而结果枝留10片叶与转色后期2种处理对果树枝条的碳素营养没有造成显著影响。     

花穗整形及植物生长调节剂处理对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实品质的影响

以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为试验材料,花穗分别留长6、8、10 cm,用"大优果+小优果"和7种赤霉素(GA3)、氯吡脲(CPPU)不同浓度的组合分别于花前2～3 d(5月19日)和花后10～15 d(5月31日)浸蘸花穗,于果实成熟期测定果实品质各项指标,以筛选出改善‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实品质的最佳花穗整形长度和植物生长调节剂组合。结果表明:当花穗留长为8 cm时的果实外观品质最佳;植物生长调节剂处理的单粒重为12.23～16.61 g、果粒大小为788.32～992.34 mm~2、可溶性固形物含量为14.27%～18.43%,均明显优于对照;与对照相比,植物生长调节剂处理的果皮硬度也有所增加。通过相关性分析和主成分分析综合比较得出,花前2～3 d,花穗留长8 cm同时浸蘸25 mg/L GA3,花后10～15 d浸蘸25 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L CPPU,对改善‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实品质的效果最佳。     

龙眼花穗"冲梢"产生原因及防治措施

近年来龙眼花穗“冲梢”频繁发生 ,使龙眼丰年歉收 ,是造成龙眼低产的一个重要原因。1　龙眼花穗“冲梢”的原因龙眼花穗“冲梢”,又称带叶花穗。龙眼正在发育中的花穗 ,因受内外条件的影响 ,花穗上长出叶片 ,使花穗发育中途停止 ,形成带叶花穗 ,严重时还可以逆转成营养枝。这称龙眼花穗“冲梢”。究其原因 :1 .1　树体内部条件。龙眼花芽生理分化期 (1～ 2月 ) ,要求适当的低温、相当干旱和结果母枝充分老熟 ,不抽冬梢 ,使树体营养积累丰富 ,使促花激素多于抑花激素 ,有利于花芽生理分化。龙眼花芽生理分化期气温过高 ,水分过多 ,或施氮肥…     

‘库尔勒香梨’果实发育过程中石细胞形成与细胞凋亡的关系研究

【目的】探讨‘库尔勒香梨’果实发育过程中石细胞的形成与细胞凋亡(PCD)之间可能存在的关系,为调控‘库尔勒香梨’果实石细胞含量、改善果实品质提供科学依据。【方法】以15 a(年)生‘库尔勒香梨’(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü)为试材,通过显微观察和含量测定,研究果实发育过程中石细胞的形成规律和活性氧(ROS)的积累特性,同时用3种不同细胞凋亡的检测方法检测了果肉细胞细胞核浓缩情况、DNA的片段化现象。【结果】‘库尔勒香梨’果实发育过程中,石细胞含量呈先上升后下降趋势,最大值出现在花后50 d,为20.22%。随后,石细胞含量随着果实的膨大迅速下降;到花后120 d,石细胞含量降低到3.37%。石细胞的染色结果表明,花后10～20 d大部分石细胞还处于松散聚集的初始阶段,一部分石细胞团已经成型,但未达到最大体积,花后30 d石细胞开始大量聚簇,形成石细胞团,至花后50 d石细胞数量和大小趋于稳定。ROS含量变化与果实中石细胞含量变化相一致,果实发育前期积累多,后期逐渐减少。细胞凋亡检测显示,香梨果实发育过程中确实出现细胞凋亡现象。TUNEL、DAPI和Hoechst染色都表明,果实发育早期阶段(花后10～40 d)是‘库尔勒香梨’果肉细胞发生凋亡的关键时期,花后75 d开始,PCD荧光信号较弱或基本检测不到凋亡信号。【结论】‘库尔勒香梨’果实石细胞形成的关键时期是花后10～50 d。PCD发生时期和ROS积累时期与石细胞形成时期基本重叠。     

