低温胁迫下弓葵幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的变化

 低温胁迫下弓葵( Butia capitata Becc) 幼苗叶片的MDA 含量逐渐增加, 膜脂过氧化作用增强。- 8 ℃条件下的膜脂过氧化作用明显强于2 ℃。细胞膜透性在2 ℃条件下变化不大, - 8 ℃时则随低温胁迫时间延长而急剧上升, 细胞膜受到伤害。- 8 ℃胁迫下细胞保护酶SOD、POD 和CAT 活性短期(6 h) 内升高,然后下降, 24 h 以后3 种保护酶受到低温胁迫的严重抑制。在2 ℃胁迫下, SOD 活性在6 h 内变化不大, 随后下降; CAT活性变化趋势与- 8 ℃时相似, 但变化幅度较小; POD 虽也呈现先升后降的趋势, 但降幅明显小于升幅, 至48 h 时POD 活性仍维持较高水平。2 ℃低温胁迫不是抑制而是促进POD 活性的提高。     

低温对'寒富'苹果花芽呼吸和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘寒富’苹果花芽为试材,设置梯度低温(-25-、30-、35和-40℃)处理,研究顶花芽和腋花芽的呼吸速率和抗氧化酶活性对低温的响应特点。结果表明:顶花芽呼吸速率随着温度的下降表现出先升高后显著下降再升高的趋势,在-30℃顶花芽呼吸速率降到最低点,且明显低于腋花芽,此后顶花芽的呼吸速率虽呈上升的趋势,但一直处于较低水平。腋花芽呼吸速率在低温处理的前期呈逐渐降低的趋势,在-30℃降到最低点,此后急速升高,在-35℃达到最高点后快速下降。2种类型花芽的SOD酶活性在-10~-25℃均是快速升高,此后顶花芽的SOD酶活性急剧下降并一直处于较低水平,腋花芽的SOD酶活性下降幅度较小且维持在较高的水平。顶花芽的POD酶活性变化呈升高-下降交替出现的特点,在-25℃和-35℃出现峰值;腋花芽则表现为降低-升高-降低的趋势,在-35℃达到峰值且高于顶花芽。顶花芽的CAT酶活性在低温下呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在-25℃出现峰值;腋花芽CAT酶活性则呈升高-降低交替出现的特点,在-25℃和-35℃出现峰值。此外,腋花芽的POD和CAT酶活性升高幅度明显高于顶花芽。由此认为,腋花芽的呼吸途径活性受低温抑制的程度低于顶花芽,以及其抗氧化酶清除活性氧的能力高于顶花芽,都有利于减少低温胁迫引起的活性氧伤害。     

水分胁迫对马铃薯试管苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用聚乙二醇(Polyethylene Glycol-6000)(PEG-6000)模拟根际水分胁迫法,对马铃薯试管苗进行了水分胁迫处理,选用了陇薯3号和大西洋2个品种,设对照(0% PEG)和处理(10% PEG)2个水平,对MDA含量和消除活性氧代谢的保护酶(CAT、POD和SOD)的活性进行了动态变化规律研究.结果表明:经水分胁迫后,马铃薯试管苗叶片MDA含量、CAT、POD和SOD活性上升;再经过一定时间的水分胁迫后,陇薯3号和大西洋叶片MDA含量、CAT、POD和SOD活性分别达到不同峰值,随后各品种活性氧清除酶类SOD、POD和CAT活性及MDA含量开始下降;当解除水分胁迫后,CAT、POD、SOD活性开始上升,MDA含量降低,试验中2个马铃薯品种对水分胁迫敏感程度存在差异.     

