盆栽观赏苹果疏花促果调控试验初报

在花期对盆栽‘冬红果’和‘舞美’采取不同疏花方式进行调控,试验结果表明:‘冬红果’采取每隔5个花序留1花序,其余4个疏除和隔12个花序集中留3个花序,其余9个花序疏除,花枝上端(1/4)全部疏除,留花枝侧下花序处理方法,坐果数和单果重较对照分别提高30.1%、24.2%,2种方法之间无显著差异。‘舞美’采取每隔10cm留1个花序,每花序留中心花,其余花序和花朵疏除,所留花朵位于枝条侧下位和每隔25cm留3个花序,留侧下花序,每花序留中心花,其余全部疏除的处理方法,较对照坐果率和单果重分别提高26.2%、36.11%;2种处理方法效果显著好于对照。该试验找出了适合2品种盆栽条件下的花期最佳疏花促果调控措施。     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.     

板栗雌雄花发育相关的MADS-box基因发掘与表达分析

为筛选板栗混合花序中雌雄花形成与发育关键基因,基于板栗雌雄花表达谱测序结果,从差异表达基因中分离到17个MADS-box基因。通过序列结构分析,发现其中2个基因缺少半保守的K盒,为Ⅰ型MADS-box基因,另外15个基因为Ⅱ型MADS-box基因。系统进化关系分析显示,13个包含完整读码框的MADS-box基因中有2个B类基因,1个C/D类基因和3个E类基因。荧光定量PCR结果证实这些MADS-box基因在板栗早期混合花序中的雌雄花之间表达差异显著（变化倍数 > 2）,且部分B、C/D和E类基因在板栗幼叶、纯雄花和雌花中的表达变化趋势相似,推测这些MADS-box基因在板栗雌雄花形成和发育中起重要调控作用。     

梨子花发育对果实品质的影响

选择梨主栽品种‘丰水’、‘黄金’、‘新高’、‘鸭梨’、‘茌梨’和‘绿宝石’等为试材,对梨子花发育状况以及对果实品质的影响进行了调查研究。结果显示：梨不同品种子花发生率差异明显,‘丰水’、‘黄金’、‘新高’等砂梨系统品种子花发生率比‘鸭梨’、‘茌梨’和‘绿宝石’等白梨系统品种高;在结果枝类型上,短果枝的子花发生率比长果枝高;在结果母枝类型及生长势的强弱上,1年生弱枝的子花发生率比强枝高,2年生枝比3年生枝高;在同一花枝上中部子花发生率高;子花的开花期比母花晚 1 ~ 2 d,小花数在3 ~ 6朵之间,开花顺序与母花相反,为中心花先开,中心果发育最快。子花所结果实比母花果实小,商品价值低。因此,梨生产上子花的及早摘除有利于果品质量的提高。     

Interactions of photoperiod,temperature, duration of short-day treatment and plant age on flowering of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Korona

The effects of photoperiod (10, 12, 16, 20 or 24 h), day-temperature (12, 15, 18, 24 or 30 °C), the number of short days (14, 21 or 28 days), plant age (4, 8 or 12 weeks) and their interactions on flower and inflorescence emergence were investigated in strawberry cv. Korona. No flowers emerged in plants exposed to photoperiods of 16, 20 or 24 h or to a short-day treatment for 14 days. All plants exposed to short days at daily photoperiods of 10 or 12 h for 21 days or longer, emerged flowers at temperatures between 12 and 18 °C. A further increase in temperature led to a drastic decrease in the total number of flowers per plant. A short-day treatment (10 or 12 h photoperiod) of 28 days resulted in highest numbers of inflorescences and flowers per plant, while a short-day treatment of 21 days resulted in the highest numbers of flowers per inflorescence. Complete flower induction was observed in only 4-week-old runner plants. The number of inflorescences and the number of flowers per inflorescence increased with plant age. However, the start of flowering was delayed with increasing plant age.     

