采前喷钙对中华寿桃采后贮藏品质及褐变的影响

通过生长期树冠喷施Ca(NO3)2,研究了采前喷钙对中华寿桃采后贮藏品质及其褐变的影响。结果表明,喷钙处理后中华寿桃果皮和果肉钙含量分别提高了11.5%和16.1%,果实硬度提高了7.8%,增强了果实贮藏过程中硬度的保持力,贮藏过程中可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量及变化不受喷钙处理的影响(α=0.05);与对照相比,虽然处理果实呼吸高峰推迟1d出现,但喷钙处理对中华寿桃采后呼吸的抑制效果并不明显;此外,喷钙处理还提高了冷藏后货架期间果实总酚含量和多酚氧化酶活性,并且显著抑制细胞膜脂氧合酶的活性(α=0.05);采前喷施硝酸钙处理虽然没有明显抑制中华寿桃冷藏4周后货架期间果肉的褐化,但对抑制果实褐腐症状效果显著。     

‘凯特’杧果栽培中果实套袋对其采后品质及贮藏性的影响

 以‘凯特’杧果为材料,研究了栽培中果实套袋至采果时、采前除袋和除袋后喷钙3种处理对采后果皮着色、果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：3种处理的果实采后果皮的花青苷和类黄酮含量显著降低,总酚含量在青熟时显著低于对照,但完熟后显著高于对照;3种处理不仅加速果皮由绿色向黄色转变,显著提高果皮和果肉的钙含量,而且显著降低果实采后软化速率并抑制果实病情发展,其中除袋后喷钙处理效果最佳;3种处理果实在青熟时果肉淀粉含量显著高于对照,而蔗糖和维生素C含量显著低于对照,但完熟后果实蔗糖、还原性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量与对照没有显著差异。3种处理均有利于改善果实的外观品质,并提高果实的耐贮性。     

采收期对瓯柑果实贮藏品质的影响

为确定瓯柑合适的采收期,设置了3个采收期(花后203、213和223 d)采收果实,测定了不同采收期果实采收时的品质及常温贮藏中的腐烂率、失重率、总糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等指标。结果表明,花后203 d采收的果实贮藏腐烂率和失重率较低,贮藏中的可溶性固形物含量低、酸含量高;花后223 d采收的果实贮藏腐烂率高,果实容易失水干枯;花后213 d采收的果实贮藏腐烂率低,无干枯果,贮藏中的可溶性固形物含量较高、酸含量较低,果实外观品质和口感好,保持了较好的品质、耐贮性以及商品价值。各采收期果实的果汁率在贮藏150 d后均有一个大幅下降的过程,且部分果实风味出现异常。综合来看,花后213 d(11月下旬)为瓯江流域瓯柑最适宜的采收期,采后常温贮藏期不宜超过150 d。     

采前喷钙和IAA对葡萄细胞膜相对透性及果实品质的影响

采前用0、0.25％、0.5％、1.0％、1.5％Ca(NO_3)_2溶液及分别加入20×10~(-6)IAA后喷洒巨峰葡萄树冠和果穗。结果表明,所有钙处理均提高了果实品质,但以1.0％浓度综合效应较好,浆果耐压力和果柄耐拉力分别提高310g和100g;同时使浆果可溶性固形物浓度增加,果酸量下降,V_c含量显著上升;抑制了果实细胞膜相对透性(RMP)的变化;增加了果实各部位的钙素水平,全果总钙含量最高提高了1.79倍。加喷IAA后上述效应更为显著,但喷钙浓度以0.5％综合效果最佳。     

猕猴桃果实成熟前补钙对果实含钙量的影响

猕猴桃果实成熟前用喷叶法和喷果法补钙，可显著提高果实中的钙含量。喷叶较喷果效果好。用Ca(NO3)2喷叶，比用CaCl2处理效果好，差异显著。而果实对CaCl2和Ca(NO3)2的吸收选择性差异不显著。经补钙处理的果实采后进行贮藏效果观察发现：用Ca(NO3)2喷叶处理的果实贮藏性较好，用其喷果处理次之；用CaCl2喷果和喷叶处理的果实贮至28天软果率均达到90％。     

