草花混播在沈阳地区的应用研究

针对沈阳地区的气候及立地条件建立了3种混播组合模式,并运用了层次分析法(AHP)对其应用进行了评价,旨在为草花混播在沈阳地区的推广提供技术参考.结果表明:22块草花混播样地中有18块样地评价达到Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级标准,占总数的81.82％,说明草花混播组合应用效果较好,适合沈阳地区大面积推广应用；有4块样地评价在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级,占总数的18.18％,主要因为该样块土壤条件较差、组合内品种配比不合理及播种密度较大等原因导致出现单一种强势现象.     

青岛地区五种混播草坪耗水特性研究

以5种混播草坪为试材,通过水量平衡法研究了5种混播草坪的蒸散量,比较了蒸腾耗水规律及节水潜力,并计算了5种混播草坪的坪草系数。结果表明:充分灌水条件下的蒸散量为混播Ⅴ(456.20mm)混播Ⅲ(412.04mm)混播Ⅰ(397.38mm)混播Ⅱ(378.95mm)混播Ⅳ(363.17mm),限制灌水时的蒸散量为混播Ⅳ(347.87mm)混播Ⅴ(329.99mm)混播Ⅱ(316.23mm)混播Ⅰ(310.97mm)混播Ⅲ(279.26mm);5种混播草坪节水潜力从大到小依次为混播III(132.78mm)混播V(126.21mm)混播I(86.41mm)混播II(62.72mm)混播IV(15.30mm);5种混播草坪的坪草系数介于0.93~1.52之间。     

不同水分、光照处理对乌鲁木齐混播草坪草生长的影响

开展4种不同光照强度以及4种不同水分条件对乌鲁木齐混播草坪草生长状况的影响,结果表明,在重度遮阴和中度遮阴条件下,混播草坪的生长状况明显优于轻度遮阴和不遮阴;在浇3次水/d条件下,草坪草的生长状况明显好于浇2次水/d、浇1次水/d、浇1次水/2 d的条件,混播草坪草的叶片宽度及叶重也呈现同样的生长趋势。     

混播对青绿苔草生长的影响研究

采用1年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)及高羊茅(Festuca arundinace)等3种草坪草和青绿苔草(Carex leucochlora)进行混播成坪研究,筛选出适合与青绿苔草混播的草种,达到成坪目的。青绿苔草播种量设计为5 g/m~2和10 g/m~2,按3∶1、6∶1、10∶1的质量比混入草坪草种子。结果表明:混播冷季型草坪草后,青绿苔草播种量为5 g/m~2处理的株高明显优于10 g/m~2播种量;青绿苔草与多年生黑麦草5 g/m~2混播时根长明显优于其他处理。     

播种密度配比对草灌混播群落生长的影响

针对公路边坡植被恢复过程中,灌木植物在草灌混播模式中生长困难的问题,选出紫穗槐、白刺花、马棘木蓝、多花木蓝与高羊茅进行不同密度的草灌混播配置模式研究。结果表明:适当密度的草本植物可增加灌木出苗率;草本植物与木本植物的长势在一定范围内成负相关。从目前的时间尺度上看,M1、C2处理的效果较好,M3、C3处理的效果较差。不同播种密度配比的灌木生长情况及建植效果排序如下:M1C2M2C2M2C1M1C3M3C1其它。     

施氮和修剪对混播草坪稳定性的影响

在冬季寒冷、夏季高温的北京地区气候条件下，研究了施氮和修剪对草地早熟禾与结缕草混播草坪的影响。试验处理包括：修剪高度２、３、４ｃｍ；年施氮量０、１５０、４００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，在春、秋季各施一次。测定了草坪密度、修剪量、质量及病害程度。结果表明：修剪高度和施氮水平影响混播草坪的分蘖比例，且前者的影响程度大于后者。降低修剪高度，混播草坪中结缕草的比例增加，相反则草地早熟禾占优势。随着施氮量增加，草地早熟禾的比例增加，在修剪高度３ｃｍ、施氮量为１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时，草地早熟禾与结缕草的生长趋于平衡，质量稳定，夏季病害少，可保持草坪的稳定性。     