Inflorescence architecture of olive

The influence of flower position on the inflorescence on opening day, gender, and petal persistence was studied in three olive cultivars: Manzanillo, Mission, and Frantoio. In each cultivar, 45 inflorescences were checked every morning from flower opening to petal fall. Perfect flowers opened mainly in the beginning of the flower opening period, and staminate flowers opened later. Flower position on the inflorescence had a highly significant effect on the opening day in all cultivars. Terminal flowers and the flowers located on the primary branches opened earlier than the flowers located on the secondary branches. Flower position had also a highly significant effect on gender in Manzanillo and Mission. In Manzanillo, the secondary branches had fewer perfect flowers than the primary branches. In Mission, the secondary branches had no perfect flowers at all. Among the primary branches, the branch arising immediately next to the terminal flower had the latest flowers to open and the lowest percent of perfect flowers. In Manzanillo, perfect flowers had significantly longer petal persistence than staminate flowers. To study flower competition within the inflorescence, the distal half of 120 inflorescences, on which the flowers tend to be perfect, in three trees of Manzanillo were removed about 1 month before full bloom. There was a highly significant effect on the percent of perfect flowers that opened on the proximal half. Flower competition may be a reason for pistil abortion in flowers located on secondary branches.     

Characterization and genetic linkage mapping of the horticulturally important mutation leafless inflorescence (lli) in periwinkle Catharanthus roseus

Catharanthus roseus is a seasonal to perennial garden plant and the exclusive source of the anticancer drugs vincristine and vinblastine. Its horticultural importance is due to the compound racemose inflorescence architecture of branches in which pairs of prominent flowers are subtended by one of the two leaves per node. Here is reported the construction of a molecular framework genetic linkage map and mapping on it of the LEAF-LESS INFLORESCENCE (LLI) locus. It is quantitatively shown that the adult lli mutant plants produce altered inflorescence of improved horticultural value, wherein axes are excessively branched, two flowers are formed per node that are bare of subtending leaves, and several times more open flowers are displayed each day, as compared to LLI plants.     

The influence of photoperiod and plant density on yield of winter-grown gladioli in Queensland

The yields of inflorescences, corms and cormlets, and the inflorescence quality of winter-grown gladioli in south-east Queensland, were studied under 2 daylength regimes, 3 plant densities (150 000, 300 000 and 450 000 corms ha^?1) and 3 plant arrangements (bed, double row and single row). The daylength treatments were the natural daylength (12.3–14.5 hours) and a 24-hour photoperiod treatment in which natural daylengths were extended using incandescent light of an intensity of 150 lux. Two cultivars were used.Extending the photoperiod to 24 hours delayed flowering by approximately 15 days, and increased the number of inflorescences harvested from low, medium and high density treatments by 20, 91 and 169%, respectively, when compared to the inflorescence yield from these density treatments under natural daylengths. The quality of the inflorescences from the high-density treatment receiving the 24-hour photoperiod was similar or superior in all quality characteristics to that of inflorescences grown under the most favourable density treatment under natural daylengths (150 000 corm ha^?1). Plant arrangement had little effect on the number of days to flowering or inflorescence yield but inflorescence quality was improved when plants were grown in a double-row arrangement compared to those from the bed or single-row arrangements. Extension of the photoperiod had no effect on the number of new corms per plot. However, the average weight of new corms and the weight of cormlets per plot and per corm were reduced by approximately 32, 71 and 63%, respectively, when compared to the results obtained from plants grown under natural daylengths. These results suggest that flowers compete for available photosynthates with corms and cormlet development.The economic feasibility of extending photoperiod for the commercial production of winter-grown gladioli in south-east Queensland is discussed.     

Influences of day and night temperatures on flowering of Fragaria x ananassa Duch., cvs. Korona and Elsanta,at different photoperiods