环剥宽度对冬枣果实发育及品质的影响

以4 a生冬枣果实为试材,分析环剥宽度处理对果实发育和品质的影响.结果表明:不同环剥宽度的处理对树体生长影响不同,环剥宽度为0.9 cm的试验树坐果率最高,环剥宽度1.2 cm的试验树枣果在含糖量和可溶性蛋白含量方面显著高于其它处理和对照,故从环剥宽度对试验树果实品质、树体产量和营养回流等方面的影响考虑,对于树势中庸的4 a生冬枣树在生产上建议采用盛花期0.9 cm左右的环剥宽度.     

猕猴桃果实发育过程中AsA代谢产物积累及相关酶活性的变化

 以美味猕猴桃品种‘秦美’果实为材料, 研究了其生长发育过程中与AsA代谢循环系统相关的物质抗坏血酸(AsA) 、谷胱甘肽(GSH) 、草酸(OA) 、酒石酸( TA) 和过氧化氢(H₂O₂ ) 的含量及相关酶活性的变化及其相互关系。结果表明: 在果实生长发育过程中, 花后AsA含量明显增加, 花后30 d达到最高后开始下降, 花后75 d后基本保持不变。就整个果实中总的AsA积累量而言, 花后开始显著增加, 到45 d达到最大值后至成熟基本保持不变。这表明猕猴桃果实的AsA积累主要发生在幼果期。GSH随着果实发育在花后120 d前其含量及积累量均有增加, 但积累也主要发生在幼果期。OA含量的变化与H₂O₂含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 活性相似, 均在花后开始显著下降, 到花后30 d后变化不大; 而TA含量的变化趋势与AsA一致。抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO) 、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR) 和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR) 的活性变化基本一致, 均在花后开始显著升高, 60 d达到最大后迅速下降, 在90 d后至成熟基本保持不变。     

果树冬季管理方法

<正>果树是多年生植物,其生长发育具有连续性,冬季管理的好坏,直接影响到下一年果树的开花坐果和树体生长。果树在冬季进入休眠期,此时果树枝梢停止生长,但树体内部仍然进行一系列的活动,如呼吸、蒸腾、花芽分化发育、根的吸收等。果实采收后,树体内营养     

The relationship between yield and assimilate supply in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

Summary

Experiments were conducted on lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in subtropical Australia (lat. 27° –29°S) to evaluate the role of assimilates on fruit retention. All the leaves of the last flush, all the leaves of the previous flush (about eight leaves per terminal shoot), or all the old leaves were removed from trees. Medium (3–5.cm diameter) or large branches (5–10.cm diameter) were girdled and defoliated after fruit set, and fruit retention compared with ungirdled and undefoliated branches. Other branches were girdled and defoliated between anthesis and fruit harvest. Finally, 20, 50 or 80% of the flowering panicles were defruited on large trees. Defoliated trees had 35 to 45% lower yields than the controls. This was despite the treatment with all the old leaves removed having a much lower leaf area index than the other defoliation treatments (1.7 vs. 2.3 and 2.8). Leaves next to the inflorescences are more important for yield than the older leaves. Fruit retention was very low on girdled branches that had been defoliated, especially when the leaves were removed in the first 20.d after anthesis. This suggests that the yields of girdled branches were determined by the availability of assimilates soon after fruit set. In contrast, the number of fruit retained on ungirdled branches was unrelated to the number of leaves, with defoliation having no effect on yield. Fruit on these branches were supported by resources from elsewhere in the tree. Thinned trees had similar yields to those of unthinned plots (65–82.kg tree^–1). Thinning apparently increased fruit retention in the remaining clusters, under a higher leaf:fruit ratio. There were large differences in the concentrations of starch in the tree, and seasonal changes, with starch declining from flowering to fruit harvest. In contrast, there were only small responses to the treatments, suggesting that the fruit were mainly dependent on current photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in the leaves behind the fruit clusters was more important than photosynthesis in the older shaded leaves.     