沙地梨园生草模式及其效应试验

探索了不同生草制模式 ,并对其效应进行了调查 ,结果表明 ,梨园混播白三叶草与黑麦草 ,实行果草牧结合 ,对梨树改善生态环境 ,促进生长发育、增加结果有较好效应     

片麻岩山地几种草本植物生长特性及水土保持效益分析

以河北省平山县下峪村新垦地土质坡面为试验地,采用单播、混播2种模式进行播种,研究了几种草本植物在太行山片麻岩山地的生长特性及水土保持效益。结果表明:皇竹草发芽最快,发芽时间为3d,波斯菊次之,发芽最晚的是早熟禾。播种后第15天,皇竹草幼苗最高,高达10.89cm,其次为波斯菊,高度达8.88cm,白三叶草植株最矮,仅为0.67cm。波斯菊植被覆盖度最高,达到了56.9%,皇竹草、波斯菊+紫花苜蓿+皇竹草混播、波斯菊+紫花苜蓿+白三叶草混播坡面的植被覆盖度分别为45.7%、36.1%、34.4%。人工模拟降雨时,播种皇竹草的坡面土壤侵蚀模数、径流系数分别为6.60t·km~(-2)、14.85%,土壤侵蚀程度较轻,水土保持效益最好;水土保持效益较好的有波斯菊+紫花苜蓿+白三叶草混播、波斯菊,土壤侵蚀模数分别为11.13、12.70t·km~(-2),径流系数分别为19.69%、21.34%。因此,将波斯菊、皇竹草、紫花苜蓿、白三叶草进行混合播种,具有良好的水土保持效益。     

矮化苹果园苕子自生自灭栽培试验初报

<正> 世界一些主要果品生产国家,果园土壤管理多采用生草栽培法,所用品种一般为多年生豆科或禾本科、或两者混播、或令其自然生草。目前我国果园内采用生草的尚少,试验研究工作仅仅开始,主要着重研究生草的效果和适宜生草品种的筛选。     

生草栽培对火龙果园恶性杂草防控和果实商品性的影响

在贵州省喀斯特山地火龙果园，设置春季播种赤小豆、甜荞、多年生苦荞、紫花苜蓿，秋季播种箭舌豌豆、灰萝卜、箭舌豌豆+灰萝卜混播，铺设防草布及清耕等处理，测定比较不同处理对杂草白花鬼针草的防控效果、时长、成本，及火龙果产量、商品果、品质等影响。结果表明，4月初播种赤小豆，10月中旬混播箭舌豌豆+灰萝卜对贵州省喀斯特山地火龙果园白花鬼针草的防控效果最好，生草栽培有利于减少白花鬼针草的防控成本，降低火龙果果实发病率和发病指数，提高产量和商品性，对火龙果果实品质影响不大。     

野花草地的国外营建技术

野花草地具有广阔的发展前景,但是目前在我国还是一种新兴的花卉应用形式。现简要介绍野花草地的应用价值,并对国外通过露地直播创造野花草地的营建技术进行综述,以期为我国野花草地的应用和发展提供参考。     

鸭梨同源异型突变株的花器官分析

以20a树龄同一梨园中1株能稳定遗传的花器官变异鸭梨和普通鸭梨为试材,采用形态观测法进行了花芽发育、花粉萌发率、表观形态等方面的研究分析。结果表明:该突变株的花发育与普通植株花的正常发育最明显的差别在于花器官花瓣完全或部分缺失、雄蕊相应增多;花瓣对应位置的雄蕊花丝粗、花药大;花粉萌发率高;部分特化的花瓣上着生有花药。根据试验结果,推断该突变株可能是梨的花同源异型突变株,控制花器官发育的B功能区发生了突变引起花器官异常。该突变株为进一步认识植物花发育的内在调控机制、研究花的发育机理提供了可能。     

凌源花卉产业发展面临的挑战与解决对策

通过多年深入凌源花卉生产一线从事研究与开发工作,对凌源花卉产业发展现状进行调研,提出了产业发展中存在的问题和解决对策,对凌源花卉产业发展壮大具有指导意义.     

河南许昌地区土地流转与花卉旅游开发

许昌经济的迅速发展,花卉产业的重新繁荣,使得花卉产业的规模化、标准化、现代化建设成为必要。在此过程中,农民土地流转问题不容忽视。现对许昌地区的土地流转进行分析,指出了土地流转中仍存在形式落后、标准偏低、农民收入下降等问题;并提出了解决问题的行之有效的方式—发展花卉旅游业;最后阐述了在花卉旅游发展中,应注意了解现状加强农民的训等建议。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

枇杷花发育进程中氨基酸和碳水化合物代谢的变化

为研究影响枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.‘Ninghaibai’）花的发育相关代谢机制，以花芽生理分化期、花芽形态分化期、花穗发育期、小花发育期和开花期这 5 个阶段的当年生春梢上顶芽、花芽或花穗为试验材料，采用 GC–MS 技术检测其代谢物质，并将 5 个阶段的差异代谢物质进行统计和归类，筛选出了相关性最高的代谢通路。此外，测定其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉含量以及 C/N 比，分析各营养物质在花不同发育阶段的变化。在整个发育进程中共检测出 430 种代谢物，氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢是两个变化最显著的代谢通路，而小花发育期是代谢最为旺盛的阶段。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉含量以及 C/N 比的变化趋势与代谢组表型结果一致，C/N 比是决定花发育进程的重要因素之一。     

