虎皮病的防治研究概况

虎皮病的防治主要包括化学和非化学防治。化学防治的方法很多，目前最有效的是使用二苯胺，但是人类出于对自身健康的考虑，许多消费者 原接受化学处理的果实，非化学防治成为人们研究的热点。非化学防治主要包括气调贮藏，采后热处理和虎皮病预测。     

气调贮藏控制虎皮病的方法

气调贮藏是控制虎皮病发生的有效非化学防治方法之一[1].尽管二苯胺和乙氧基喹是商业上应用的、有效的虎皮病抑制剂,但它们的前景不容乐观[2].近年来消费者越来越不接受化学药剂的使用,二苯胺在某些欧洲国家已被禁用,在美国也是前途未卜[3].     

虎皮灵乳液处理采后苹果防止虎皮病的效果

<正> 虎皮病是苹果贮藏后期发生的主要生理病害。对商品果危害很大。如何防止虎皮病发病是我国苹果贮藏中急待解决的研究课题之一。目前,国外商业上一般采用采后抗氧剂二苯胺、乙氧基喹处理来防止苹果虎皮病发生。但在我国则无乙氧基喹生产供应。而二苯胺鉴于毒性残留等问题,在生产上不能大量推广应用。为此,1980年在以往试验的基础上,我们重点对上海市农药研究所研制成的虎皮灵(乙氧基隆)防治虎皮病效果进行了试验研究,同时对一些主要苹果品种虎皮病的不同发病症状规律也作了一定的观察和探讨。一、材料和方法供试苹果品种有元帅、青香蕉、倭锦、小     

苹果虎皮病(上)

苹果虎皮病,又叫褐烫病、褐皮、晕皮等,还应包括梨果的黑皮。日文译名“贮藏焦”。苹果虎皮病在辽宁早在一九五五年就开始被引起注意,一九六四年省熊岳果树     

澳洲青苹苹果虎皮病关键预警基因的筛选

【目的】筛选澳洲青苹苹果果实贮藏过程中虎皮病发生前的关键表达基因，为澳洲青苹苹果虎皮病发生预警研究提供理论依据。【方法】以澳洲青苹苹果果实为试材，于商业采收期采收并于低温（0±0.5℃）下长期贮藏，监测果实色泽和乙烯释放量，同时统计冷库贮藏期及冷藏后货架期的虎皮病发病情况，并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测与澳洲青苹苹果虎皮病发生相关基因的表达水平。【结果】澳洲青苹苹果低温贮藏50 d时，果实在冷库中未发病，置于货架期2 d时，果实出现轻微的虎皮病症状；低温贮藏70 d时，果实在冷库中开始发病。基于前人研究及转录组数据，鉴定到MdACO、MdAFS、MdCAT1、MdCAT2、MdPAL1、MdPAL2、MdC3H、MdPPO、MdPOD1、MdPOD2与澳洲青苹苹果虎皮病相关；通过实时荧光定量PCR技术进一步分析，确定MdAFS、MdC3H和MdCAT1的表达量在虎皮病发生前10 d，即贮藏第40天急剧上升，随后呈现下降的趋势，可作为虎皮病发生的预警基因。【结论】MdAFS、MdC3H和MdCAT1可作为澳洲青苹苹果贮藏期虎皮病发生的关键预警基因。     

苹果虎皮病的防治

苹果虎皮病的防治苹果虎皮病是贮藏期易发生的生理性病害，品种中以国光、青香蕉、印度等发病较严重，也与采收时间和贮藏环境有密切关系。１９９２～１９９４年我们的实践证明，采用大窑贮藏，以下措施对防治虎皮病有良好的效果。①适时采收，在采果前喷布２５００×１０...     

PS—1型保鲜纸包果防治苹果虎皮病

<正> 虎皮病是苹果贮藏后期发生的主要生理病害,对商品危害很大。我们曾报导采用“虎皮灵”处理采后苹果,可有效地防止虎皮病发生,在以往试验的基础上,我们和上海神州造纸厂等单位协作,研制成PS-1     

影响苹果虎皮病发生的因素

苹果虎皮病是贮藏后期果实发生的一种生理病害，发生轻重与果实的成熟度、气候因素及贮藏环境条件有关。在生长季最后几周天气干热的年份要特别注意虎皮病的防治。采用低氧气调、超低氧气调防治虎皮病的效果好，其处理条件一般是0℃左右的温度、1%-2.5%O2和0.5%-3%CO2。适期采收果实、采后及时入库冷藏、使用乙烯吸收剂去除或减少贮藏环境中的乙烯等措施，也有助于防治虎皮病。     