铝氟交互处理对茶树生理特性的影响

 通过‘白茶’和‘智仁早茶’在不同铝氟浓度交互处理的水培试验, 研究了茶树的根系活力、叶片的游离脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 、过氧化物酶( POD) 和超氧化物岐化酶活性(SOD) 。结果表明: (1) 低浓度铝(30 mg·L ^-1) 能够增强茶树根系活力和SOD活性, 降低叶质膜透性以及POD和CAT酶活性; (2) 在氟浓度为4和12 mg·L ^-1时, 与对照相比, 茶叶的酶活性增强, 叶质膜透性和根系活力均低于对照; (3) 铝氟交互处理中, 在低铝低氟- 低铝高氟交互过程中, POD、CAT和SOD活性均呈上升趋势, 可以推断这个铝氟比例范围增强茶树对活性氧的清除, 但低铝高氟处理时, POD和CAT活性均比对照低; 高铝低氟浓度下, 游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力、POD、CAT和SOD活性均较单铝90mg·L ^-1处理低, 可能铝与氟产生协同作用; 高铝高氟浓度下, 茶苗的POD、CAT和SOD活性较对照高,且叶质膜透性和根系活力比对照低, 表明茶树受到一定伤害。这些结果说明, 铝氟交互作用对茶树生理机制的影响显著优于单铝和单氟处理, 且其作用存在一定比例范围, 两个品种间并不一致。     

低温胁迫后增温对‘索邦’百合生理活性的影响

以百合品种‘索邦’为试材,以室温(昼/夜温度22℃/14℃)为对照(CK),通过人工气候室模拟低温环境(昼/夜温度8℃/2℃)对其胁迫处理3、7、10 d,随后立即增至室温,采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)光化还原法等常规方法测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性糖的含量,探讨低温胁迫后增温对百合10叶期、20叶期及现蕾期生理活性的影响,以期为冬季日光温室的调温及切花百合的种植管理提供技术参考。结果表明:与CK相比,低温胁迫后各生长期百合叶片SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性糖含量均随胁迫时间的延长不断升高,胁迫10 d后分别达到各期CK的0.97~2.33、2.05~5.26、1.84~2.14、2.40~2.49、0.87~1.87、1.77~5.33倍,增温处理后其SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、REC、Pro以及可溶性糖含量均随处理时间的延长不断降低,增温10 d后趋于各处理,分别为CK的1.03~1.26、1.12~2.18、1.02~1.12、1.35~1.72、0.87~1.03、0.56~1.32倍。在整个处理过程中,百合叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、相对电导率及可溶性糖含量随温度变化最为明显,且低温胁迫后增温可缓解‘索邦’百合不同生长期所遭受的生理伤害。     

荔枝珍稀种质耐寒性鉴定及安全越冬的生理机制

采用电导法测定不同低温处理条件下7个荔枝种质离体叶片冻害指数及伤害率的变化,拟合Logistic方程求半致死温度,并分析荔枝在越冬期间叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)的含量,及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化规律。结果表明,7份试材叶片的冻害指数和伤害率随处理温度的降低而呈不同程度上升,其中YA1和紫娘喜的耐寒性较强,而马贵荔和无核荔则较低。为了能够安全越冬,各种质通过生理调控来提高其耐寒性。随着气温下降,叶片总含水量和自由水含量降低,束缚水和束缚水/自由水升高,气温回升后又出现逆转。越冬期间,各试材可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸和MDA含量均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。SOD活性呈上升—下降—再上升的趋势,POD活性呈缓慢上升的趋势,CAT活性则无明显的变化规律。     

