柑桔砧木矮化预选指标的解剖学研究

以７４－１枳、紫花宜昌橙、Ｒｕｓｋ枳橙、香橙Ｔｒｏｙｅｒ枳橙、江南、９２号红桔和蟹橙为标准系列砧木，研究它们折解剖学特征，从中筛选了根皮率、根导管总面积，栅海比、叶气孔密度４个砧木矮化预选指标和皮率、木质率、根导管密度、叶主脉导管数４个辅助预选指标。     

砧木和采收期对兴津早熟温州蜜柑果实品质的影响

本试验选用兴津早熟温州蜜柑和以中、北亚热带地区常用的砧木在南京栽培,试图从中筛选出果实品质优良的砧穗组合,供生产应用。在不同的采收期测定兴律早熟温州蜜柑的果实品质,来分析采收期对果实品质的影响,并探讨兴津早熟温州蜜柑在南京适时采收的品质指标。 一、材料与方法 供试接穗品种为兴津早熟温州蜜柑,供试的砧木,有矮化砧宜昌橙,半矮化砧枳、料红、福桔和本地早,半乔化砧特洛亚枳橙、香橙和椮桔,乔化砧蟹橙共9种。供试     

不同苹果砧木叶片气孔密度、枝皮率及IOD酶活性差异

以3类矮化程度不同的苹果砧木为试材,研究其枝皮率、气孔密度、气孔大小及IOD酶活性的差异。结果表明:不同矮化程度的砧木之间,枝条的枝皮率差异较大,表现为矮化砧木的枝皮率显著高于半矮化和乔化砧木;不同矮化程度砧木IOD酶活性差异较大,矮化砧木的IOD酶活性显著高于半矮化砧木和乔化砧木;矮化砧木的气孔密度显著低于半矮化砧木和乔化砧木的叶片,气孔的大小则呈现相反趋势。     

椪柑嫁接树和自根树叶片矨吭睾康难芯

本研究旨在探明砧木与自根树对椪柑叶片常量元素含量的影响。试验结果表明,苗期和初结果期枳砧(半矮化砧)椪柑与两种桔砧(椪柑、福桔乔化砧)椪柑的叶片常量元素含量存在显著差异;初盛果期积砧椪柑与椪柑自根树叶片常量元素含量亦有一定差异。鉴于积砧椪柑具有早结、高产之特性,且在生产上愈益受到重视,故宜继续探明其营养需求特点及不同年龄时期的营养诊断标准,以供指导施肥之参考。     

缺锌对枳砧和枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙生理的影响

采用砂培法,研究了缺锌对两种砧木纽荷尔脐橙生长指标、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性以及各部位锌含量的影响,并对两种砧木纽荷尔脐橙耐缺锌能力进行了比较。结果表明,缺锌(0.001μmol/L)处理300d,枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙叶片表现出明显的叶脉间黄化症状,枳砧纽荷尔脐橙叶片仅轻微黄化;与正常锌(0.8μmol/L)处理相比,缺锌处理使枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙上位叶和砧木茎的锌含量分别降低38.3%和38.2%,叶片(上位叶)叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量分别降低37.6%、34.5%、28.8%和44.1%,枳砧纽荷尔脐橙的这些指标则均无显著变化;缺锌使两种砧木纽荷尔脐橙叶片(上位叶)的POD、CAT活性显著降低,且枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙降幅大于枳砧纽荷尔脐橙。枳砧纽荷尔脐橙的耐缺锌能力强于枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙。     

叶片过氧化物酶活性用作柑桔矮化砧预选指标的初步研究

利用矮化砧木是柑桔矮化栽培的主要途径之一.但柑桔矮化砧木的选育工作进展较缓慢,其原因之一就是缺乏合适的早期预选指标。叶片气孔密反、枝条电阻大小、枝皮率、根皮率、1年生枝木质部导管大小与密度、叶片栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值、枝条节间长度、吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性等皆已作     