蔬菜病虫害非化学防治措施及应注意的问题

所谓病虫害的非化学防治，一般是指使用化学防治以外的各项措施，包括农业防治、生物防治、物理防治及植物检疫。由于这些措施不涉及化学农药，一般不会对产品和环境带来负面影响。因此，随着安全食品的发展，近几年来非化学防治措施在蔬菜病虫害的综合防治中应用越来越广泛，特别是在有机蔬菜生产基地，已成为当家的防治措施。     

苹果冷藏期间虎皮病发病原因及防治方法

苹果虎皮病是采后冷藏期间常见的生理性病害。该研究从采前采后2个方面对虎皮病发生原因进行分析,初步探讨了虎皮病致病机理,并系统研究了虎皮病防治方法,以期为降低苹果贮藏期间虎皮病发生、提高商品价值提供参考依据。     

The action of phorone and other compounds in controlling superficial scald of apples

A new inhibitor of superficial scald, phorone (2,6-dimethylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one) is reported. Phorone reduced scald on ‘Granny Smith’ apples when applied by injection or as a vapour. Phorone was found to limit the accumulation of α-farnesene during storage and the amounts of conjugated triene oxidation products derived from α-farnesene. Monoterpenes also reduced α-farnesene, oxidation products and scald, but these compounds were less effective than phorone. In contrast, diphenylamine had little effect on the amount of α-farnesene in the fruit but it prevented the autoxidation of α-farnesene and controlled scald.     

前期低氧处理对梨虎皮病的防控及乙烯释放的影响

以‘鸭梨’为试材,空气处理为对照,分析比较前期超低氧胁迫(0.8%O2+0.5%CO2处理15 d,转入5.0%O2+0.5%CO2长期贮藏)、静态低氧气调(降温后直接转入5.0%O2+0.5%CO2)和"两阶段"缓慢降氧气调(10.0%O2+0.5%CO2处理15 d,转入5.0%O2+0.5%CO2长期贮藏)对‘鸭梨’采后贮藏过程中虎皮指数、α–法尼烯和共轭三烯、内在品质、呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率及乙烯生物合成及信号转导途径关键基因相对表达量的影响。结果表明:与空气对照相比,采用前期超低氧胁迫、静态低氧气调及"两阶段"缓慢降氧气调均显著降低了‘鸭梨’贮藏及货架期间虎皮病的发生,贮藏240 d及货架7 d后,虎皮指数由高到低依次为:空气对照(93.75%)>"两阶段"缓慢降氧气调(80.00%)>静态低氧气调(62.50%)>前期超低氧胁迫(53.57%);进一步研究发现,低氧气调抑制了果实共轭三烯的积累,较好地维持了贮藏后期果实可滴定酸和维生素C含量。同时,果实货架初期乙烯释放量显著降低,乙烯释放高峰明显推迟,Pb ACO1、Pb ACO3及Pb ACS1的相对表达量显著降低;而Pb CTR1和Pb ERF1相对表达量升高,货架后Pb ETR2基因相对表达量快速升高,乙烯大量释放。     

Control of superficial scald in ‘Granny Smith’ apples by ultra-low and stress levels of oxygen as an alternative to diphenylamine

Summary

‘Granny Smith’ apples were harvested at weekly intervals, commencing approximately 155 d after full bloom (DFFB), over two successive seasons. Subsamples of the fruit were stored for periods of five and six months, without the application of diphenylamine, under regular atmosphere (RA) (1990/91 season only), and ultra-low oxygen (ULO) controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. Further samples were subjected to initial low oxygen stress (ILOS) conditions before ULO CA storage. During the 1989/90 season, scald development after five months’ storage was low for fruit which had been picked in the pre- and post-maturity phases, but high on fruit picked at optimum maturity (170 DFFB). Although storage regime had little effect on scald development after five months’ storage, the ILOS + ULO CA treatment resulted in lower levels of scald on the post-mature fruit after six months of storage than was the case under ULO CA storage alone. There was more scald in the 1990/91 season than in the previous season. Under RA storage conditions, scald levels were high after both five and six months of storage, and decreased only slightly the later the apples were picked. Relative to RA, storage under ULC CA conditions led to markedly lower scald levels on the post-mature fruit, but did not greatly reduce scald on the pre-mature and mature fruit. Storage under the ILOS + ULO CA regime, however, conferred low levels of superficial scald on pre-mature, mature and post-mature fruit after both five and six months of storage. These results suggest that although superficial scald on ‘Granny Smith’ apples can be inhibited by a combination of ILOS and ULO CA storage, the development of scald is also affected by factors other than maturity and storage period.     

