葡萄杂交后代对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传分析

利用室内离体根接种鉴定法,研究了6个杂交组合后代601个株系对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传特性,以期为葡萄抗根瘤蚜砧木育种提供理论依据。结果表明,亲本中SO4、5BB、1103 P、河岸葡萄580、燕山葡萄0947、香槟尼1148抗根瘤蚜,而贝达和山葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感;6个杂交组合后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性分离呈连续性分布,表现出数量性状遗传的特性;在双亲组合过程中,美洲种群组成比例的多少,与其后代根瘤蚜抗性强弱呈正相关,表现为基因的累加作用;杂交后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性呈现普遍下降的趋势;葡萄根瘤蚜的抗性在传递过程中表现向弱的方向回归,在葡萄砧木育种工作中,选择葡萄根瘤蚜抗性强的亲本是育种工作的首要任务。     

几类葡萄资源对根瘤蚜抗性的差异

采用离体根接种法对葡萄20个欧亚种、18个欧美杂种、11个种间杂种直接生产者(HPD) 、6种砧木、3个野生种和1个野生种与欧亚种的杂交后代接种葡萄根瘤蚜Dak tulosphaira vitifoliae, 测定根瘤蚜生长发育相关指标及根瘤比例。结果表明: 砧木RSB、Gravesac、520A和225R对根瘤蚜免疫, 砧木Fer2cal、1613C和供试的种间杂种对根瘤蚜有一定抗性, 根瘤比例均低于27%; 河南野葡萄和腺枝葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感, 根瘤比例分别为66.25%和56.67% , 总产卵量分别达到181.67粒和277.67粒, 广西毛葡萄对根瘤蚜有一定抗性, 根瘤比例为15.45% , 其与粉红玫瑰的杂交后代NW196抗性下降, 产卵量与根瘤比例分别比广西毛葡萄高46.13%和55.28%。以上结果表明, 葡萄对根瘤蚜的抗性受各亲本对根瘤蚜抗性能力和来自各亲本亲缘比例的双重影响。     

砧木与酿酒葡萄

<正>1854年,葡萄根瘤蚜首次在美国被发现。1868年,随着美洲种葡萄的引进,根瘤蚜传入法国,并迅速蔓延到欧洲所有葡萄产区,几乎摧毁了全部酿酒葡萄园。研究者们很快发现,美洲的野生葡萄对根瘤蚜具有较强的抗性,因此早期葡萄砧木育种首要目标就是抗根瘤蚜。随后,葡萄砧木嫁接技术开始推广应用,挽救了世界上主要的葡萄产区。一个多世纪以来,研究者们对葡萄砧木的生长特性,砧木与接穗的亲合性,砧木对土壤、气候的适应性,砧木对接穗的影响,以及砧木对果实品质的影响等展开了广泛研究。     

葡萄根瘤蚜的发现与鉴别

葡萄根瘤蚜属于同翅目根瘤蚜科,为国际性检疫害虫.危害范围仅局限于葡萄属植物.葡萄根瘤蚜主要危害葡萄根系(叶瘿型根瘤蚜危害葡萄叶片),造成须根大量死亡,严重影响水分和矿质元素的吸收和运输,导致植株生长不良,产量下降,最后整株死亡.目前除了采用抗性砧木进行嫁接栽培外,尚无经济有效的防治措施.所以该虫害的防治必须建立在早发现、早鉴别的基础上.但我国目前发现的葡萄根瘤蚜都为根瘤型,只在土壤中危害葡萄根系,不挖取葡萄根系在放大镜下观测很难发现.加之该虫害在我国多年未发生,人们对它缺乏认识了解,即使发现也难以作出正确的判断.现将发现和鉴定该虫害的一些具体方法介绍如下:     

葡萄种质抗葡萄根瘤蚜田间鉴定

采用田间自然鉴定法对我国常见的13份葡萄种质材料的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性进行了鉴定。结果表明,2个葡萄砧木品种SO4、5BB对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为抗;5个中国野生种山葡萄、刺葡萄、毛葡萄、蘡萸、华东葡萄,4个鲜食品种巨峰、京亚、红地球、克瑞森无核和2个砧木品种华佳8号、贝达对葡萄根瘤蚜表现敏感。说明葡萄根瘤蚜的再度发生对我国野生葡萄种质的生存和葡萄产业的健康发展构成巨大威胁。     

