河北省新型城镇化与土地生态安全耦合协调分析

以河北省为研究区域，以新型城镇化与土地生态安全耦合协调度为研究对象，运用耦合协调发展模型和空间自相关等分析方法测算了2005-2015年间河北省新型城镇化与土地生态安全耦合协调度，探究其空间集聚特征。研究结果表明：(1)河北各城市新型城镇化与土地生态安全耦合协调水平不存在耦合失调的情况，区域间耦合协调发展水平存在较大差异，大部分主要处于初级协调发展类型，仅有唐山、石家庄在2015年达到了良好协调发展类型。河北省新型城镇化与土地生态安全耦合协调度存在显著的空间正相关。(2)空间集聚类型上，绝大多数城市属于不显著类型区，高-高类型区、低-低类型区涉及的城市数量少。2005年仅有廊坊市处于高-高类型区、张家口市处于低-低类型区；2010年无城市处于高-高类型区，承德市、邢台市处于低-低类型区；2015年仅有秦皇岛市处于高-高类型区、无城市处于低-低类型区。研究可为其他地区推进城市化进程与提高土地生态安全水平，促进二者协调发展提供一定理论依据。     

基于价值—风险的阜平县生态分区研究

为了探究阜平县生态风险，以2010年、2015年、2020年土地利用数据为基础，采用生态系统服务模型、景观生态风险模型，对二者的时空演变特征进行了定量分析，通过Z-score标准化划分了4类生态分区，揭示了阜平县生态环境时空演变特征。结果表明：(1)6种地类均有不同程度的改变，耕地增加最多，草地减少最多。高价值区主要分布于夏庄乡、龙泉关镇西部等林地、草地植被覆盖度高、水热条件较好的地区。阜平县以调节服务为主，且林地提供价值最高。(2)阜平县以较低生态风险区为主，占总面积的50%以上。在空间上呈“东南高、西北低”的分布特征。高生态风险区分布于北果园乡、王林口镇等区域，此区域人口数量多、景观类型细碎、零散分布。(3)4类生态分区变化程度较小，表明阜平县处于较为稳定的状态，高生态系统服务价值—低生态风险区(Ⅳ)占比最高，低生态系统服务价值—低生态风险区(Ⅲ)占比最低。通过生态分区研究，可为防范和降低区域生态风险与协调人地关系提供理论基础。     

新时代农业与农业生产性服务业耦合协调性分析

从理论层面,分析了农业与农业生产性服务业耦合机理,构建了产业系统耦合协调发展模型;从实践层面,对内蒙古赤峰地区的12个旗县区建立了产业耦合评价指标体系,基于熵权法和耦合协调度模型,对农业及农业生产性服务业的综合发展水平、产业间耦合协调性进行测度和对比分析。结果表明:赤峰地区农业发展不均衡,总体属中下水平;农业生产性服务业作为新型产业,尚处于初级阶段,发展水平低于农业发展水平;农业及农业生产性服务业总体属于拮抗期耦合,2个产业间耦合协调度较低,处于失调状态,12个旗县区中5个为轻度失调,7个为中度失调,农业生产性服务业尚未发挥出对农业应有的促进作用。因此,应大力发展农业生产性服务业,通过构建"主体多元、功能集成、科技引领、人才保障"的农业生产性服务业体系,推进产业耦合协调,解决中国特色社会主义新时代下农业发展不充分、不均衡问题。     

我国农业数字化生产效率的区域差异及动态演变

基于2011—2021年中国大陆地区30个省市(不含西藏)的面板数据,将全国划分为东、中、西部和东北4个地区,采用DEA-BCC模型对不同地区的农业数字化生产的技术效率进行测算和比较;在此基础上结合莫兰指数进行空间相关性分析,并进一步结合农业数字化Malmquist生产率指数,探索农业数字化生产效率的演变趋势。结果表明：我国整体农业数字化生产效率水平较高,但只有少数省市处于“最优状态”,地区之间差异性明显;空间分布上表现为“集聚”与“分异”并存特征;农业数字化全要素生产率在技术进步指数的影响下处于增长趋势,其中东部地区技术进步指数最高。     