荔枝树成花与碳水化合物器官分布的关系研究

 选择荔枝不同末端梢抽生期的植株, 于成花诱导期间取样分析, 比较了高成花树与低成花树可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变化。‘桂味’荔枝末端秋梢抽生早的树(10 月5 日抽梢) 成花枝率为95.8% , 而抽生晚的树(11月15 日抽梢) 为18.0% ,‘妃子笑’荔枝10月1日抽梢树和‘糯米糍’荔枝两个抽梢期树(10 月15 日和11 月5 日) 的成花枝率均在99%以上。从11月中旬到1月中旬, 各器官可溶性糖含量一般先上升而后下降; 淀粉含量则不同程度地提高。低温来临前各器官淀粉含量差异不大, 到花发端之前, 3个品种高成花率树的淀粉含量以小枝(粗度1 cm) 为最高, 形成从小枝到末端秋梢和叶片的下降梯度, 而低成花率的桂味荔枝树的淀粉含量则未见这种梯度。认为这种淀粉含量分布可能是荔枝枝梢接受成花诱导、反映诱花效果的一个标志。     

Carbohydrate changes in flowers,leaves, shoots and spurs of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple during flowering and fruit setting periods

Summary

Changes of carbohydrate concentrations in different parts of the flower and the surrounding tissues (leaves, spurs and shoots) were measured in apple (Malus pumila) in 1987 and 1988, during the periods of flowering and fruit setting, to investigate their importance for fruit setting. HPLC was used for soluble sugar and sorbitol analysis. Starch was hydrolysed to glucose enzymatically and glucose concentration was determined colorometrically to estimate starch concentrations. Soluble sugars plus sorbitol (the soluble pool) increased rapidly in all parts of the flower from bud burst until full bloom. In contrast, in the same period, starch concentrations decreased rapidly and reached about zero at full bloom in the storage organs (shoots and spurs), indicating starch conversion to sugars and their movement to the growing flowers. Sorbitol was the most abundant carbohydrate in all apple tissue measured, with the exception of sepals, in which glucose concentration was the highest from full bloom onwards. Sepals had much higher glucose and fructose concentrations than leaf laminae but much lower sorbitol concentrations. Although dry weight, soluble pool and starch concentrations and total soluble pool content increased in the receptacle after petal fall, sucrose concentrations and total sucrose content dramatically decreased. These results suggest a preferential mobilization and utilization of sucrose rather than sorbitol during the fruit setting period and probably an important role of sucrose metabolism in fruit setting.     

Effects of fruit load on flower bud initiation and development in peach

Summary

This study aims to quantify the effects of fruit crop-load on flowering and to determine the relationships between flowering and phloem sap carbohydrate and nitrogen content fractions from budding to dormancy in ‘Zincal 5’ nectarine. Fruit load significantly reduced the number of flowers per tree both indirectly, by reducing the number of shoots per tree and the number of nodes per shoot, and directly, by reducing the number of floral buds per node. The intensity of the response depended on the number of fruits developed per tree. Trees that kept all fruits up to senescence flowered 35% less than trees thinned by hand to 40% of fruits at pit hardening, and 55% less than trees completely thinned in bloom by hand. Trees that kept all fruits had significantly lower glucose and sorbitol contents in the phloem sap of mixed branches up to harvest date and full vegetative growth, respectively, but no significant relationships were found between the concentrations of these carbohydrates and flowering intensity in the following Spring. Sucrose and fructose did not show any significant difference in regard to crop-load. In fibrous roots, starch content was not related to fruit load up to dormancy, indicating that starch content is not associated with flower bud induction and differentiation. The nitrate-nitrogen fraction was significantly higher, and the ammonium-nitrogen fraction was significantly lower, in trees that tended to flower less, suggesting some disturbance in nitrate reduction in these trees.     