中国野生葡萄抗葡萄根瘤蚜的特性鉴定

采用离体根系接种鉴定法对12份中国野生葡萄、4份砧木品种、2份栽培品种和1份葡萄属近缘植物进行了抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试的中国野生葡萄,仅有燕山葡萄与砧木品种沙地葡萄、SO4、5BB相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为高抗,接种后葡萄根瘤蚜迅速死亡或停滞在1、2龄幼虫阶段;复叶葡萄对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为低抗,接种28 d时其平均单雌产卵量为6.5粒,种群增殖倍数为1.1;而其他中国野生葡萄与栽培品种赤霞珠、巨峰相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜均表现为易感,并且刺葡萄、葛藟、华东葡萄万县株系、华东葡萄福建株系更容易感染葡萄根瘤蚜,在接种28 d时总产卵量均超过293粒,平均单雌产卵量在15.0粒以上,种群增殖超过15.8倍。研究结果表明,多数原产中国的野生葡萄不抗葡萄根瘤蚜,但不同种类之间的抗性存在一定的差异,燕山葡萄表现为高抗,在抗葡萄根瘤蚜砧木育种中应重视使用原产美国的野生种和燕山葡萄。     

意大利葡萄栽培技术简介

Ⅰ苗木繁殖一、砧木类型十九世纪初,北美洲葡萄品种携带着根瘤蚜被引到了欧洲,曾一度使欧洲葡萄业濒临毁灭的边缘。因此,当代欧洲葡萄生产的焦点是培育抗根瘤蚜苗木。研究发现,某些美洲葡萄虽易患根瘤蚜,但因世代累积亦产生了较强的抗性,所以,用美洲葡萄作砧木,嫁接欧洲品种是目前培育     

抗线虫的葡萄砧木新品种8909-05介绍

<正>线虫是葡萄主要害虫之一,对葡萄生产造成了严重的危害。然而,葡萄种植者为了更快地获得经济回报,很少采用休耕和轮作的方法,更多的是通过施用杀线虫剂和熏蒸消毒剂的方法防治线虫,但这些方法易使线虫产生抗药性,同时也会对土壤造成污染。因此,利用砧木解决线虫危害成为非常有效的方法。可是当前砧木育种多以培育抗葡萄根瘤蚜的品种为目标,对培育抗线虫砧木的工作开展较少。由USDA/Fresno发布的Freedom和Harmony两个葡萄砧木品种,虽然对线虫具有抗性,然而不抗葡萄根瘤蚜。最     

葡萄砧木育种技术体系的创建

葡萄砧木具有抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱、耐涝、抗虫等特性,尤其对葡萄栽培毁灭性害虫——葡萄根瘤蚜具有抗性,并对接穗品种的果实品质及成熟期可以调控,葡萄嫁接栽培在国内快速发展。但是国内的葡萄砧木育种尚缺乏完善的技术体系,本文论述了以葡萄砧木杂交育种目标确定,杂交育种关键技术,杂交种子播种关键技术,杂交苗定植培育关键技术,初选、复选优系的筛选及新品种审定等为核心的葡萄砧木育种技术,以期为建立完善的葡萄砧木育种技术体系提供参考。     

葡萄主要砧木品种的特性

10 0多年前 ,葡萄根瘤蚜使欧洲各国的葡萄园遭受了近乎毁灭性的打击。经过研究证明 ,美洲的野生葡萄抗葡萄根瘤蚜 ,继而对美洲的葡萄野生种进行改良 ,培育砧木品种 ,从而挽救了欧洲的葡萄栽培。因而 ,现在世界各国应用砧木进行嫁接栽培。葡萄砧木大致可分为生长势强的和生长势弱的两种类型。生长势强的砧木表现生长旺盛 ,根粗 ,深根性 ,嫁接后地上部表现丰产、长势旺、寿命长 ,但果实成熟延迟、品质变差。生长势弱的砧木表现浅根性 ,根细 ,嫁接树生长势弱 ,树龄短 ,产量低 ,有所谓的“小脚”,但葡萄粒早熟 ,着色好 ,糖度高 ,从幼树期结果开…     

论我国葡萄产业的发展

概括分析了我国葡萄产业的发展形势,认为葡萄总产量在不断上升,而栽培总面积呈下降趋势,但南方和西部地区葡萄种植增长较快;鲜食葡萄栽培约占80%,酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒产业发展势头强劲;各种产品以内销为主,出口比例很低,相反,鲜食葡萄和葡萄酒进口大幅度增长。当前面临着外来生物入侵,特别是葡萄根瘤蚜威胁,以品种自根系栽培的传统模式受到挑战,用抗性砧木嫁接繁殖苗木势在必行。建议政府和科研单位增强对产业的关注度,尽快建立现代化栽培技术体系,完善产业链,增加产品多样性,通过科技进步全面提高葡萄产业化水平。     

西安和上海两地葡萄根瘤蚜种群周年消长动态观察

2005年以来在我国多地发现葡萄根瘤蚜(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch.)。为了解其种群年增长动态,对西安和上海两地田间葡萄根瘤蚜种群进行了调查,结果表明,两地的葡萄根瘤蚜为根瘤型,以孤雌生殖为主,在8—10月出现有性世代更替,田间调查发现少量根瘤蚜有翅型若虫,但未发现有翅型成虫;虫口总量分别在7月和10月出现两次高峰。从11月开始,成虫大量死亡,卵的数量随之减少,种群数量开始下降,逐渐进入越冬休眠状态,1龄幼虫是其越冬的主要形态。春季当地温上升到13.0℃左右时,葡萄根瘤蚜结束休眠,幼虫开始取食,经过几次蜕皮逐渐转变为成虫,进行孤雌生殖产卵。     