区域“两型”农业与农业生产效率的协调发展研究

随着“推动绿色发展，改善环境质量”和“全面推进乡村振兴，提高农业质量效益”成为现今农业社会关注的重点，农业生产不仅要注重农业生产效率的提升，还要重视“两型”农业的建设，实现二者的协调同步有助于农业持续健康发展。该研究利用区域农业大省的数据构造相关指标体系，使用熵值法和DEA-Malmquist指数法对“两型”农业建设的综合发展水平以及农业生产效率进行测算。并通过耦合协调发展度模型对“两型”农业的建设和农业生产效率的协调发展程度进行实证分析。结果表明：我国“两型”农业建设和农业生产效率虽然处于良好协调发展状态，但距离优质协调还存在一定差距。为促进我国农业的进一步发展，提出相关建议。     

1990-2014年阿克苏市绿地变化与人口特征关系分析

绿地是城市的自然服务系统,对改善居民生活环境、保护城市生态系统平衡起着不可取代的作用.该研究以干旱区绿洲城市—阿克苏市为研究对象,采用1990-2014年的建成区面积、人口、城市绿化覆盖面积、绿化覆盖率、人均绿化覆盖面积等统计数据,分析25年来城市规模、人口与绿地的发展变化趋势,并通过协调性分析模型估算本市建成区面积、人口与绿化覆盖面积的离差系数,揭示了人口—建成区面积—绿化覆盖面积增长率协调发展特征.结果表明:1990-2014年间,城市人口出现2次先增加后下降态势,建成区面积与城市绿化覆盖面积不断扩大.绿化覆盖率与人均绿化覆盖面积变化呈现出相应的改善趋势.建成区面积与绿化覆盖面积增长率失调比较严重,且失调等级为重度失调;人口与绿化覆盖面积协调发展水平也偏低,失调等级为重度失调.总体来看,阿克苏市城市化与绿地协调发展水平处于不协调状态.因此,为实现阿克苏市城市发展与生态环境的可持续,应着力促进绿化与城市化相协调,优先考虑并提高城市绿地的生态效益.     

内蒙古自治区温带草原生态系统服务价值评估及空间特征

以内蒙古自治区温带草原为研究区域,以地级市为空间尺度,利用遥感数据估算的生物量和空间插值的年降水量数据对四大类、十一小类的生态系统服务单位面积价值进行了校正,进而综合定量评估了内蒙古自治区温带草原生态系统服务价值及其空间分布特征。结果表明:1)内蒙古自治区全区总生态系统服务价值为1.6万亿元,与当年全区的GDP总量基本持平,间接的调节服务价值远远大于其它服务价值,而代表直接经济价值的供给服务不足总生态系统服务价值的1/10;2)内蒙古自治区温带草原单位面积总生态系统服务价值平均为29 780.3元·hm-2,单位面积总生态系统服务价值最高的地级市是兴安盟,为87 616.86元·hm-2;最低的是阿拉善盟,为1 063.99元·hm-2,总体上呈现从东北向西南逐渐降低的空间格局;3)内蒙古自治区温带草原生态系统服务价值主要分布于呼伦贝尔盟、锡林郭勒盟、赤峰市、兴安盟和通辽市,分别占总服务价值的35.64%、25.62%、11.68%、10.91%和7.39%。     

公园生态系统服务价值评估探究

公园是公共活动空间，是居民生活中的必需品，且在维持城市生态可持续性、提升民生福祉等方面具有重要意义，对公园生态系统服务价值的评估能引起人们对公园生态系统重视和保护。论述了公园生态系统服务价值研究的现状和公园生态系统服务功能的内涵，并通过检索分析大量文献，总结出不同类型公园生态系统服务评价指标体系和评价方法，以期为公园生态系统服务价值评估提供参考。     