The effects of photoperiod (12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 h), day temperature (12, 15, 18, 24 or 27 °C) and night temperature (6, 9 or 12 °C) and their interactions on flower and inflorescence emergence were investigated by exposing 4 week old runner plants of strawberry cvs. Korona and Elsanta during a period of 3 weeks. A daily photoperiod of 12 or 13 h resulted in the highest number of plants with emerged flowers. A photoperiod of 14 h or more strongly reduced this number, while no flowers emerged at a photoperiod of 16 h. Plants exposed to photoperiods of 12 or 13 h flowered earlier and had longer flower trusses. A day temperature of 18 °C and/or a night temperature of 12 °C were optimal for plants to emerge flowers and resulted in the shortest time to flowering. A night temperature of 6 °C strongly reduced the number of plants that emerged flowers, especially when combined with lower day temperatures. Photoperiod and temperature had no effect on the number of inflorescences, all flowering plants produced on average one inflorescence. The number of flowers on the inflorescence increased with decreasing day temperature and when photoperiod was raised from 12 to 15 h. In general, ‘Korona’ was more sensitive to photoperiod and temperature as ‘Elsanta’, and had a lower optimal day temperature for flower emergence. Results of this experiment may be used to produce high quality plant material or to define optimal conditions when combining flower induction and fruit production.     

一串红新品种‘林下风’

‘林下风’是从一串红实生群体中选育出的新品种。株高75~82 cm,冠幅70~78 cm,花序长25~28 cm,整株花序数达99枝以上,花萼白色带红晕,花冠红色。花色艳丽,花期长,观赏效果佳。抗性强,较耐热,适宜在北京地区种植。     

一串红新品种‘白马王子’

 一串红‘白马王子’是从河北省三河农家白色一串红实生群体中选育出的白色花新品种。株高53 ~ 63 cm,冠幅达68 cm × 61 cm;花萼青绿色,花冠白色,花序长24 ~ 28 cm;花轮数15 ~ 17个;花轮间距1.5 ~ 1.7 cm,每轮花6 朵;单个花序花朵数最多可达102 朵,整株总花序47 枝以上;较耐热,夏季高温时生长良好,不易发生疫病和花叶病。     

Effects of inflorescence removal on the fruit set of the remaining inflorescences and development of the laterals on one year old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) branches

Summary

Inflorescences are known to be important physiological sinks especially when they set fruit. The effect, over two successive years, of inflorescence removal on one year old wood was investigated on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The study was carried out on medium vigour (around 30 cm) branches of cv. Granny Smith. On one set of branches (control) the inflorescences were untreated, while on two other sets, one-third and two-thirds of inflorescences (spur leaves, bourse-shoot and flower cluster) were removed at full bloom. The first analysis investigated the fruit setting ability of remaining inflorescences. The results generally confirmed previous results on the positive correlation between the number of leaves and flowers of the inflorescence and fruit set, and also the higher fruit set on two year old wood as compared with one year old wood. On one year old wood, inflorescence removal treatments tended to increase the fruit set of inflorescences with a low number of leaves and flowers leading to a level of fruit set similar to that of inflorescences with a larger number of leaves and flowers. On two year old wood, in the following year, only the two-thirds treatment increased fruit set consistently compared with the control. A second analysis investigated the effect of inflorescence removal on lateral shoot development. It was shown that the treatments had a little effect on quantitative growth (length, diameter) of the laterals per se. On the other hand, the removal of two-thirds of the inflorescence significantly stimulated the development of fruitful inflorescences the following year. Results are discussed in relation to the local versus global physiological integration at the branch level.     

Effect of triacontanol on production and quality of flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Two cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, ‘Golden Horim’ and ‘Golden Miquel’, were cultivated in nutrient solution containing the growth regulator triacontanol. The vegetative growth, production of inflorescences and quality of flowers were measured. The dry weight of the whole plant and the shoot from both cultivars increased. The number of inflorescences per plant and the number of flowers per inflorescence also increased in response to triacontanol treatment, which in turn enhanced the quality of flowers in accordance with the standards defined by sales-quality groups. The number of flowers of superior quality was more than doubled.     