套袋与采收期对‘新红星’苹果品质的影响

【目的】明确套袋和采收期对‘新红星’(Malus domestica‘Starkrimson’)苹果品质的影响。【方法】于花后50 d套袋、136 d去袋,花后140 d开始采收,每间隔5 d采样1次,测定果实的外观与内在品质,并做果皮扫描电镜分析。【结果】套袋后果实体积、单果质量、果肉密度与不套袋之间无显著差异,但果实可溶性总糖、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度较不套袋分别降低0.93%~0.98%、0.9%~0.99%和0.24 kg·cm-2~0.58 kg·cm-2,裂纹面积比不套袋高2.37%~4.8%。随采收期延后,套袋与不套袋果实的果面光洁度和果实可滴定酸含量均呈下降趋势,单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量及果皮厚度均呈增加趋势,但套袋后果实硬度下降幅度和花青苷积累速率均显著高于不套袋果实。套袋与不套袋果实花后155 d采收较花后140 d采收产量分别提高9.2%、8.53%。花后150 d采收的套袋果实贮藏后品质保持较好。【结论】用于鲜食的套袋‘新红星’宜在花后155 d左右采收,用于贮藏的套袋果实宜在花后150 d左右采收。     

柑橘果实总钙、可溶性Ca~(2+)含量及Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性的季节性变化

以单性结实的龟井和自花结实的鄂柑1号柑橘品种为材料,对果实的整个发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的总钙、可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性进行了测定。结果表明龟井花前至花期子房总钙含量就已很高,花后趋下降,而鄂柑1号花前至花期子房总钙含量相对较低,花后有一显著上升;龟井可溶性Ca2+含量在花期及花后有一明显下降,而对应鄂柑1号在花后却有一显著上升;龟井花前至花期Ca2+-ATPase活性较高,花后下降,而对应鄂柑1号花前较低,花期即始上升;果实增大期内两品种果皮的总钙均趋上升,对应果肉总钙却趋下降;而果皮和果肉的可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性在增大期内均有一明显增长过程或居相对较高水平。     

喷施噻苯隆(TDZ)对杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮藏特性的影响

【目的】弄清采前使用噻苯隆(Thidiazuron,TDZ)对‘贵妃’杧果产量、品质和采后贮藏特性等指标的影响,指导TDZ在‘贵妃’杧果生产上合理使用,避免其滥用造成果实果皮滞绿、品质严重下降等不利影响。【方法】用不同质量浓度(5、10和20 mg·L~(-1))的TDZ在盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次。【结果】采前喷施适宜质量浓度的TDZ增加了杧果的产量,促进果实膨大,增大果形指数,5和10 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理单株产量分别增加了29.89%和33.56%,但20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理增产不明显;5、10和20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理无胚果单果质量分别增加56.78%、73.86%和110.56%;在生理成熟期,TDZ处理的果实颜色偏绿色;在完熟期,果实叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量较高,花色苷含量较低。TDZ处理延缓了采后果实的转色及果实硬度和原果胶含量的下降,抑制了可溶性果胶含量和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的上升,果实的后熟软化推迟。TDZ处理的果实品质下降,果实的TSS含量降低,可滴定酸(TA)含量升高。另外TDZ处理可降低杧果采后病害(炭疽病和蒂腐病)的发病率,延长杧果采后贮藏时间。在完熟期果皮中未检测到TDZ残留。【结论】‘贵妃’杧果采前喷施TDZ的适宜质量浓度为5~10 mg·L~(-1),于盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次,果实适时采收,可以显著增加产量和单果质量,对果实品质影响较小,并能延长贮藏时间。     

采后浸钙对库尔勒香梨果实Ca、Mg、K含量及萼端黑斑病的影响

2012～2013年研究采后浸钙处理对库尔勒香梨果实Ca、Mg、K含量及萼端黑斑病发生的影响。结果表明,浸钙处理提高了香梨果皮和果肉中的Ca、Mg含量和Ca/Mg,其中6%CaCl2处理对提高Ca含量的效果更显著,同时,浸钙处理降低了K含量和K/Ca,其中6%CaCl2处理对降低K/Ca的效果更显著。浸钙处理,能够明显降低萼端黑斑病的发生,在3个处理中,以4%CaCl2溶液处理对防治萼端黑斑病的效果最好,发病率为0,6%CaCl2和8%CaCl2溶液处理的发病率比对照分别降低74.4%和79.3%。     