银川植物园城市森林生态系统服务功能评价

为确定城市森林生态系统服务功能,本研究以银川植物园为研究对象,调查统计银川植物园不同植被类型的涵养水源、固碳释氧、保育土壤、净化大气环境、保护生物多样性、积累营养物质、森林游憩等生态功能,并以货币的形式直观地展现森林服务功能的价值。研究结果表明,银川植物园森林生态系统服务功能总价值5524329.89元/年,各功能指标表现为森林游憩(33.66%)生物多样性保护(17.56%)固碳释氧(17.18%)保育土壤(13.46%)净化空气(13.20%)涵养水源(3.09%)积累营养物质(1.85%)。不同植被类型的平均单位面积生态服务功能价值排序差异明显。城市森林生态系统的多功能评价可以为银川植物园可持续发展与生态环境建设政策的制定提供科学依据,提高对森林生态效益和林业生态建设的认识,对进一步加快生态文明建设步伐具有重要意义。     

顺平县桃产业创新生态系统协同性评价

随着产业结构的优化升级,产业内主体间由相互竞争、无序失衡的状态逐步向互利共生、价值共创的趋势转变.为厘清桃产业创新生态系统主体的角色定位与利益诉求,利用Likert量表与SEM模型对顺平县桃产业创新生态系统中创新主体对桃产业创新生态系统协同进化发展的影响路径进行了研究,有助于推动桃产业高质量发展,实现主体间的协同共生.结果 表明:创新主体的品种创新能力、服务组织的支持、鲜桃交易市场的销售流通能力对桃产业创新生态系统协同进化发展具有显著正相关关系;技术创新能力与消费者需求水平对桃产业创新生态系统协同进化发展不具有正相关关系,其对系统协同进化发展没有直接显著影响.根据研究结果,在提升创新能力、完善服务支持、提高市场销售流通水平、以消费者需求为导向等方面提出对策建议.     

Greenway service supply and public demand in Guangzhou city,China

Small-size green spaces contain convenient service capabilities for urban residents and satisfy the daily needs of citizens for high-quality ecological products. A greenway is a kind of linear green space, which can create a beautiful and livable environment in a high-density urban area. This study explored whether the services provided by the greenway can meet the daily needs of urban residents for green space in Guangzhou, a mega city in south China. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the entropy weight (EW) method, both the coupling coordination degree model and spatial autocorrelation analysis were adopted to quantify and determine the coordination degree of greenway service supply and public demand in Guangzhou. The results showed that the comprehensive score of the greenway service supply (GSS) subsystem and the public demand (PD) subsystem in Guangzhou was 0.3865 ± 0.08 and 0.3778 ± 0.03 (mean±s.e., n = 11), respectively. The GSS subsystem score was slightly higher than that of PD subsystem (P > 0.05), indicating that the two subsystems had no significant differences. The supply and demand subsystem of ten districts (excluding Conghua) in Guangzhou achieved different levels of coordination, and the average coupling coordination degree was 0.5885, suggesting that the districts were barely balanced at the city level. The Moran's I value was 0.580, indicating that the coupling coordination degree had significant positive global spatial autocorrelation and showed a spatial agglomeration effect. Furthermore, the local Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation showed that three districts (i.e., Yuexiu, Haizhu and Liwan) formed a high supply-high demand cluster and a spatial difference was detected when coupling the GSS and PD in Guangzhou. Therefore, we proposed the differentiated optimization strategies based on the results of the coupling coordination degree and the development status of each district and the entire city. This knowledge can better guide the subsequent construction and development of greenway in Guangzhou and may be useful for adjacent cities in Asia-Pacific region.     

基于“压力-状态-潜力”框架的生态修复分区与修正研究

以唐山市为例，将生态安全格局与修复分区相结合，实现点线面共同指导分区。首先基于“压力—状态—潜力”框架，利用z-score标准化，在乡镇尺度上进行国土空间生态修复分区；其次构建生态安全格局，采用形态学空间格局分析与景观连通性提取生态源地，利用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道；最终通过生态安全格局对生态修复分区进行修正。结果表明：(1)研究区高退化压力区主要位于城市中部及各县区中心，并向四周递减；生态系统服务状态分布为北高中低，且高值区向低值区存在明显过渡；恢复潜力为由北向南先减少后增多。(2)修正后生态修复分区划分为生态保育区、生态潜在恢复区、生态优先修复区、生态修复治理区、生态修复利用区5大类型区，其中生态保育区依据生态源地与廊道所在位置划为一级保育区、二级保育区。     

