蔬菜中镉、铅、锌的含量及分布规律分析

用微波消解、石墨炉赛曼原子吸收光谱仪分析了镉、铅、锌在蔬菜中的分布情况。首先分析了蔬菜中的镉、铅、锌含量,结果表明,叶菜类蔬菜含Cd和Pb量较高,根茎类蔬菜含Zn量较高。接着进一步分析了蔬菜不同部位的镉、铅、锌含量,结果表明叶片部位含镉、铅较高,而锌则较多地存在于叶菜类的茎梗部。     

杨凌示范区蔬菜中重金属污染分析与评价

调查了杨凌示范区4类9种蔬菜重金属铅、镉、铬、铜、锌的污染现状。结果表明:铬对蔬菜的污染程度最为严重,其次为铅,镉也有一定程度的污染,铜和锌均有检出,但含量处于安全范围。叶菜类蔬菜中重金属含量超标比较严重,在5种重金属中铬污染超标最严重。     

昌平区蔬菜重金属污染情况调查

为科学评价昌平区蔬菜质量安全,为农业环境污染研究提供参考,对昌平区蔬菜中重金属(总汞、总砷、铅、镉、铜、铬)污染现状进行了调查。结果显示:196个蔬菜样品中总汞、总砷、铅、镉、铜、铬6种元素都有检出,未发现超标样品,检出值均低于安全限量标准,全区蔬菜重金属污染处于安全水平;不同种类蔬菜中重金属含量不同,表现为叶菜类根菜类果菜类花菜类;铅在叶菜类中的含量存在风险。昌平区自产蔬菜重金属污染水平低,对群众身体健康没有影响,市民可放心采摘食用,但是总汞、总砷、铅、铬、镉等有害重金属污染不容忽视,应持续跟踪监测。     

蔬菜对重金属生物富集程度的初步研究

在农区随机采集蔬菜样品及相应土壤,测定其重金属含量及土壤pH,分析各种蔬菜对重金属的生物富集程度。结果表明,各种蔬菜对不同重金属的生物富集程度有较大差异,叶菜类蔬菜总体富集程度较高;重金属中,各种蔬菜对镉(Cd)的生物富集程度均较高;土壤pH与叶菜类蔬菜对Cd的生物富集程度呈显著负相关。     

蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤质量的关系

根据<淮安市绿色食品基地调查以及相关研究>课题资料研究表明,蔬菜对重金属的吸收特点,因元素不同而差异较大,重金属被蔬菜吸收的难易程度分别为砷＜镉＜汞＜锰＜铅＜铬＜锌＜铜.而不同种类蔬菜之间的差异不大;在蔬菜中的重金属铬和铅与其生长的土壤含量呈显著性相关关系,与铜、锰、锌等相关关系不显著.     

耐盐蔬菜三角叶滨藜营养成分分析与评价

运用国标法对江苏沿海滩涂引种的耐盐蔬菜三角叶滨藜营养成分进行测定和分析。结果表明:三角叶滨藜主要营养物中含水量90.53%、粗蛋白2.62%、粗脂肪0.31%、粗纤维1.38%、灰分1.52%、总糖4.61%;含18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为191.19mg/g,鲜味氨基酸含量为48.72mg/g,必需氨基酸模式与FAO/WHO接近;抗坏血酸含量较高,达45.23mg/100g;铁、锰的含量丰富,铜、锌、镉、铬、铅的含量未超国家限量标准,食用安全。     

不同类型蔬菜营养成分的比较

对叶菜类、果菜类、根茎类18种蔬菜中的粗纤维、还原糖、游离氨基酸总量及可滴定酸成分含量进行了研究分析.结果表明:不同类型蔬菜可滴定酸含量高低的顺序为果菜类＞叶菜类＞根茎菜类;游离氨基酸含量果菜类＞根茎菜类＞叶菜类;还原糖含量和粗纤维含量顺序为叶菜类＞果菜类＞根茎菜类.     

丽水市郊蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险分析

以丽水市郊水阁工业园区石牛大桥附近蔬菜基地30个土壤样品和60个蔬菜样品为试验对象,测定了其铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)的含量,并分析了其对人体健康的危害；并运用目标危害系数(Target hazard quotient,THQ)法评价当地居民摄食蔬菜可能存在的健康风险,同时比较成人和儿童THQ值的大小.结果表明:该地区蔬菜基地土壤中Cd的平均含量为0.450 mg/kg,是国家标准值的1.5倍；叶菜类蔬菜中Pb的平均含量为0.214 mg/kg,是无公害蔬菜的1.07倍,Cd的平均含量为0.058 mg/kg,是无公害蔬菜的1.16倍,非叶菜类蔬菜中Pb的平均含量为0.258 mg/kg,是无公害蔬菜的1.29倍.成人和儿童摄食蔬菜后,Pb的THQ值分别为0.318和0.418,Cd的THQ值分别为0.226和0.297.所以抽样蔬菜基地中的Pb和Cd的含量都超标,不符合无公害蔬菜要求；但是摄食蔬菜后,Pb和Cd的THQ值都小于1,表明Pb和Cd的健康风险不明显.     

江苏沿海野生珊瑚菜营养成分分析与评价

运用国标法对江苏沿海滩涂生长的野生珊瑚菜嫩茎叶营养成分进行测定和分析.结果表明:珊瑚菜嫩茎叶主要营养物中含水量86.81％、粗蛋白1.03％、粗脂肪0.18％、粗纤维3.62％、灰分3.95％;抗坏血酸含量较高,达46.52 mg/100g;含18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为10.661 g/100g,鲜味氨基酸含量达3.312 g/100g,必需氨基酸模式与FAO/WHO接近;钠、铁的含量丰富,分别为28.37mg/100g、19.35 mg/100g,铜、锌、镉、铬、铅的含量未超国家限量标准,食用安全.     

乌鲁木齐十种市售蔬菜微量元素测定与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法分析测定了新疆乌鲁木齐市秋季市售蔬菜中的Pb、Cd、Cu等10种微量元素.结果表明:10种蔬菜中含有人体所需的有益微量元素钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、锰(Mn)、铬(Cr);在调查的4种重金属微量元素铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)中,元素的检出率均为100%,其中,油麦菜、油白菜和紫包菜的铅元素含量超标,超标率分别为2.66、2.75和0.03;生菜、菠菜、油麦菜、油白菜和大白菜的镉元素含量超标,超标率达到了5.20、4.70、1.52、2.49和0.6;铬元素在10种蔬菜中全部超标,平均含量为1.38 mg/kg,平均超标率为1.76;虽然铜元素的检出率为100%,但无一例超出国家标准限值,在蔬菜的安全食用范围之内.     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。