Abnormal auxin distribution and poor berry setting (coulure) in grapes

A constant low auxin level was observed in a normally setting trimmed cluster of the tetraploid grape ‘Kyoho’ (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.). The basipetal auxin transport in the trimmed cluster was always 2–3 times higher than the acropetal transport during the flowering-period. In a non-treated cluster, showing a tendency towards excessive berry abscission, the auxin level in the apical parts of the cluster fluctuated within the range of 20–70 times that of the auxin content at full bloom. The ratio of basipetal to acropetal auxin transport was nearly unity or less than unity.The results support the hypothesis of apical dominance and auxin gradient in the formation of an abscission zone.     

Auxin transport capacity in relation to the dwarfing effect of apple rootstocks

SUMMARY

Basipetal auxin transport in shoots obtained from dwarfing (M.9) and less-dwarfing (MM.Ill) apple rootstocks was compared by measuring the distribution of ¹⁴C-[carboxy]-labelled indole 3-acetic acid supplied to the ends of shoot segments. Auxin was transported at a greater velocity in MM.111 than in M.9 in both woody and non-woody segments, and was effectively blocked by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. The velocities of transport were approximately 8 mmh-¹ in M.9,and 13 mmh-¹ MM.111. There was relatively little transport in the acropetal direction, and there were no significant differences between the two rootstocks in total auxin uptake. Chromatographic analysis suggested that the metabolismof the auxin supplied followed similar patterns in both rootstocks. It is proposed that the slower auxin transport in M.9 results from a lower capacity for auxin efflux from transporting cells. A limiting auxin transport capacity could explain the reduced cambial activity and subsequent xylem formation in the dwarfing M.9 rootstock, and thus make an important contribution to the dwarfing effect.     

Trials With Monuron For Weed Control in Some Direct-Sown Vegetable Crops

Studies of the auxin content of developing fig fruits revealed a sudden 30-fold increase in auxin concentration in the variety Calimyrna at the time of formation of the endosperm tissue. A similar and even larger rise in the parthenocarpic Mission variety was associated with the development of a parthenogenetic endosperm. By chromatographic analysis this auxin was shown to be different from those present at earlier and later stages of growth and to be chemically distinct from indoleacetic acid. Its function is thought to be the prevention of fruit drop. No evidence was found that the rate of fruit enlargement was in any way dependent on the auxin concentration.     

The response of poinsettia cultivars to auxins in root promotion of stem cuttings

Terminal stem cuttings of 9 poinsettia cultivars were pretreated with auxin compounds either singly or in combination prior to rooting in both the winter and summer. The 9 cultivars responded similarly to the auxin containing chemicals with the dual treatment of a liquid dip into either Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm or Chloromone at 750 ppm followed by a powder dip with Hormodin No. 2, most effective in stimulating rooting in all cultivars studied except ‘Marble Annette Hegg’. In the winter, the combination treatment of Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm and Hormodin No. 2 significantly increased rooting over the separate application of these chemicals, whereas in the summer there was an increased benefit of dual treatment only with ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Annette Hegg Supreme’. Those cultivars such as ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Ecke White’ which produced a low number of roots and fresh weight without root promoters, responded most to auxin root promoters.     

独脚金内酯调控植物分枝的研究进展

高等植物株形的形成受外界环境、遗传以及植物激素等多因素的影响。植物激素对调控植物地上部分枝起着重要作用,除公认调控植物分枝的生长素和细胞分裂素以外,独脚金内酯是一种新被发现的调控植物分枝的激素。对独脚金内酯调控植物分枝及其与生长素、细胞分裂素协同作用的分子机理进行了综述,并对其在园艺方面所具有的潜在应用价值进行了展望。     

不同激素处理对乌拉尔甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸含量的影响

为获得乌拉尔甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸生产的最佳配方。现利用随机区组设计和高效液相色谱法分析测定愈伤组织中甘草酸的含量。结果表明:细胞分裂素与生长素搭配使用有利于甘草酸的积累,特别是生长素IAA与BA组合有利于甘草酸形成,单独使用激素BA不利于甘草酸含量积累;适宜甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸形成的培养基配方为MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+IAA0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L,甘草酸产量平均最高为120 mg/g;适宜的外植体为根状茎。     

Interactions between hormonal and developmental signalling in the prevention of side-shoots in rose (Rosa hybrida L.)