森林风景区生态系统服务价值评估

基于湖北省利川苏马荡和英山桃花冲2个风景区的森林资源特点与实地调查数据，依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(GB/T 38582-2020)定量评估2019年湖北省森林风景区生态系统服务价值。结果表明，苏马荡风景区的森林生态服务总价值为3.94亿元/年，以涵养水源价值和固碳释氧价值主(共占79.56%);生态服务贡献最大的是针阔混交林，其次为马尾松林、柳杉林、日本落叶松林和杉木林。桃花冲风景区森林生态服务总价值为5.47亿元/年，涵养水源价值在森林生态系统服务价值所占比例最大，其次为森林游憩价值、固碳释氧价值、生物多样性保育价值、保育土壤价值、林木积累营养物质价值和净化大气环境价值；森林生态服务价值中针叶林贡献最高，其次是针阔混交林、阔叶林。研究结果客观反映这2个典型区域森林生态体系建设取得的成果和对经济社会发展的贡献，同时可为湖北省相关部门“两山”转化和“双碳战略”实施提供依据，对区域森林经营管理水平的进一步提升、实现森林可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Multi-functional landscapes in semi arid environments: implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services

Synergies between biodiversity conservation objectives and ecosystem service management were investigated in the Succulent Karoo biome (83,000 km²) of South Africa, a recognised biodiversity hotspot. Our study complemented a previous biodiversity assessment with an ecosystem service assessment. Stakeholder engagement and expert consultation focussed our investigations on surface water, ground water, grazing and tourism as the key services in this region. The key ecosystem services and service hotspots were modelled and mapped. The congruence between these services, and between biodiversity priorities and ecosystem service priorities, were assessed and considered in relation to known threats. Generally low levels of overlap were found between these ecosystem services, with the exception of surface and ground water which had an 80% overlap. The overlap between ecosystem service hotspots and individual biodiversity priority areas was generally low. Four of the seven priority areas assessed have more than 20% of their areas classified as important for services. In specific cases, particular service levels could be used to justify the management of a specific biodiversity priority area for conservation. Adopting a biome scale hotspot approach to assessing service supply highlighted key management areas. However, it underplayed local level dependence on particular services, not effectively capturing the welfare implications associated with diminishing and limited service provision. We conclude that regional scale (biome level) approaches need to be combined with local level investigations (municipal level). Given the regional heterogeneity and varied nature of the impacts of drivers and threats, diverse approaches are required to steer land management towards sustainable multifunctional landscape strategies.     

Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem services in development planning: perspectives from a landscape level

Despite much progress in ecosystem services research, a gap still appears to exist between this research and the implementation of landscape management and development activities on the ground, especially within a developing country context. If ecosystem service science is to be operationalised and used by decision-makers directing local development, an in-depth understanding of the implementation context for landscape planning and management, and of the opportunities and challenges for ecosystem services in this context are needed. Very little is known about these opportunities and constraints, largely because of the absence of methods to explore the complexity of the landscape planning, management and implementation context and the possibilities of integrating scientific information into these processes within a real-world setting. This study aims to address this need for information and methods, by focusing on a region in South Africa with a long history of ecosystem service research and stakeholder engagement, and testing a social science approach to explore opportunities and challenges for integrating ecosystem services in landscape planning processes and policies. Our methodological approach recognises the importance of social processes and legitimacy in decision-making, emphasizing the need to engage with the potential end-users of ecosystem service research in order to ensure the relevance of the research. While we discovered challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem service at a local level, we also found strong opportunities in the multi-sectoral planning processes driving development and in how the concept of ecosystem services is framed and aligned with development priorities, especially those relating to disaster risk reduction.     

The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: A review and suggestions for future research