Evaluation of key horticultural traits for Ptilotus nobilis in sub-tropical regions

Plants belonging to the genus Ptilotus have immense potential to be developed for the floricultural industry. Many of these plants flower profusely and have potential as cut focal flowers, cut fillers, potted colour or for use in landscape design. Ptilotus nobilis plants produce numerous fragrant cream to pink coloured inflorescences, which exhibit a long vase-life adding to their value as a cut-flower crop. As yet, there is no information published on the key horticultural traits for this species. This work undertook greenhouse trials to evaluate the floricultural attributes for P. nobilis collected from the Cunnamulla region in western Queensland, Australia. As a potted colour crop, P. nobilis may be marketed as a short lived perennial with plants flowering continuously for more than 2 years. From a cut-flower perspective, each plant produced an average of 11 flowering stems per month during December to April, and 8 flowering stems per month during May to August. Flowering stem length and inflorescence length averaged 35.4 and 7.2 cm, respectively for the period November to April, versus 39.2 and 6.3 cm stem and inflorescence lengths, respectively during May to August. As flowering stem lengths range from 17 to 79 cm, there is scope for selection of tall forms for cut flowers and compact forms for potted colour. Furthermore, the harvest duration of flowering stems averaged 43.5 days highlighting the durability of P. nobilis as a cut-flower product. A minimum thermal requirement of 623 growing degree days (GDD) were required to reach flowering after pruning with a predicted base temperature of 0.5 °C and maximum temperature of 18.2 °C when grown in a greenhouse at Gatton, Queensland, Australia. Further work needs to investigate the flowering physiology in response to temperature, photoperiod and light intensity to determine whether flowering can be predicted for different production regions. Also, vegetative propagation methods and field cultural requirements require further investigation to progress the commercial development of this new product.     

The effect of high temperature interruptions during inductive period on the extent of flowering and on metabolic responses in olives (Olea europaea L.)

The effect of the duration of high temperature interruption and the timing of its occurrence during inductive period on the extent of inhibition of inflorescence production in ‘Arbequina’ olive trees was investigated. Trees kept under inductive conditions in different growth chambers were subjected to high daytime temperature (26 ± 1 °C) interruptions for 3, 6, and 12 days. There was no significant difference in the extent of flowering between trees given an uninterrupted induction period and the trees where inductive period was interrupted with high daytime temperatures for three days. Inflorescence production was significantly reduced by both 6 and 12 days high temperature interruptions. Number of flowers per inflorescence was significantly reduced only with 12 days high temperature interruption. Since there was no significant difference between the extent of inhibition of inflorescence by 6 and 12 days high temperature interruption, therefore, 6 days high temperature interruption was used in subsequent experiments to study the effect of timing of interruption. A six day interruption of high temperature produced significant reduction (more than 83%) in inflorescence production irrespective of the time of interruption (i.e., 40 or 50 days after the start of induction) or number of interruptions. None of these treatments had any significant effect on the number of flowers per inflorescence. Higher levels of free arginine were found in trees that had greatest number of inflorescences produced under inductive conditions without any high temperature interruption.     

Variation among Kalanchoe species in their flowering responses to photoperiod and short-day cycle number

Summary

Our objectives were to identify the critical daylength and number of short-day (SD) cycles necessary for flowering in Kalanchoe glaucescens, K. manginii, and K. uniflora. In Experiment I, plants were grown for 20 weeks under 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 h photoperiods at 300 µmol m^–2 s^–1 for 8 h 55 min (9 h photoperiod), or 9 h and extended with dayextension (3 µmol m^–2 s^–1) lighting (10 – 15 h photoperiods). All species flowered when grown under photoperiods ranging from 9 – 12 h. The percentage of flowering plants decreased for all species as the photoperiod increased from 12 h to 14 h. No flowering occurred on plants grown under a 15 h photoperiod. Node numbers below the terminal inflorescence increased from 18 nodes to 28 nodes on K. glaucescens, from 12 nodes to 14 nodes on K. manginii, and from 12 nodes to 16 nodes on K. uniflora as the photoperiod increased from 12 h to 14 h, from 10 h to 12 h, and from

12 h to 13 h, respectively. Total flower numbers on K. uniflora decreased from 45 flowers to 13 flowers as the photoperiod increased from 9 h to 13 h. In Experiment II, plants were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks of SD (8 h photoperiod) before being placed under night-interruption lighting (2 µmol m^–2 s^–1; between 22.00 – 0.200 h). One-hundred percent of K. glaucescens, K. manginii, and K. uniflora plants flowered when they received more than 1, 3, or 6 weeks of SD, respectively. The node number below the terminal inflorescence in each species was not affected by SD cycle-number. Total flower numbers per plant, and days to first open flower, were unaffected as the number of SD cycles exceeded the number required to induce flowering for all species.     