Summary

This study investigated the effects of auxin sprays on the development of side-shoots in rose (Rosa hybrida L.). The rationale was to prevent or to minimise side-shoot development in a commercially acceptable rose cultivar. Equallyspaced doses (at 0, 15, 30, 45 or 60 mg l^–1) of -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied at the equivalent of 100 l ha^–1 to roses grown on an inert substrate in a commercial greenhouse, via repeated foliar sprays at 2, 4, or 8 d intervals over 7 weeks. Unattended or hand-pinched plants were used as negative or positive controls, respectively.The interaction between auxin dose and spray interval had a significant (P ≤ 0.001) influence on the number and growth rate of side-shoots on a stem. All auxin doses tested completely prevented side-shoot development on rose stems at a 2 d spray interval. This high efficacy was attributed to prevention of the irreversible phase-change in the regulation of apical dominance. However, the interaction between auxin dose and spray interval significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced the occurrence of leaf epinasty, a physiological condition with a negative impact on cut-shoot quality. Bullheads, another undesirable physiological condition, was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced by auxin dose. This novel technology is expected to lower rose production costs. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the interaction between hormonal and developmental signalling in apical dominance. Possible modes of action are discussed.     

A simple method for large-scale propagation of Dendrocalamus asper

The influence of position of cuttings, auxin treatments and seasonal variation on adventitious rooting of Dendrocalamus asper, a multipurpose edible bamboo of horticultural value, was examined. Single node proximal (culm) and distal (culm-branch) cuttings were collected during the months of April–June and treated for 24 h with water or 2 mM auxin (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)). The treated cuttings were planted horizontally in sand beds and maintained under misting conditions for 2 months. Culm cuttings exhibited better adventitious rooting than culm-branch cuttings and the month of May proved to be the best for rooting of both types of cuttings. Auxin treatments also influenced adventitious rooting and their effectiveness was in the order: NAA>IBA>IAA. The interaction among auxin, position of cuttings and month of collection was also found to be significant on root induction and differentiation. Single node culm cuttings, without auxin treatment, resulted in 98% plantlets in May and 67% plantlets in June, and emerged as a suitable material for large-scale vegetative propagation. Administration of IAA or NAA to abundant culm-branch cuttings of low commercial utility (collected in May) also produces ≥50% plantlets.     

同源四倍体玫瑰香葡萄嫩枝扦插不定根发生过程中内源激素的变化

 以葡萄同源四倍体玫瑰香和其二倍体玫瑰香母株的嫩枝插条为试材, 研究了扦插生根过程中(0～18 d) 生根部位皮层的内源激素含量变化。结果表明: 玫瑰香葡萄同源加倍以后, 不仅改变了不同时期插条生根部位皮层的内源激素水平, 也改变了该部位对外施NAA的反应。在不定根诱导期( 0～3 d) ,促进生根的生长素水平下降, 抑制生根的脱落酸和赤霉素含量上升, 生长素与脱落酸和赤霉素的比值下降;应用NAA处理以后, 在根原基诱导期(0～3 d) , 赤霉素、玉米素和玉米素核苷含量不降反升, 改变了内源激素的整体变化态势。分析认为, 同源加倍后嫩枝插条生根部位内源激素的代谢变化是造成其生根能力降低的主要原因之一。     