套袋对苹果果实钙素吸收与分布的影响

以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)为试材,进行了套袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定其果实的Ca含量,研究套袋对果实钙素吸收与分布的影响。结果表明,果实套袋后,在花后40～90d,整果钙吸收量高于对照果实;从花后120d开始,对照果实整果钙含量一直高于套袋果实。此外,苹果果实在整个生长发育过程中对Ca都有吸收,花后40d内,苹果果实吸收整果钙含量的20%左右;从花后40d(套袋)到90d,果实钙吸收量迅速升高,对照果实可吸收整果钙含量的66.1%,套纸袋果实可吸收整果钙含量的73.8%;此外,在果实的成熟期仍有少量的钙吸收。果实套袋后,果实各个部分的钙含量变化与对照果实相比,果皮中钙含量明显低于对照果实,而果肉和果心的钙含量却高于对照果实。     

单性结实与自花结实柑橘果实发育中钙钾动态的研究

 对单性结实的‘国庆1 号’温州蜜柑和自花结实的‘华农本地早’橘从开花前子房发育至果实成熟采收期整个子房或幼果及果实的不同部位(果皮和果肉) 的钙与钾含量变化进行了测定。结果表明:1) ‘国庆1 号’花前及花期子房钙含量较高, 花后趋降; 而其钾含量在花前及花期相对较低, 花后上升;2) ‘华农本地早’花前子房钙含量相对较低, 花后有一上升过程; 而对应钾在花前及花期就已很高, 花后下降; 3) 两品种果肉的钙含量自花后65 d 后均呈下降趋势, 而‘国庆1 号’果皮的钙含量在花后80 d 有一显著上升, 对应的‘华农本地早’在花后125 d 才急剧增加, 之后直至果实成熟二者均维持在较高水平;4) 两品种果皮、果肉的钾含量在果实发育过程中均呈类似的下降趋势。     

Cell wall metabolism of pear fruit on the tree after 2,4-DP treatment

Summary

The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-propionic acid (2,4-DP) on fruit ripening on the tree was investigated in `La France' pears (Pyrus communis L.). Forty-five ppm, 2,4-DP solution was applied at 159 d after full bloom (DAFB), which was optimum harvest date for `La France' pears. They were compared with fruit harvested at 159 DAFB and placed in a controlled room with a 208C and 90% r.h. After harvest, the fruit firmness decreased dramatically 13 d after harvest (DAH). In 2,4±DP treatment, the levels decreased gradually 13 d after treatment (172 DAFB). In the untreated control, the levels also showed a slight decrease with time. Final ethylene concentration was almost the same in harvested and 2,4-DP treated fruit, but lower in the untreated control. In each treatment, water-soluble polyuronide (WSP) concentrations increased with time and hexametaphosphate-soluble polyuronide (HMP) and HCl-soluble polyuronide (HP) concentrations decreased. WSP concentration increased rapidly 20 DAH in harvested fruit and 194 DAFB in 2,4-DP treatment. Harvested and 2,4-DP treated fruit reached the edible condition on 17 DAH and 194 DAFB, respectively. Pectinesterase (PE) activity increased slightly with time for all treatments, showing no significant difference between treatments. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity increased gradually in all cases, being higher in 2,4-DP treated fruit than in control fruit left on the tree. These results suggest that 2,4-DP treatment before harvest induces pear fruit softening. This implies that 2,4-DP may be used as a replacement for low-temperature storage to promote the ripening, and good quality ripe fruit with buttery and juicy texture may be harvested on the tree.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of different strategies for calcium application on the accumulation of calcium in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. ‘Braeburn’) fruit