核桃花器官变异研究

 观察胡桃花器官变异类型及其特点，制作石蜡切片对两性花变异类型的花芽分化进程进行了研究。用6个早实胡桃材料和2个晚实胡桃材料作亲本，选配10个杂交组合，得到2942个实生杂种苗。在具有早实胡桃为亲本的杂交组合和早实胡桃自然授粉的2648株实生单株中，到播种后第3a累计结实实率为20.34％，晚实胡桃294株实生后代无早结果现象。在538株早实杂种苗中，共有12个单株在2a生时发生了花器变异，变异类型包括两性花类型、穗状花类型、穗状花具分枝类型、穗状花雌雄同序类型、柱头变异类型和雌花序莲座状类型。连续5年观察表明，仅有来自于新1号×香玲杂交组合的C3单株二次花的雌雄同花变异在不同年份稳定表现。在一些早实品种（如香玲）的徒长枝上也具有两性花变异。胡桃两性花变异的形态发育进程属于向心式：花序原基－花原基－花被原基－雄蕊原基－雌蕊原基－子房原基。胡桃的花器官变异是早实胡桃二次开花过程发生的。早实胡桃花器官变异类型的存在为胡桃的早实特性和花器官发育研究提供了珍贵的材料。     

‘四季桂’不同季节的花芽分化与发育比较

利用显微解剖和石蜡切片技术,对四季桂品种群中‘四季桂’(Osmanthus fragrans‘Sijigui’)不同季节的花芽分化及开花特性进行研究。‘四季桂’一年成花3次,分别于3月初、6月上旬和10月底开始花芽分化,4月下旬、8月底和11月底完成,分别历时约2个月、2个半月和1个月。6月开始的花芽分化和开花过程与秋桂品种群基本相似,分化后需要低温才能开花,最终形成聚伞花序,无总梗,花粉发育正常。而10月底分化的花芽在完成分化后随即开花,形成的花序有总梗,且有伸长与未伸长之分,长度分别为(0.80±0.11)cm和(3.50±0.71)cm。3月分化的花芽与新梢同时生长发育,分化完成后随即开花。春季和冬季的两次分化形成的均是圆锥状花序,具总梗,花粉均败育。结果表明‘四季桂’自身存在着不同的成花机制。     

Flowering in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariaefolium L.). I. Environmental requirements

SUMMARY

Floral evocation in pyrethrum {Tanacetum cinerariaefolium) is stimulated by a period of vernalization. Night temperatures of 6°C and 12°C for two weeks and three weeks, respectively, promote rapid inflorescence initiation and development. A night temperature of 18°C does not satisfy the vernalization requirement. Longer periods of vernalization stimulate more rapid inflorescence initiation and development and result in a larger number of inflorescences being initiated. The vernalization stimulus may be modified by the daily light integral. Both inflorescence initiation and inflorescence development are promoted by long days. The number of leaves formed before flower bud initiation is not affected by daylength. Night-break lighting does not promote flowering. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of long days may be in supplying photosynthetic assimilates to the developing meristems. Floral development is retarded by low photon flux density conditions regardless of day temperature. High day temperatures (25°C) combined with low photon flux (350 umol m"2 s"' or less) prevented pyrethrum from flowering in otherwise inductive conditions.     

杧果抗冷害能力及腋花序再生力研究

以杧果为试材,在经历2008年春长时间低温寡照之后,对15个品种的抗冷害能力和花序再生力进行了调查分析。结果表明：供试品种均受严重冷害,顶生花芽（或花序）大部分干枯死亡,仅金煌杧的抵抗力稍强;供试品种均具有腋花序再生能力,但品种间存在较大差异,再生力强的品种有农院14号杧、台农1号杧、凯特杧、金穗杧、紫花杧、桂热杧120号、桂热杧82号,较强的有红象牙杧、吉尔杧、秋杧、桂香杧,中等的有红金煌杧、金煌杧,较差的为贵妃杧和爱文杧;再生花序数与再生花梢率呈正相关。