狗蔷薇生长素输出载体蛋白基因PIN1 和PIN2的分离与表达分析

 植物体内生长素输出载体PIN 蛋白基因的表达变化间接反映了生长素的运输与积累状态。 为分析生长素在狗蔷薇（Rosa canina）类原球茎发生初期的作用，以狗蔷薇叶片愈伤形成的不定根为材 料，分离了生长素输出载体蛋白基因PIN1 和PIN2 的cDNA，分别命名为RcPIN1（GenBank 登录号 KF543362）和RcPIN2（GenBank 登录号KF543363）。RcPIN1 全长2 266 bp，编码621 个氨基酸；RcPIN2 全长2 248 bp，编码643 个氨基酸，两者推导蛋白结构差异微小，在N 端和C 端均有5 个跨膜区域，中 间1 个亲水区。Blast 比对发现两个基因与多种植物PIN 基因具有高度同源性（> 70%）。半定量RT-PCR 分析表明，RcPIN1 在根、茎中表达量高于叶和花，RcPIN2 在根中表达水平高于茎、叶和花；在狗蔷薇类 原球茎发生初期，TDZ 诱导培养下愈伤—不定根RcPIN1 和RcPIN2 表达上调，而TDZ + TIBA 抑制培养 下两基因表达不活跃，且类原球茎形成率降低。试验结果表明生长素的极性运输与积累参与了调控狗蔷 薇类原球茎的初期形态建成。     

植物生长素响应高温胁迫研究进展

综述了生长素在其生物合成、信号传导、极性运输以及其他途径方面对高温胁迫的响应，为生长素在提高园艺作物耐高温胁迫中的应用提供参考。     

黄瓜Aux/IAA基因家族的生物信息学分析

Aux/IAA基因家族是一个典型的被生长素诱导而表达的基因家族,可以被生长素快速诱导表达。采用生物信息学方法在黄瓜基因组中确定了28个Aux/IAA基因,除4号染色体外,其他6条染色体均有分布,编码蛋白序列在70~427个氨基酸残基之间,22个黄瓜Aux/IAA蛋白具有完整的4个保守结构域,进化方式多样化。该研究结果有助于黄瓜生长素信号转导途径的解析。     

The effect of boron on tipburn and auxin activity in lettuce

Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in a boron deficient nutrient medium developed tipburn. Their leaves showed no overall increased auxin activity compared with those of control plants until they were 66 days old, when boron deficient plants showed a relative increase in the activity of one auxin. It is postulated that tipburn in lettuce may be caused by interacting factors including calcium and boron deficiences, and the ontogenetic age of the plant. Environmental and cultivar effects on the incidence of tipburn indicate that agronomic or genetic control measures may become feasible, if the mechanism controlling its expression can be further elucidated.     

Flower morphology and number of aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) in relation to fruit load and auxin application

The effect of fruit load and auxin application on the flower morphology and flower number of two aubergine cultivars was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The flowers of plants that did not set fruit showed only minor fluctuations in flower and pistil mass, and in style and anther length. However, when plants were allowed to set fruit by pollination, flower and pistil mass, and style (but not anther) length were significantly reduced during the stage of fruit growth. Style length was also reduced in flowers formed after fruit had been set parthenocarpically by the application of auxin (IAA), but there was no significant effect of IAA on style length in the absence of fruit development. The number of flowers was reduced in the presence of IAA (with or without fruit set), or following fruit set by pollination. It is suggested that fruit load and development affect flower mass and style length of aubergine whereas auxin influences the number of flowers.     

苹果顶芽中内源激素动态与成花关系研究

用环切处理后的16年生金冠苹果树的顶芽甲醇提取物进行IAA、GA和ABA类物质的分离、纯化和鉴定。结果发现,5～7月IAA、GA类物质含量下降、ABA上升。环切后10天三种激素含量依次为对照的66％、43％和230％。环切后10～45天三种激素含量保持与对照有稳定的显著性差异(IAA、GA低于对照,ABA高于对照)。因此认为在花芽生理分化过程中,IAA和GA的低含量与ABA的较高含量对成花有促进作用;反之,则抑制成花。环切促进成花的原初过程或诱导因子是内源激素及其平衡状态的改变。     