Summary

Orchards displaying calcium (Ca) deficiency are a common phenomenon worldwide, despite the presence of sufficient Ca in the soil and the plant. A 3-year trial was conducted between the 2007 – 2008 and 2009 – 2010 growing seasons to evaluate the contributions of soil and foliar Ca applications to Ca concentrations in ‘Braeburn’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit. Ca(NO₃)₂ (Calflo; Yara Africa, Fourways North, South Africa) was applied as six separate foliar sprays until run-off. Applications were made at 1-week intervals between approx. 21 – 70 d after full bloom (DAFB) at 6.75 ml l^–1. Soil applications of Ca (Tropicote^TM; International ASA, Oslo, Norway) at 300 kg ha^–1 were applied at fruit set, or after harvest, according to standard practice. Mineral analysis was conducted to assess the soluble Ca concentrations of whole fruit (without pips and stalks), to quantify the contribution of foliar sprays or soil-applied Ca. Fruit Ca concentrations were maintained at satisfactory levels (4.5 mg Ca 100 g^–1 FW) at harvest by applying a series of six foliar sprays early in the season (for all seasons) during the trial period. Fruit Ca concentrations at 80 DAFB were highest in the treatments with foliar applications of Ca. In 2009 – 2010, Ca concentrations in apple fruit were lowest (8.38 mg 100 g^–1 FW) for soil application of Ca at fruit set. Ca applications to soil after harvest in the previous season, and soil applications shortly after fruit set in the current season, did not significantly increase Ca concentrations in current-season fruit, providing soil Ca levels were above the minimum requirement for apple trees. A possible explanation is that apple trees regulate their uptake of Ca through the roots when soil Ca is available in sufficient quantities. This confirms the importance of active root growth for efficient Ca uptake by apple trees when applying Ca to the soil.     

Thinning golden delicious apples using ethephon sprays

In southern Tasmania ethephon sprays were applied at two stages of bloom and after bloom at concentrations from 350 to 1 400 ppm. At both the balloon blossom stage and 42 days after full bloom (AFB) 350 ppm ethephon caused satisfactory thinning of fruit by decreasing fruit set and increasing the number of fruits 70 mm or more in diameter. Higher concentrations of ethephon at these stages overthinned. At full bloom concentrations below 1 050 ppm ethephon did not remove significant numbers of fruit but both 1 050 and 1 400 ppm spray concentrations satisfactorily thinned the fruit. The spray of 1 400 ppm ethephon 42 days AFB significantly restricted fruit growth. Shoot length was reduced by all ethephon treatments and return bloom in the following spring was heavy in all thinned treatments. A mathematical model describing numbers of fruit set was developed and used to demonstrate a three-dimensional response surface to ethephon thinning sprays.     

Foliar applications of calcium do not impact on fruit and leaf nutrient concentration or quality of ‘O’Neal’ blueberry

Calcium (Ca) has been considered a key element in maintaining fruit quality and extending the storage period of several fruits. The main blueberry (interspecific hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum x V. darrowii) market for the Southern Hemisphere production involves a long transport between harvest and consumption. Foliar Ca sprays during the pre-harvest constitutes a common practice for improving Ca concentration [Ca] in fruits and therefore in alleviating the loss of firmness, dehydration and rot decay during postharvest. In this study, two formulations of Ca; Ca-nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] and chelate Ca-oxide (Ca-gluconate; Ca-Glu) were sprayed four times during pre-harvest of blueberry cv. O’Neal. [Ca] in the fruits was followed after each application and fruit quality parameters were determined at harvest and during 28 days of cold storage. Both formulations were ineffective in increasing [Ca] in the berries (or leaves) after any of the four applications. In fruits, [Ca] decreased from 0.32% at 25 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 0.11% Ca at harvest time. Other minerals such as magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), or nitrogen (N) remained unaffected by the treatments. Data shows that foliar pre-harvest applications of Ca, regardless of formula, were ineffective at increasing [Ca] or improving the quality of the fruit.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on fruit maturity and quality of ‘Braeburn’ apple

Effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on fruit maturity at harvest, ripening characteristics, and changes in fruit quality during and after storage of ‘Braeburn’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, irrigation treatments were a commercially irrigated control (CI), an early deficit irrigation (EDI) applied from 63 to 118 days after full bloom (DAFB), and a late deficit irrigation (LDI) applied from 118 DAFB to final harvest on 201 DAFB. Irrigation treatments in Experiment 2 were a commercially irrigated control (CI) and a whole-season deficit irrigation (WDI). These DI treatments all reduced volumetric soil water content. The LDI and WDI advanced fruit ripening but EDI did not. All DI treatments increased fruit total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness regardless of maturity but had little or no effect on titratable acidity. The differences in TSS started during fruit growth much earlier than the onset of ripening and were maintained during and following storage at 0°C. The differences in firmness also started during fruit growth and were maintained for at least 10 weeks of storage at 0°C.     