不同矮化砧木叶片酶活性与内源激素含量的差异

以乔化砧、半矮化砧、矮化砧3类矮化程度不同的苹果砧木为试材,研究比较了不同砧木叶片内酶活性及内源激素含量的差异.结果表明:不同矮化程度的砧木之间叶片内的POD(过氧化物酶)、IOD(吲哚乙酸氧化酶)活性差异较大,并且乔化砧木的酶活性显著低于半矮化、矮化砧木的酶活性;不同砧木间春季叶片内源激素IAA(生长素)、ABA(脱落酸)、GA(赤霉素)和ZR(玉米素)的含量差异较大,并且春季矮化砧木叶片的IAA/ABA比值显著低于半矮化与乔化砧木.因此,可以利用叶片内POD、IOD活性与春季叶片的IAA/ABA比值预测砧木的矮化性.     

不同砧木的梁平柚树体生长与内源激素含量

通过对酸柚,香橙,枳,宜昌橙,酒饼Ｌｅ５种砧木的梁平柚叶片ＧＡｓ,ＡＢＡ,ＺＴ和ＣＩＫ等内源激素含量的测定,以期探讨砧木影响接穗生长的内源激素作用机理,结果表明,生长激素和抑制激素含量的平衡比单一激素对含量对树体生长影响更重要,乔化砧酸油,香橙使接穗表现乔化的原因是ＧＡ３／ＡＢＡ,（ＺＴ＋ＣＩＫ）／（ＡＢＡ,（ＺＴ＋ＣＩＫ＋ＧＡ３）／ＡＢＡ值较高,矮化砧酒饼Ｌｅ宜晶橙则较低,半矮化砧枳则介于二者之     

不同砧木红江橙容器栽培生长和果实品质分析

从生长、生理和果实品质等多角度评价资阳香橙（Citrus junons Sieb. ex Tanaka）、卡里佐枳橙（C. sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata）、枳[P. trifoliata(L.)Raf.]和飞龙枳（P. trifoliata var. monstrosa）对红江橙的影响，为筛选网室容器栽培柑橘优良砧木提供依据。试验结果表明，资阳香橙砧的嫁接成活率、根系发育、单叶质量和单果质量均显著高于其他砧木的，嫁接口愈合完全，但果实品质略差；卡里佐枳橙砧的树势最强，枝皮率极低，初果期果实品质优，表现为果面光滑、沟纹少，果肉可溶性固形物、总糖显著高于其他砧木的，固酸比、总黄酮及氨基酸含量均显著高于资阳香橙砧的；飞龙枳和枳砧的嫁接成活率低，树势弱，嫁接口愈合不完全，根系发育缓慢。故容器栽培卡里佐枳橙砧与红江橙组合综合表现最佳。相关性分析表明，嫁接成活率、树势与嫁接口的生长素/脱落酸（IAA/ABA）、赤霉素/脱落酸（GA3/ABA）、生长素/细胞分裂素（IAA/ZR）呈正相关；穗砧茎粗比与嫁接口处ZR、ABA及ZR/ABA呈显著负相关；树势与接穗枝皮率、叶片A...     

苹果矮化砧木选育予选方法——枝条电阻法的研究

砧木解剖学的研究证实,矮化砧的木质部贮藏物质和活细胞比乔化砧的多,因此,导电能力强,而电阻则小。太波等人用物理方法对新梢的电学性质进行了研究,证明了电导从矮化到乔化规律地下降,而电阻从矮化到乔化规律地上升,他们认为,这是由於矮化砧比乔化砧木质部电解质较多所致.砧木电阻值的高低,受很多因素的影响,特别是砧木直径粗度,对电阻值的影响     