叶片大小与生长素种类及浓度对鸢尾试管苗

德国鸢尾8#试管苗在增殖阶段根茎隐芽的萌发与内列叶片的生长发育呈负相关,通过调配生长素种类、浓度及接种材料叶片大小可同时提高根茎隐芽个数与内列叶片的生长质量。结果表明:使用培养基MS+BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.1 mg/L,试管苗隐芽萌发个数3.92,叶片面积与叶绿素含量也优于其它生长素处理;用剪刀剪去叶片的1/2,接种在培养基MS+BA 1.0mg/L+IBA 0.1 mg/L上,试管苗隐芽萌发个数为5.22,叶片长度、叶片面积及叶绿素含量均优。     

桃生长素反应因子和生长素/吲哚乙酸蛋白家族基因的克隆及表达分析

生长素对果实发育起着重要的调控作用。生长素反应因子（auxin response factor,ARF）和生长素/吲哚乙酸蛋白（auxin/indoleacetic acids protein,Aux/IAA）是生长素信号转导系统中的两个关键因子,在转录水平上对生长素参与的生理活动进行调控。为探索生长素调控桃果实发育的机制,选取ARF家族的1 个基因PpARF1,Aux/IAA 家族的5 个基因PpIAA3、PpIAA9、PpIAA17、PpIAA26 和PpIAA29,克隆其全长cDNA 序列并进行生物信息学分析,对它们在桃果实不同发育时期中果皮和种子的表达进行qRT-PCR 检测。序列分析表明：这6 个基因的编码区全长分别为2 037、594、1 194、618、384 和723 bp,分别编码678、197、397、205、127 和240 个氨基酸;氨基酸序列比对分析显示桃PpARF1 蛋白序列和草莓的FvARF1（XP_004300014.1）同源性最高,达到90.56%,PpIAA 家族的5 个蛋白同源性很低,只有23.77%;荧光定量PCR 结果显示,在花后52 d（果实发育硬核期）,PpIAA3 和PpIAA17 在中果皮中的表达量显著升高;PpIAA26、PpIAA29 和PpARF1 在种子中的表达量显著升高。预示生长素可能在桃果实发育硬核期发挥着重要的调控作用。     

Genetical and Cytological Aspects of Incompatibility and Sterility in Cultivated Fruits.

Summary

Effects of auxin and gibberellin on changes in pectin polysaccharides and activities of the enzymes, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase were assayed in fruits of cape-gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L. ‘Rashbhori’) during their development and ripening. The water-soluble pectic fractions accumulation more in the auxin-treated fruits than in the control, while gibberellin raised the level of the acid-soluble and alkali-soluble fractions. Treatments with auxin increased polygalacturonase activity and gibberellin proved to be highly effective in reducing its activity. The significance of these findings in relation to pectin solubilization is discussed.     

芸薹属大白菜Aux/IAA基因家族的生物信息学分析

Aux/IAA基因家族在生长素诱导的早期做出响应,是生长素早期应答的3类基因家族之一。现主要从基因组水平研究白菜Aux/IAA基因的分布及特征。结果表明:从BRAD共检测到59条白菜Aux/IAA基因,不均等分布在白菜的全部10条染色体上。通过多重比对和基序探测结果显示,40条白菜Aux/IAA基因具有4个保守基序,其它基因的保守基序则有不同程度的分化。系统进化分析表明,Aux/IAA基因家族可分为7个亚家族。通过表达模式预测发现,白菜Aux/IAA基因家族表达模式也有较大差异。     

Naturally occurring auxins and inhibitor and their role in fruit growth and drop of mango ‘Dashehari’

The pattern of fruit growth in mango ‘Dashehari’ (Mangifera indica L.) was sigmoid. Pollinated ovaries and young fruits dropped in two main waves: 0–14 days and 28–35 days. A third wave, a mild one, was continuous and irregular from 35 days after pollination to maturity of the fruit.One acidic and one non-acidic auxin and one acidic inhibitor were detected in the immature fruit. The increase in the levels of auxin corresponded with a period of rapid fruit growth, while high levels of inhibitor tended to correspond with a high rate of fruit drop from pollination to 42 days. The auxins appear to play a major role in the growth of the fruit, whereas the inhibitor appears to cause fruit drop.