Chlorophyll fluorescence as affected by some superficial defects in stored apples

Summary

Chlorophyll fluorescence, skin coloration and surface contour were measured for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit with and without common storage and handling surface defects. Defects included C0₂ injury in ‘Empire’, bitter pit in ‘Jonagold’, superficial scald in ‘Cortland’, ‘Law Rome’, ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ and bruising in ‘Cortland’. Measurements were made along a transect established on the fruit surface. The fluorescence parameters, minimal fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, where Fv = Fm - Fo) were relatively similar around the circumference of undamaged control fruit. Skin colour was not found to influence chlorophyll fluorescence. With the exception of bruises, there were marked changes in fluorescence in the areas where surface disorders or damage had developed. C02 injury and bitter pit reduced Fv/Fm, whereas superficial scald did not. However, scald symptoms were accompanied by a reduction in Fo and Fm. The reduction in Fo and Fm became more marked as scald symptoms intensified during post-storage holding at 22°C. Chlorophyll fluorescence may have some potential for sorting fruit having superficial defects.     

Multiformulation dips for controlling storage disorders of apples and pears. II. Assessing scald inhibitors

Superficial scald (scald) was adequately controlled by diphenylamine (DPA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT and Topanol), and Ethoxyquin and partly controlled by Topanol O (a BHT emulsion formulated for calcium chloride compatibility). Mixing calcium chloride (calcium) with these scald-inhibitors tended to improve the level of scald control, although this effect was not always significant, and Benlate reduced the effectiveness of Ethoxyquin. The phytotoxic effect of individual dip components caused appreciable wastage from lenticel spotting. Lowest lenticel spotting occurred with Ethoxyquin and DPA miscible oil (MO), while BHT miscible oil formulations Topanol and Topanol O caused excessive spotting. Calcium was also highly co-inductive to lenticel spotting, and this effect was compounded by the inclusion of scald inhibitors with calcium. In using mixed ingredient (multiformulation) dips, DPA as a miscible oil or powder gave effective scald control without greatly increasing lenticel spot when calcium was added. However, this effect was more apparent on ‘Granny Smith’ and since calcium did not improve fruit firmness on ‘Delicious’, its inclusion in post-harvest dips for this cultivar is not warranted.     

Postharvest heat treatment as a possible means of reducing superficial scald of apples

A pre-storage heat treatment of 38°C for four days applied to apples (Malus domestica cv. ‘Granny Smith’) before standard storage in air at 0°C was found to inhibit the development of superficial scald. Apples stored for three months after heat treatment had superficial scald levels similar to those of apples dipped in diphenylamine (DPA), while all control apples had scald. This inhibitory effect was no longer apparent after five months of storage. The heat treatment inhibited the accumulation of α-farnesene and conjugated trienes in apple cuticle while DPA inhibited only a-farnesene oxidation. Heat treated apples also had lower polyphenoloxidase activity in the peel than untreated apples. This treatment may be a substitute for chemical treatments for short-term storage of scald- susceptible apple varieties.     

Heat treatment and harvest date interact in their effect on superficial scald of ‘Granny Smith’ apple

A study was made of the effect of hot water dips (HWD) at temperatures of 42, 44, 46 and 48 °C (HWD 42 °C, HWD 44 °C, HWD 46 °C and HWD 48 °C, respectively) for 3 min on development of superficial scald and the concentration of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols (CT), CT₂₅₉, CT₂₆₉, CT₂₈₁, as well as OD₂₀₀ on Granny Smith apple fruits harvested on three dates and stored 125 days in air at 2 °C. HWD 48 °C efficiently decreased surface scald in the second and third harvest. α-Farnesene and CT were measured spectrophotometrically and by HPLC. No clear relationship of OD₂₀₀ and scald development was observed. Correlation of scald index and OD₂₀₀ at the end of storage was negative for the second harvest date. There was no significant correlation between the scald index and CT₂₅₉. Scald index was positively correlated with CT₂₆₉ after 80 days for the second and third harvest and at the end of storage for the second harvest. CT₂₈₁ was spectrophotometrically detectable only at the end of the storage, for the third harvest date, in control, HWD 42 °C, and HWD 44 °C. HWD 42 °C had significantly higher CT₂₈₁ compared to HWD 44 °C and control. HPLC analysis of control samples revealed presence of CT₂₈₁ in all three harvest dates, and presence of at least two components, as was the case of CT₂₅₉ and CT₂₆₉. The ratio of these two components was different for all three CT species. Fruit maturity was an important factor determining the response of fruit to heat and occurrence of superficial scald. The results indicate that a successful treatment using HWD to control superficial scald may be obtained after further research and that there are still some questions on the role of different CT's in scald biochemistry that should be addressed in future research.     