葡萄砧木品种的研究现状与展望

在大量文献的基础上，主要描述了用作砧木和砧木育种材料的葡萄重要的种和世界各国广泛应用的砧木品种的主要特性；综述了一些砧木的抗病虫、耐寒、耐旱、抗湿等性能；砧木对所嫁接品种的影响和砧木对矿物质的吸收利用以及嫁接亲和性等方面的研究成果与进展；对我国砧木工作的研究提出了建议。     

Genetic Identification and Conservation of Local Turkish Grapevine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Genotypes on the Edge of Extinction

In the second half of the nineteenth century, intensive renovation of vineyards took place due to the losses caused by phylloxera and local varieties were mostly replaced by several worldwide cultivars. Shift in genotypic structure in favor of modern cultivars resulted in the decrease or even disappearance of regionally typical local varieties. A total of sixty five Turkish grape genotypes, including 5 references (four cultivars and one rootstock), were genotyped with 16 SSR and 15 SRAP markers. Sixteen SSR primers generated a total of 60 SSR amplicons in which 43 were polymorphic with 73.4% average polymorphism percentage. A total of 111 well-resolved clear DNA bands were obtained from 15 SRAP primers. Of these bands, 53 were highly polymorphic with an average of 47.74%. Cluster analysis based on pooled marker data generated a well resolved grouping pattern. The analyzed genotypes grouped basing on their geographical belongings. There were many cultivar pairs on the dendrogram most of which occurred between 0.75 and 0.90 levels. SSR and SRAP data revealed a wide genetic variability as well as certain synonyms among the historical grape varieties cultivated for decades in local vineyards lengthwise the mountainous regions of Konya, Karaman and Mersin provinces. All the genotypes have been maintained in a grapevine germplasm glasshouse. Preservation and use of these endangered genotypes will be helpful to avoid genetic erosion and diversity loss in this part of Turkey. Also, the molecular data generated in this study could be of great use in determining the optimal breeding strategies to allow continued progress in grapevine breeding.     

盐胁迫对葡萄砧木叶片保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

以当年葡萄砧木扦插苗为试材,采用土壤含盐量为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的NaCl溶液处理,对4个葡萄砧木品种(系)山河1号、河岸3号、SO4、DogRidge进行耐盐研究。结果表明,随土壤含盐量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后降低。4个葡萄砧木品种(系)对土壤含盐量的反映存在差异,山河1号、河岸3号为耐盐力强的品种(系),DogRidge为中等耐盐品种(系),SO4为耐盐力弱的品种(系)。     

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Prunus rootstocks

Twenty microsatellite primer pairs, previously developed in peach, were used to characterize and to explore genetic relationships among 44 clones, representing three groups of rootstocks defined as: (1) Peach-based rootstocks (Prunus dulcis × P. persica, P. persica × P. davidiana); (2) Myrobalan-Marianna plums (P. cerasifera and interspecific hybrids having P. cerasifera as a parent); and (3) Slow growing plums (P. insititia, P. domestica, and P. domestica × P. spinosa). Eighteen SSR markers, from the 20 initially used, were able to amplify polymorphic products for the Peach-based rootstocks and 13 common markers gave also polymorphism for the Myrobalan-Marianna and Slow growing plums groups. The Dice coefficient of similarity was calculated between all pairs of accessions and their genetic similarity represented by a principal coordinate analysis. The genetic diversity detected among the 44 clones studied divided them in three groups, which are in agreement with their current taxonomic classification and their morphological characteristics. A set of three microsatellites (BPPCT001, CPPCT022 and UDP98-407) can distinguish between all the clones analyzed. The analysis within groups reveal another two sets of three SSR to distinguish between the clones from the Peach based rootstocks and the Myrobalan-Marianna plums, respectively, and only a single SSR is needed to distinguish within the clones from the Slow growing plums group. These results demonstrate the high potential of the SSR analysis for peach rootstock identification and studies of diversity in Prunus species.     

Determination of grafting compatibility of grapevine with electrophoretic methods

This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of electrophoretic methods in predicting graft incompatibility of grape cultivars with American rootstocks. Three isoenzyme systems (peroxidase, PER; esterase, EST; acid phosphatase, AcPH) and total protein profiles were obtained in 15 grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) and 12 American rootstocks. Compatibility levels were determined by the band similarities. Field compatibilities were also calculated. Results showed that incompatibility exists between different cultivar–rootstock combinations. AcPH and total protein profiles of the cultivar–rootstock combinations could be suggested to use for forecasting graft incompatibility.