Root morphology and the effect of rootstocks on leaf nutrient acquisition of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Loureiro × Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The study aimed to understand the root morphological character of 1 year old seedling rootstock of citrus genotypes viz., rough lemon, Karna Khatta, Carrizo citrange, Rangpur lime, Troyer citrange, Jatti Khatti and sour orange as well as to investigate the effect of these rootstocks on the leaf mineral composition of Kinnow. Root morphological traits showed significant genotypic variation. Rough lemon seedlings had a higher root length, projected area, surface area, volume and the number of forks. Sour orange was moderate rootstock of the 7 genotypes for most of the root morphological characters, while citrange rootstocks expressed poor root morphology. The rootstocks also imparted significant influence on the leaf mineral composition. Leaf K, Ca and Mg content was recorded maximum in plants grown on rough lemon seedling, while N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration was higher on sour orange rootstock. Kinnow trees on Rangpur lime rootstock accumulated more Na in their leaf tissue, where as Troyer citrange restricted the accumulation of Na. Considering the root morphological characters and nutrient accumulation pattern, rough lemon and sour orange for areas free from tristeza virus could be suggested as alternative rootstocks for the studied Kinnow mandarin under similar ecological conditions.     

不同砧木上沙田柚、晚白柚和五布柚的早期表现

对嫁接在29种砧木上的沙田柚、晚白柚及五布柚(共66个砧穗组合)的早期表现进行了比较研究。结果表明,以酒饼簕和枳为砧能使柚矮化;以某些柚和酸橙为砧使柚乔化;对其他一些砧木不同柚品种的反应各异。以枳橙为砧的晚白柚和五布柚生长中庸,嫁接后第3年便开花结果,由此认为枳橙为有希望的早结柚类砧木。     

不同柑橘砧木对锦橙果实品质的影响

 2006—2008年连续3年研究11种砧木对铜水72-1锦橙果实品质的影响。结果表明：不同砧木对果实颜色和内在品质均有影响,其中以卡里佐枳橙为砧的果实亮度最好,黄色度值最高,果实最大,果皮最薄;以路比枳为砧的果实红色度值和固酸比（TSS/TA）最高,果皮最厚;以沃尔卡姆为砧的亮度最差,黄色度值、单果质量和可食率最低,中心柱最小;以C35枳橙为砧的中心柱最大且维生素C含量最低;以光皮酸橙为砧的果实红色度最低而可食率最高;以里其16-6枳为砧的果实可溶性固形物（TSS）含量最高;以孙楚沙橘为砧的果实可滴定酸（TA）和维生素C含量最高,而TSS/TA最低;果实TSS和TA最低的砧木为枸头橙。品质综合评价,性状表现较好的为孙楚沙橘、卡里佐枳橙和C35枳橙,而表现较差的为兰普莱檬和沃尔卡姆柠檬。     

Differential tolerance to iron deficiency of citrus rootstocks grown in nutrient solution

We studied the effects of Fe deficiency on physiological parameters of citrus rootstocks grown in nutrient solution. Three 4-week old rootstocks (‘Troyer’ citrange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., Citrus taiwanica Tan. and Shim., and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo – Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macf.) were grown in nutrient solutions with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol Fe dm⁻³. Calcium carbonate (1 g dm⁻³) was added to all solutions to mimic the natural conditions in calcareous soils. For each rootstock, shoot length, number of leaves, and root and shoot dry weights were measured at the end of experiment. Chlorophyll concentration was estimated using a portable SPAD-502 meter calibrated for each rootstock. The amount of nutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) was determined in shoots. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F₀: basal fluorescence; F_m: maximum fluorescence; F_v = F_m − F₀: variable fluorescence) were measured with a portable fluorimeter. ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstock was the most tolerant to Fe deficiency. These plants grew more and accumulated more chlorophyll and nutrients than the others in the presence of low levels of Fe (10 μmol Fe dm⁻³). ‘Swingle’ citrumelo plants needed 20 μmol Fe dm⁻³ in the nutrient solution to secure adequate growth. ‘Taiwanica’ orange rootstock had an intermediate behaviour, but could be distinguished from ‘Troyer’ citrange based on fluorescence parameters, since there was a variation in the basal fluorescence in the former, whereas in ‘Troyer’ citrange the basal fluorescence was not affected by the supply of Fe.     