赤霉素及硫酸铵对低温条件下榕树幼株生理生化指标的影响

以榕树(Ficus microcorpa)为试材,研究了冬季低温条件下不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)(0、15、150mg/L)和硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)(0、20、200g/L)处理15、30、45d对活性氧代谢酶系统的愈创木酚过氧化物酶(G-POD)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASA-POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和非酶系统丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:经GA3和(NH4)2SO4处理后可保持相对较高的抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性,削弱MDA含量的积累。在低温胁迫下随着GA3浓度的增加,POD活性、CAT活性和SOD活性呈先升高后降低的趋势;随(NH4)2SO4浓度的增加,POD活性、CAT活性和SOD活性呈增高的趋势,而MDA含量下降。含200g/L(NH4)2SO4的各处理15d后G-POD活性均表现得极为明显,15mg/L GA3+200g/L(NH4)2SO4处理下,AsA-POD活性均达到最高,15mg/L GA3+200g/L(NH4)2SO4处理30d后SOD活性持续上升并达峰值,15mg/L GA3+20g/L(NH4)2SO4处理15d后达到差异极显著水平(P0.01);受GA3和(NH4)2SO4处理后榕树叶片MDA含量逐渐下降,在处理15d时达到最低;且30d和45d处理后整体MDA含量较15d有所升高。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下辣椒幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以辣椒品种"湘研16号"为试材,采用人工气候箱模拟低温环境,研究了2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低温胁迫下辣椒幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及抗坏血酸(As A)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响,以期为油菜素内酯调控辣椒幼苗耐低温胁迫的机理研究提供参考依据。结果表明:抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性在低温胁迫下高于CK,而EBR处理的叶片酶活性显著增加。同时,EBR提高了低温胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶片中抗坏血酸(As A)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低了MDA含量。由此可见,EBR能显著增加保护酶活性和非酶抗氧化物的含量,增强植株抗氧化能力,有效缓解低温胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化伤害,降低了低温胁迫对辣椒幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

低温胁迫对3个小白菜OguCMS与保持系生化指标的影响

以3个小白菜OguCMS与保持系为试材,苗期进行低温处理,对其叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化进行研究。结果表明:不育系的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量在处理的各阶段均低于其保持系,SOD、POD和CAT活性则是不育系高于其保持系。随着低温处理时间的延长,不育系和保持系叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量一直下降,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势;SOD、POD和CAT活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。不育系和保持系在处理的各个阶段变化的一致性和处理后各生化指标数值差异缩小,表明小白菜OguCMS在苗期遇低温的抗逆能力与保持系很接近。     

紫花苜蓿叶片对硒胁迫的生理响应研究

以紫花苜蓿"大叶苜蓿""维多利亚""阿尔冈金"为试材,采用土培法,研究了硒胁迫对3种紫花苜蓿叶片酶促防御系统的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:在100μmol·L-1Se时,硒胁迫显著提高了3种紫花苜蓿叶片SOD、APX、POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白质含量。Se为900μmol·L-1时,SOD、APX活性和可溶性蛋白质、MDA含量显著增加,而CAT、POD活性显著降低。不同品种间抗氧化酶活性相比,"大叶苜蓿"抗氧化酶SOD、APX、POD、CAT活性显著高于其它2个苜蓿品种,且差异显著。综合评价表明,"大叶苜蓿"的抗氧化能力最强,其次为"阿尔冈金","维多利亚"苜蓿的抗氧化能力最差。     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Effect of paclobutrazol,prohexadione-Ca,deficit irrigation,summer pruning and root pruning on shoot growth,yield, and return bloom,in a ‘Blanquilla’ pear orchard

During the period 2001–2003 the performance of paclobutrazol, prohexadione-Ca, root pruning, summer pruning and deficit irrigation was studied with respect to a control in a Blanquilla pear orchard. Shoot growth, yield, fruit size, and return bloom were all evaluated.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Comparison of yield,fruit quality,antioxidant activity,and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape obtained from organic,conventional, and integrated fertilization

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of three different fertilizing systems, including organic, conventional, and integrated ones, on the yield, fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape. The study was carried out on several 6-year-old white seedless grapevine located in the Urmia Province (North-West Iran). The results showed that the fruit physical characteristics and yield were affected significantly by different fertilization systems. The highest yield was observed in the conventional fertilization, followed by organic and integrated systems. The leaf mineral contents were obviously dependent on the different fertilization used, whereas pH and titratable acidity were not affected. Based on our results, the highest values of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid were found in the organic and integrated fertilization systems, respectively. Also, the highest contents of total phenolic, catechin, and quercetin-3-galactoside were observed in the organic fertilization system. Overall, the highest nutritional quality and biochemical characteristics of white seedless grape were obtained in organic fertilization system, which improved antioxidant capacity by enhancing total phenolics, total flavonoids and valuable phenolic compounds.