Inhibition of flower stalk elongation and abnormal flower development by short-day treatment in a Japanese variety of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel)

Chinese chive is produced year-round in Japan, therefore it is important to demonstrate the relationships of short-day (SD) conditions with flower stalk elongation and flower formation for optimizing the cropping system, e.g. the increase in harvests per year. To clarify the influence of short photoperiod on flower stalk elongation and flower formation in Chinese chive, 8 h SD treatments were applied at different developmental stages of flower stalk elongation and flower formation. When the SD treatment started from vegetative or floral-initiated stages, the earlier the SD treatment started, the fewer flower stalks appeared. Also, the earlier the SD treatment started, the less the flowers bloomed and the more the flower stalk elongation was inhibited at the end of SD treatments. Many involucres did not open and withered with death of florets in SD when the SD treatment started between the umbel or flower bud differentiation and the perianth to stamen-formation stages. Also, all or part of the florets aborted and there were no complete inflorescences in the later SD treatments. We found that, in Chinese chive, the development of flower stalk elongation and flower formation were inhibited with the earlier SD treatment, after vegetative or floral-initiated stages. Furthermore, it is considered that Chinese chive needs long-day (LD) for the flower stalk elongation and inflorescence formation after the initiation of the flower bud. The plant has a qualitative LD requirement with the same photoperiodic requirement for both flower bud initiation and flower development.     

Regulation of flower development in Dendrobium crumenatum by changes in carbohydrate contents,water status and cell wall metabolism

The involvement of carbohydrates, water potential, cell wall components and cell wall-based enzymes in regulating flower development in Dendrobium crumenatum was investigated. Plants were subjected to cold treatment to release floral buds from dormancy, and the various parameters were investigated from young floral bud stage till flower senescence. Development of floral buds was accompanied by progressive decrease in concentrations of fructans and starch. Upon full flower opening, concentration of soluble sugars was maximum, accompanied by a more negative water potential. High pectin methylesterase activity was observed during early bud development and decreased thereafter. Significant increase in activities of β-galactosidase, β-mannosidase and β-xylosidase was also observed during floral bud development. The cell walls of sepals and petals were modified extensively during floral bud and flower development, as observed by changes in the amounts of celluloses, hemicelluloses and total pectin. Pectin solubilisation was also observed to commence during early floral bud development. These results indicated that carbohydrate hydrolysis, osmotic changes and cell wall dissolution that began early in young floral buds, all regulated flower development in this sympodial orchid. Possible applications of the findings in the horticultural industry are discussed.     

Study of some factors affecting the growth and development of myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe)

In order to optimise production of the edible flower buds produced by myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) a greater understanding of the growth and development of the plant and factors influencing flower initiation and development are required. The vegetative growth phase in myoga was characterised by a distinct period of pseudostem development from the planted rhizome piece followed by an extended period of rhizome growth from both the base of pseudostems and the planted rhizome piece. The transition from pseudostem formation to the initiation of rhizome growth occurred at the same time as the dry weight of the planted rhizome piece ceased to decline. Flower bud initiation and development occurred over an extended period, beginning soon after the commencement of new rhizome growth and ending prior to foliage senescence. Flower buds were observed at the terminal meristem of first, second, third and fourth order rhizomes. Increasing temperatures stimulated both increased vegetative growth and flower bud initiation and development. Low flower bud yields recorded under conditions of low temperature were the result of reduced rate of floral initiation and not abortion of flower buds. Increased shading of plants grown under glasshouse conditions resulted in reduced flower bud yield and similarly the response resulted from decreased initiation rather than abortion.     

外源多胺对薄皮甜瓜花芽分化及花发育的影响

为了明确外源多胺对薄皮甜瓜花芽分化和花发育的影响,以薄皮甜瓜永甜3号为试材,子叶刚出土时外源喷施腐胺（Put）和亚精胺（Spd）,采用石蜡切片法观察花芽分化和花发育情况,测定花芽和叶片中内源激素及多胺含量。结果表明：外源喷施Put和Spd均提高了甜瓜子蔓第1节位结实花率,促进了花芽分化,使结实花花期提前|喷施高浓度Put和低浓度Spd后,叶片中IAA含量升高、ZT含量降低、ABA含量提前达到峰值|花芽中Spd含量较早达到峰值,精胺（Spm）含量较低,变化不规律。花芽中3种内源多胺的含量远高于叶片中。外源喷施1×10-3 mol•L-1的Put和1×10-4 mol•L-1的Spd效果最好。