Growth,root morphology and boron uptake by citrus rootstock seedlings differing in boron-deficiency responses

Boron (B) is an essential microelement for higher plants and has important physiological functions in plant growth and development. Citrus plants are frequently exposed to B-deficiency, but knowledge regarding the effects of B-deficiency on rootstock growth, root morphology and genotypic variations in citrus is limited. To evaluate the variations in plant-growth parameters in response to B-deficiency, five citrus rootstocks seedlings that grown in modified 1/2-strength Hoagland's solution that contained 0.25 μM H₃BO₃ (moderate B-level, Control) or 0 μM H₃BO₃ (B-deficiency, −B) were investigated before and 90 days after treatment. There are significant genotypic variations in plant-growth parameters (dry mass, leaf area and seedling height), root-morphological traits and B-concentrations. B-deficiency inhibited plant dry mass and leaf area expansion of Fragrant citrus, Sour orange and Trifoliate orange seedlings significantly (P < 0.05), whereas no effect was found on the total dry mass of Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine seedlings. Further, B-deficiency reduced the root number, root length and root surface area in Fragrant citrus and Trifoliate orange significantly (P < 0.05); however, no significant effect was detected on these root morphological traits of Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine (P > 0.05). In addition, B-deficiency reduced the B-concentration in the leaves of all the five genotypes and the B-concentration in the roots of Fragrant citrus and Sour orange, none effect was observed on the B-concentration in stems of all studied genotypes and roots. However, there were significant relationships between the root-morphological traits and B-uptake efficiency. These results showed that Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine are B-efficient, Trifoliate orange is the moderate B-efficient genotypic rootstocks, whereas Fragrant citrus and Sour orange are B-inefficient genotypic rootstocks. In addition, Trifoliate orange was the moderate B-efficient rootstocks of five genotypes. The root-to-shoot dry mass ratio (R/S) and longer root numbers were higher in the Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine than that of Trifoliate orange, Fragrant citrus and Sour orange genotypes. That is to say, maintaining higher R/S and numerous longer lateral roots is very important in improving the B-efficiency and thus contribute much to the resistance of seedlings to B-deficiency in the Carrizo citrange and Red tangerine genotypes.     

不同砧木对西瓜嫁接苗生长及萌蘖发生的影响

以小兰西瓜为接穗,选取6个葫芦砧木和4个南瓜砧木,插接法嫁接,研究不同砧木嫁接对西瓜嫁接苗嫁接成活率、接穗生长和砧木萌蘖发生的影响。结果表明:葫芦砧木嫁接成活率高于南瓜砧木,均达到90%以上,南瓜砧木中以东方明珠嫁接成活率较高,达到92.81%。葫芦砧木力根和南瓜砧木东方明珠对接穗生长影响较为显著,接穗株高、茎粗、叶片数、干鲜质量、叶绿素(a+b)及类胡萝卜素含量、根系活力均显著高于相应对照强根和京欣砧2号。葫芦砧木中,ZM-1和力根砧木萌蘖叶片较小,叶柄较短,南瓜砧木中,以东方明珠和京欣砧4号萌蘖生长较缓。综合评价认为:葫芦砧木力根和南瓜砧木东方明珠嫁接西瓜不仅嫁接成活率高,而且能明显促进接穗生长,降低砧木萌蘖侧枝的发生,可作为西瓜嫁接栽培中砧木选择的参考品种。     

Selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for citrus growth promotion and Phytophthora suppression

In order to reduce unnecessary amount of P-fertilizer and severity of Phytophthora root rot in citrus orchards, the experiment was set up. Thirteen indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi species were isolated from rhizosphere soil of citrus orchards in Thailand and were then propagated into three host plants [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), and leek (Allium cepa)] by trap culture. We also tested whether indigenous AMF species (13 different species) could colonize into three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks (Shogun: Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun; Tangerine: C. reticulata; and C-35 citrange: Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata). With root colonization rates, the results indicated that Acaulospora tuberculata and Glomus etunicatum provided the best colonization in all citrus cultivars. We selected, therefore, those AMF species to verify their influences on citrus growth and Phytophthora root rot resistance. Three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks, Shogun, Tangerine and C-35 citrange, were inoculated with two effective indigenous AMF species, G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata in order to determine the influences on citrus growth. The plants were investigated to determine the mycorrhizal efficiency index (MEI), AM colonization, P content, and other parameters. Co-inoculation of AMF species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) with Phytophthora nicotianae was also carried out in Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstocks. The results of citrus growth revealed that Shogun and Tangerine inoculated with G. etunicatum produced the highest MEI. Tangerine and C-35 citrange amended with fertilizers and G. etunicatum showed the highest P content in leaves. This indicated that G. etunicatum has an influence on citrus growth and P uptake, suggesting it to be the highly effective strain. Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstock combinations that were inoculated by both P. nicotianae and different AM fungi (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) showed root injury at low level of root rot symptom. However, the part of Shogun scions grafted on rootstocks showed severe symptom of shoot die back in treatment inoculated with P. nicotianae alone, while treatment inoculated with different AM species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) and P. nicotianae rendered lower shoot die back symptoms than that of Phytophthora treatment. The low level of shoot die back symptom was shown at first, then healthy young shoot was restored. Our results indicated the facts that different host plants and different AMF species produced different outcomes of growth and pathogen resistance. The application of both AM isolates, therefore, has an enormous potential to be produced the inoculum for citrus orchards.     