Effect of part-tree flower thinning on fruiting,vegetative growth and leaf photosynthesis in ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple

Flower clusters were removed at full bloom from ten year old ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ trees on M.9 rootstocks, over the whole tree, on alternate branches or on whole sides. Mean fruit weight per tree at harvest was linearly dependent on leaf area per fruit and on light interception per fruit, both relationships accounting for over 90% of the variance. These relationships did not differ between treatments, implying either a mobile pool of carbohydrate or photosynthetic adjustment within the tree to crop load. Measurements of leaf photosynthesis in July and September showed no statistically significant differences in photosynthetic rate of spur or extension shoot leaves on bearing or non-bearing branches. Although the treatments caused no overall effects on shoot growth or leaf area per tree, sides of trees without fruit had greater leaf area and shoot growth than did sides bearing fruit. Fruit mineral composition and percentage dry weight were not affected by treatment except where the treatments significantly altered fruit size. In the following spring, although the treatments did not affect the total number of flower buds produced, branches that were deflowered in the previous spring carried significantly more flower buds than did branches which had cropped.     

Carbohydrate content of inflorescent buds of defruited and fruiting pistachio (Pistacia vera L) branches in relation to biennial bearing

Summary

Changes in carbohydrate content of inflorescent buds of fruiting and defruited branches of the same tree were measured in 1994 and 1995 in the period before and during bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Aegenes) to investigate its relationship to inflorescent bud abscission. HPLC was used for soluble sugar analysis, while starch was hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically and the amount of glucose was then determined using the glucose oxidaseperoxidase method. The effect of fruit on leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), chlorophyll a and b (Chl (a+b)) in leaves and specific leaf weight (SLW) was also investigated in 1995. Starch concentration was initially similar in buds of fruiting and defruited branches but became greater in buds of defruited branches from early June 1994 (57 d after full bloom (AFB)) and 20 June 1995 (61 dAFB), resulting in higher starch contents. Glucose and fructose concentrations were similar in flower buds throughout the whole period of measurement; inositol and sucrose (the most abundant sugar in flower buds) both became much lower in fruiting branches from early July 1994 (83 dAFB) and mid July 1995 (88 dAFB). The rapid decrease in sucrose concentration coincided with rapid seed growth and the greatest period of bud abscission in fruiting branches. During the same period, total sugar and total carbohydrate concentrations and contents were greater in buds of defruited branches. The presence of fruit increased Chl (a+b) content in leaves while decreasing SLW between 43 and 61 dAFB. During this same period, leaf Pn rates were greater in fruiting shoots than in defruited ones.     

Flower thinning method affects mineral composition of `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple fruit

Summary

Fruit mineral concentrations measured at harvest can have major effects on apple fruit quality on the tree or during storage. Orchard practices must therefore seek to optimize fruit mineral composition. The purpose of this study was to describe and elucidate the effects of hand thinning on whole trees and individual spurs on apple fruit mineral composition. Two methods of flower and fruitlet thinning were compared with no thinning on `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple trees. Alternate whole flower/fruitlet clusters or all but one flower/fruitlet within every cluster were removed at full bloom or 14±21 d after full bloom. Alternate-cluster thinning reduced final fruit numbers per tree and fruit Ca concentrations by up to 22%, while increasing final fruit size by up to 21%, compared with no thinning. These effects on fruit Ca concentrations were also measured across a range of fruit size classes. Within-cluster thinning at full bloom or up to 21 d after full bloom also reduced fruit numbers per tree but increased fruit size substantially, by up to 65% compared with no thinning, this effect being less for later thinning. However, fruit mineral concentrations were not influenced by this treatment. Some fruiting spurs were singled to one fruit 14 d after full bloom on alternately flower cluster thinned trees and on trees that had not been thinned at bloom, and compared with unthinned spurs on the same trees. Fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit were greater for spurs bearing a single fruit (achieved by thinning manually or through natural abscission) than for multi-fruited spurs on the same trees. Spurs bearing one fruit on unthinned trees had greater fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit, but lower fruit weight than the same spurs on alternate-cluster thinned trees. However, spurs on unthinned and alternate-cluster thinned trees with the same primary leaf areas per fruit had similar final Ca concentrations. Fruit size and crop loads were found not to be important in explaining fruit Ca concentration differences between thinning methods. However our results suggest that thinning method may affect Ca accumulation in apple fruit by altering the relationship between fruit numbers and leaf areas on individual spurs.     