With the majority of the world’s human population now living in cities, urban forests provide an increasingly important range of ecosystem services, from improved air quality and climate change adaptation to better public health outcomes and increased tourism revenues. The importance of these ecosystem services in urban environments, and the central role that cities play in the lives of people around the world, have motivated various attempts to quantify the value of ecosystem services provided by urban forests. This paper reviews existing research in the fields of urban forestry, economics, sociology, and health on the value of urban ecosystem services, with a focus on cultural services, a category of ecosystem services that is of key importance to human well-being but that has suffered from a lack of empirical research. The review identified 38 studies that examined the value of mixed vegetation, 31 studies that examined the value of trees, and 43 studies that examined the value of green spaces. Psychological health is the most-studied ecosystem service category, with most research in this area focusing on the services of mixed vegetation. Social health, community economic development, and tourism are the least-studied, with most research in these areas focusing on mixed vegetation and trees. Multiple metrics were used to quantify the value of urban greenery within each ecosystem service category but only 11 metrics were assigned a monetary value. Gaps in the literature that present strong opportunities for future research include: the value of urban forests for improving social health, equitable access to ecosystem services, the impact of urban forests on community economic development, and economic valuation and green exposure metrics. We hope that this review stimulates future research in the areas highlighted and that municipalities consider including evaluations of a broad range of ecosystem services during land use planning and budgeting processes.     

Multifunctionality in practice: Measuring differences in urban woodland ecosystem properties via functional traits

The ability of urban woodlands to regenerate and provide ecosystem services depends on the maintenance of a range of ecosystem functions and processes (i.e. multifunctionality). Many conservation decisions are made by local land stewards and rely on taxonomic characterization of woodlands to infer ecosystem properties, but there is reason to doubt this approach. Can functional traits provide better information on ecosystem multifunctionality? We compare three methods for capturing differences in urban woodland multifunctionality. We ask whether differences in (1) species composition, (2) traits associated with urbanization (urbanization markers) or (3) traits associated with specific ecosystem properties (functional markers) best capture actual differences in colonisation, water infiltration and decomposition in woodlands across a rural-urban gradient (Montreal, Canada). We use Procrustes superimposition and Mantel tests to compare the fit of each method. We propose the functional Mahalanobis distance to measure the distance of an urban woodland from a reference range of multifunctionality.All three methods were significantly congruent with actual differences in ecosystem multifunctionality, but the strength of the rank-order correlations varied widely. Species composition and urbanization markers had a similar but weak correlation with differences in multifunctionality. Importantly, the mismatch between species composition and multifunctionality increased with urbanization. Functional markers captured ecosystem multifunctionality better than either species composition or urbanization markers.Commonly used species- and general trait-based approaches were poor measures for multifunctionality in our urban woodlands. Functional markers rely on vegetation inventories already routinely collected by land stewards and openly available trait information: they may provide a cost-effective way of capturing multifunctionality in urban systems. More broadly, the functional Mahalanobis distance provides a quantitative measure of site-level multifunctionality that allows land stewards to compare woodlands with a reference range of variability in a format that can directly inform conservation decisions.     

Spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem services provision in Southern Patagonia

Context

Although there is a need to develop a spatially explicit methodological approach that addresses the social importance of cultural ecosystem services for regional planning, few studies have analysed the spatial distribution on the cultural ecosystem services based on social perceptions.

Objective

The main objective of this study was to identify cultural ecosystem service hot-spots, and factors that characterize such hot-spots and define the spatial associations between cultural ecosystem services in Southern Patagonia (Argentina).

Methods

The study was carried out in Southern Patagonia (243.9 thousand km²) located between 46° and 55° SL with the Andes mountains on the western fringe and the Atlantic Ocean on the eastern fringe of the study area. The study region has a range of different vegetation types (grasslands, shrub-lands, peat-lands and forests) though the cold arid steppe is the main vegetation type. We used geo-tagged digital images that local people and visitors posted in the Panoramio web platform to identify hot-spots of four cultural ecosystem services (aesthetic value, existence value, recreation and local identity) and relate these hot-spots with social and biophysical landscape features.

Results

Aesthetic value was the main cultural service tagged by people, followed by the existence value for biodiversity conservation, followed by local identity and then recreational activity. The spatial distribution of these cultural ecosystem services are associated with different social and biophysical characteristics, such as the presence of water bodies, vegetation types, marine and terrestrial fauna, protected areas, urbanization, accessibility and tourism offer. The most important factors are the presence of water in Santa Cruz and tourism offer in Tierra del Fuego.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that this methodology is useful for assessing cultural ecosystem services at the regional scale, especially in areas with low data availability and field accessibility, such as Southern Patagonia. We also identify new research challenges that can be addressed in cultural ecosystem services research through the use of this method.