Somatic hybridization of high yield,cold-hardy and disease resistant parents for citrus rootstock improvement

Summary

Increasing losses of trees to diseases, expansion of plantings into more marginal production areas and the need to control tree size to reduce harvesting costs have elevated the demand for new improved citrus rootstocks in Florida. A major strategy of the CREC rootstock improvement programme has been to use protoplast fusion to produce allotetraploid somatic hybrids that combine complementary rootstock germplasm. Tetraploid citrus rootstocks have been shown to have a built-in tree size control component due to polyploidy. This report focuses on the incorporation of newly identified superior rootstock germplasm into the somatic hybridization programme. Poncirus trifoliata 50–7, a selection of trifoliate orange selected for superior resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae, was hybridized with sour orange, Changsha mandarin, Navel orange, and a seedy white ‘Duncan’ type grapefruit. High-yielding Benton citrange (Citrus sinensis 3 Poncirus trifoliata) was hybridized with Changsha mandarin and sour orange. More than 200 plants of each of these six new somatic hybrids were propagated via tissue culture and rooted cuttings. To assess their horticultural performance, all the somatic hybrids were budded with commercially important scions and planted in replicated trials representing the two most important soil types in Florida. Seed trees of each somatic hybrid have also been planted in the field to determine fruiting potential and level of polyembryony.     

不同砧木嫁接对海南厚皮甜瓜生长发育的影响

以京欣砧2号、壮士(对照)、甜瓜本砧、雪中甲及野郎2号作为砧木,以金香玉、长香玉及昭君一号作为接穗,研究不同砧木嫁接对厚皮甜瓜生长发育的影响。研究结果表明,以雪中甲砧木嫁接的甜瓜植株长势较强;以京欣砧2号和甜瓜本砧作为金香玉的砧木最佳,表现为抗性、产量和品质均比壮士好;甜瓜本砧和壮士可作为长香玉的砧木;京欣砧2号、甜瓜本砧、雪中甲均适宜作为昭君一号的砧木,三者作砧木嫁接后的甜瓜产量、抗性和品质高于对照。     

Rootstock influence on the incidence of rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ sweet orange

Summary

The influence of three rootstocks, Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) on the incidence and severity of rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ sweet oranges was studied over seven years in four orchards. The proportion of affected fruit was greater in trees on Carrizo citrange (60% on an average) followed by Cleopatra mandarin (38%) and then on sour orange (9%). There were also significant differences in the severity of the disorder among rootstocks; more than 35% and 20% of fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange and Cleopatra mandarin, respectively, were rejected for commercialization, whereas only 4% of fruit on sour orange was rejected. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fruit peduncles showed that average diameter of xylem vessel elements of peduncles of fruits on Carrizo citrange rootstock were 6% and 17% larger than those on Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, respectively. Defoliation of fruit-bearing branches reduced water loss from fruit, maintained fruit peel water potential at a higher value than that of fruit on undefoliated branches and reduced the proportion and severity of affected fruit. It is concluded that fruit-tree water relationships are related to rind breakdown in ‘Navelate’ oranges and low fruit water content might be responsible for the disorder.