Stärkeeinlagerung in die Blütenorgane beim Apfel vom Beginn der Blütenknospendifferenzierung bis zur Aufblüte

Starch as an important reserve carbohydrate plays in deciduous fruit species an important role in frost resistance of the wood during winter as well as of flowers during spring frosts. Also during development of flowers the deposition of starch, e.g. in the conducting tissue of the style and in pollen grains is evident. This starch accumulation in the reproductive flower parts seems to be important for fertilization and thus fruit set. The investigations presented should contribute to elucidate the dynamic of starch accumulation in the different organs of a flower bud in apple, from the beginning of bud differentiation until anthesis. The sampled buds were sectioned after embedding in plastic material. Starch accumulation was determined by image analysis. In the four apple cultivars ‘Boskoop’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Pinova’ starch deposition could be observed already shortly after beginning of flower bud differentiation in July/August in the calyx, corolla, anthers and ovary. Until autumn, starch content increased considerably, it showed during winter some fluctuations according to flower organ, and decreased again towards the flowering season, presumately by conversion to sucrose, as shown in the wood in relation to frost resistance. This decrease seems to be related to the energy demand which is needed for flower development, fertilization and early fruit development.     

Response of evergreen perennial tree crops to gibberellic acid is crop load-dependent. I: GA3 increases the yield of commercially valuable ‘Nules’ Clementine Mandarin fruit only in the off-crop year of an alternate bearing orchard

Worldwide, gibberellic acid (GA₃) is used routinely to increase fruit number and size of seedless mandarins. The efficacy of seven combinations of GA₃ concentrations and application times to maximize total yield and yield of commercially valuable fruit (diameter 57.2–76.2 mm) of ‘Nules’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was determined in a commercial orchard. GA₃ applied during the period of intense flower abscission failed to reduce the total number of abscised flowers in both the light off- and heavy on-bloom years. No GA₃ treatment reduced fruit abscission when trees were setting the low yield off-crop. However, all trees receiving GA₃ in the high yield on-crop year had fewer abscised fruit than untreated control trees (P = 0.0188) and GA₃ applied 10 days after 75% petal fall and in July increased the number of fruit retained on tagged branches >20% compared to control trees (P = 0.0005). Maximum air temperature was not related to flower or fruit abscission. In the off-crop year (548 fruit per untreated control tree), it was necessary to apply 15 or 25 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ at 60% bloom, 90% bloom, 75% petal fall and 10 days after 75% petal fall to significantly increase the number of fruit per tree and yield of commercially valuable fruit (kilograms and number per tree) (P < 0.0001) above that of control trees, with no reduction in total kilograms per tree. In the following on-crop year, it was better not to apply GA₃: no treatment increased total yield or fruit size and five of seven GA₃ treatments tested reduced total yield as kilograms and number of fruit per tree (P = 0.0003). The results provide strong evidence that GA₃ efficacy is crop load-dependent and dictate that crop load should be considered when using GA₃ to increase fruit set or fruit size of mandarins.     

环剥对冬枣叶片内有机营养物质含量的影响

采用不同的环剥宽度,于盛花期对4～5a生的冬枣树体进行处理,测定叶片内有机营养物质的含量,同时调查当年树体的坐果率和翌年的萌芽率。结果表明:环剥宽度为1.0cm的树体有助于坐果率提高和树体营养回流的实现。