荔枝采后病害及防治技术研究进展

病菌危害是荔枝难于贮藏保鲜的最重要原因之一。荔枝采后不但受采前已侵入病原菌的危害,还受采后大量腐生菌的侵染危害。目前,荔枝采后贮藏保鲜中控制病害的主要措施一是通过生理调节来间接地抑制病害发生,二是应用杀菌剂。针对杀菌剂应用中存在的严重污染环境和危害人身健康的问题,通过介绍生物防治在果蔬贮运病害防治中具有的优点和荔枝采后病害生物防治的实例,指出采用生物防治的方法控制荔枝采后病害,应予以重视。     

Re-initiating softening ability of 1-methylcyclopropene-treated ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears after regular air or controlled atmosphere storage

Summary

‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears treated with 300 nl l^–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) did not soften to eating quality within 7 d, a desirable ripening period. A pre-conditioning method was evaluated as a means to re-initiate the softening ability of pears prior to marketing. Fruit were treated with 1-MCP and stored at –1°C in regular air, or in a controlled atmosphere for 2 – 9 months. After storage, fruit were pre-conditioned with nine temperature (10°, 15° or 20°C) and time (5, 10 or 20 d) combinations. Pre-conditioned fruit were then assessed for ripening ability following storage for 14 d at 20°C. The ripening ability of 1-MCP-treated ‘Bartlett’ fruit recovered in response to many pre-conditioning combinations of 10° – 20°C for 10 – 20 d, as indicated by a decrease in flesh firmness to 27 N or lower. The requirements for pre-conditioning regimes are storage atmosphere- and time-dependent. For ‘d’Anjou’ pears, no pre-conditioning combination resulted in re-initiating the ripening of fruit treated with 300 nl l^–1 1-MCP. However, when the 1-MCP dose was 50 nl l^–1, ‘d’Anjou’ pears ripened over an extended shelf-period with a substantial decrease in superficial scald. The results indicate that treatment with 1-MCP at approx. 50 nl l^–1, combined with a pre-conditioning prior to marketing, is a potential means to control scald in ‘d’Anjou’ fruit. Re-initiation of ripening occurred concomitantly with a substantial increase in ethylene production. The control of superficial scald by 1-MCP in ‘d’Anjou’ pears was due to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of -farnesene and conjugated trienes.     

延迟和缩短苹果气调处理时间对贮藏效果的影响

 以新红星苹果为试材探讨延迟和缩短低氧气调新组合(10 ℃, 2 %O₂ + 7. 5 %CO₂) 处理时间对其贮藏效果的影响。结果表明, 贮藏123 d 时, 冷藏对照(0 ℃, 空气) 和常规气调处理(0 ℃, 3 %O₂ + 3 %CO₂) 果实的虎皮病果率分别为25. 6 %和1. 02 % , 果肉硬度分别为5. 79 和6. 52 kg/ cm², 而低氧新组合处理无虎皮病, 果肉硬度(6. 63 kg/ cm²) 显著高于冷藏对照, 而与常规气调处理无显著差异。10 ℃空气中放15 d 后再用低氧新组合处理108 d 的果实虎皮病果率6. 67 % , 果肉硬度(4. 8 kg/ cm²) 显著低于冷藏对照和常规气调处理。这些结果说明果实采后及时进行低氧气调处理是必要的。冷藏对照、常规气调处理和在10 ℃下低氧新组合处理123 d 的果实再于0 ℃空气中放58 d , 其虎皮病果率分别为46. 9 %、36. 4 %和0 , 果肉硬度分别为5. 28 、5. 21 和4. 5 kg/ cm²。在10 ℃下低氧新组合处理96 d 再冷藏的苹果, 在贮后50 d 时无虎皮病果, 果肉硬度为4. 67 kg/ cm² 。综合来看, 计划贮期约5 个月时, 10 ℃下低氧新组合处理的时间可由4 个月缩短为3. 3 个月。低氧气调新组合处理的苹果在气调期间α2法尼烯和共轭三烯的形成受到显著抑制。