Foliar Spray with Different Agrochemicals on Fruit Quality and Exportability of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Fruit (Citrus sinensis L.)

The present study was carried out to improve fruit set, yield, quality, marketability, and exportability of ‘Washington’ Navel orange. Pre-harvest foliar sprays of GA₃, K, and Ca, either alone or combined, were applied at full bloom. The following treatments were applied: {control (T₁), 25 mg/L GA₃ (T₂), 2% K₂SO₄ (T₃), 25 mg/L GA₃ + 2% K₂SO₄ (T₄), 25 mg/L GA₃ + 2% Ca Cl₂ (T₅), 2% K₂SO₄ + 2% Ca Cl₂ (T₆), and 25 mg/L GA₃ + 2% K₂SO₄ + 2% Ca Cl₂ (T₇). All treatments improved fruit set, yield, physical and chemical characteristics, mineral content of leaves and fruit rind, and the percentage of exportable fruit in comparison to the control. Fruit set, fruit detachment force, peel firmness, and the mineral content of leaves and fruit rind were enhanced significantly with the combination of GA₃ + K₂SO₄ + Ca Cl₂ (T₇) in comparison to all other treatments and the control. Results indicated that all foliar combination treatments improved fruit quality and marketability, and increased the percentage of exportable fruit and reduced the defects of non-exportable fruit.     

Improvement of fruit quality and storage potential of ‘Braeburn’ apple through deficit irrigation

Summary

We explored the potential of deficit irrigation (DI) applied at different times during the growing season for improving fruit quality and storage potential of ‘Braeburn’ apple growing in a commercial orchard. Because DI often reduces fruit size, effects of fruit size on fruit quality were also examined. The irrigation treatments were: commercially irrigated control (C), early deficit irrigation (EDI) applied from 63 to 118 d after full bloom (DAFB), and late decifit irrigation (LDI) applied from 118 DAFB to final harvest on 201 DAFB. Both EDI and LDI improved fruit quality in terms of increases in: dry-matter concentration (DMC) at harvest, flesh firmness, total soluble solids, and total soluble sugars both at harvest and after storage. The DI fruit had less weight loss during storage than did C fruit. Deficit irrigation affected the concentrations of a few individual aroma volatiles but not total volatile concentration. Incidence of physiological disorders was not affected by irrigation treatments. Mean fruit weight was lower in DI than in C but the difference was not significant. Among the quality attributes studied, only firmness and DMC were affected by fruit size with their values being higher in smaller fruit.     

Identifying the optimum thinning time for red ‘Fuji’ apples

Two trials assessed the relationship between time of spray application and the effectiveness of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or ethephon on thinning of red ‘Fuji’ apples. In particular the effectiveness of sprays at, before, or just after full bloom (FB) were assessed. Both NAA and ethephon were effective thinners at FB. The thinners differed in efficacy with time; NAA was less effective before and after FB, ethephon was efficient before FB but this thinning power declined over time linearly, becoming ineffective 5-6 d after full bloom (DAFB) Thinning effectiveness was reflected in improved mean fruit weight and size. With NAA, increasing the concentration from 10 to 20 mg P1 did not improve fruit thinning. Whereas NAA sprays 5-10 DAFB reduced pip numbers to fewer than the controls, ethephon sprays did not result in such large reductions. It was concluded that the most effective time to thin red ‘Fuji’ was at or near FB. This recommendation is firm for ethephon but further clarification is needed for NAA. This conclusion supports some work for other cultivars. However, the problem of the preoccupation with fruit set by many orchardists in countries with climates cooler than Australia is recognized as a continuing problem for the recommendation for such general early use of thinners.