积极发挥村级组织基层作用 创新发展新型农村集体经济

本文通过对当前我国农村土地流转方式利弊的分析,阐述了当前农村村级组织与促进农村土地规模化流转经营,土地规模化流转经营与实现现代农业、建立和发展壮大新型农村村级集体经济实体、最终实现农民共同富裕、实现城乡一体化的必然联系。提出了发挥村级组织作用,促进土地规模化流转、加速发展现代农业、创新发展新型农村村级集体经济的对策。     

发展复合农林业,实现农业现代化

能源紧缺、土地退化、水土流失等问题已成为我国许多地区经济持续发展的制约因素.合理开发山区农业,完善农林复合体系,是实现农业现代化,保障农业高效,持续、稳定发展的重要途径.分析农林复合体系在我国的发展现状,提出复合农林业经营规模化、效益立体化的具体经营方式.     

浙江萧山家庭农场等现代经营主体的发展运行

随着我国农村农业经营主体出现的分化,除了一般的小农经营主体外,专业大户、家庭农场、农民专业合作社等现代农业经营主体在推动农村、农业发展,在促进农民增收等方面发挥了重要的作用。其中家庭农场(以家庭成员为主要劳动力,从事农业规模化、集约化、商品化生产经营,以农业收入为家庭主要收入来源)在其发展过程中自动实现代际传承和新老交替,从而破解了我国未来农业经营主体的稳定性和持续性难题,是培养职业农民的重要途径。     

对我国大蒜产销的调查与思考

经过多年的发展,我国大蒜产业已经逐步向种植规模化、生产标准化、市场均衡化、经营产业化、产品外向化、服务网络化"六化"的方向迈进,大蒜已经成为不少地区农业结构调整的一个新亮点,同时也是这些地区农民增收的重要来源.     

农村土地流转的现状问题与今后发展

土地制度改革一直是我国农村经济体制改革的核心内容,在统筹城乡发展的宏观背景下,创新农村土地经营制度,搞活农村土地流转,已成为当前农业和农村发展的必然趋势,也是统筹城乡发展的关键环节。对农     

乡村振兴战略下新型经营主体培育路径

2018年是中国经济体制改革40周年，也是十九大提出农村发展的重要任务的开局之年。要想实现乡村振兴就必须发展农业经济，而要突破传统的“小农经济”，使农村经济规模化、高效化发展，就必须有一批符合高效化发展方针的新型农业经营主体。通过实地考察发现，当前我国新型农业经营主体处在起步期，面临资金、土地流转、市场和人才等诸多方面的限制。针对上述问题，从提高农民的管理水平、破解农民问题等方面，探讨了一些具有现实意义的扶持对策。     

绿色发展战略背景下农业企业品牌建设路径与策略探析——评《农业科技企业的品牌营销策略研究》

随着我国农业产业化的加快发展,我国已经彻底告别了农产品短缺的时代,农产品市场也由卖方市场转向了买方市场。但随着改革开放的深入,市场环境的变化,给绿色发展战略背景下农业企业的生产经营带来了更大的挑战,使得无品牌效应的农产品难以在市场上立足,因此当前农业企业想要谋得长久发展,必须要创建自身的品牌。但不可否认的是,农产品品牌的创建模式并不同于第二、三产业,其受自身季节性、周期性等元素的影响,而因更具复杂性,故先要积极探索绿色发展战略背景下农业企业品牌建设路径与策略。     

新型农业经营主体技术效率研究综述与展望

新型农业经营主体是促进我国农业产业转型升级的重要推动力,技术效率是衡量培育新型农业经营主体的重要指标。该研究对新型农业经营主体按定义、类型、地区进行分类,将影响新型经营主体技术效率的评价方法进行归纳、总结和评述,展示了目前定义和测算新型农业经营主体技术效率的前沿进展和发展趋势。结果表明:对于以苹果等高价值经济作物为研究对象的新型农业经营主体的研究较少,且大多文献集中于研究主体的某一专业大户、家庭农场或合作社等进行分析论证,鲜有对专业大户、家庭农场、合作社及农业企业进行系统性的分析。因此,该研究指出应对苹果等作物新型农业经营主体技术效率进行分析,苹果作为我国第一农业产业,对经济的发展起到巨大的促进作用。通过对新型农业经营主体影响因素的总结,对新型农业经营主体的发展进程起到指导性作用,并对研究新型农业经营主体在产业发展过程中的作用奠定了坚实的基础。     

农业现代化对农民增收影响及农户人力资本存量的调节作用探析

借助全国30个省区2001—2014年面板数据,探究了农业现代化与农民增收关系及农户人力资本存量调节作用。结果表明:农业现代化中,农业生产科技化和农业结构合理化微弱促进农民增收,农业经营规模化抑制农民增收;农户人力资本存量调节农业现代化的农民增收效应,增强农户人力资本存量可显著提升农业现代化农民增收效应。基于以上分析,提出农户人力资本开发的对策建议,以期提升农业现代化的农民增收效应。     

基于农户视角的北京市果类蔬菜生产分析

基于北京市果类蔬菜种植户的实地调研数据,运用描述性统计分析方法,对北京市果类蔬菜生产经营的基本特征进行了分析,在此基础上探究了种植规模、种植技术、流通情况、市场基础建设、农民专业合作社和蔬菜生产支持政策对果类蔬菜生产经营所产生的影响。进一步地,将两个不同年度的果类蔬菜生产情况进行对比,从动态视角研究了近四年北京市果类蔬菜生产的发展变化。主要研究结论为:(1)北京市果类蔬菜生产经营主体主要为小规模农户;(2)蔬菜种植户的老龄化趋势明显;(3)农户对于种菜新技术的需求不断增长;(4)土地规模、种菜技术、市场基础建设和政府政策均对蔬菜生产有着显著正向影响;(5)政府对果类蔬菜产业的支持力度持续增大。     

徐州市主城区绿地景观格局对PM2.5及PM10的影响

基于研究区7个国家监测站点的PM2.5、PM10数据,运用ArcGIS、Fragstats软件对徐州市主城区的遥感影像进行解译和绿地景观格局指数的计算,结合Excel、SPSS软件分析城市绿地景观格局在不同尺度上与PM2.5、PM10浓度之间的相关性,探寻绿地景观格局与PM2.5、PM10的关系,以期为进一步研究PM2.5、PM10的影响因素提供参考依据。结果表明:绿地、农业用地和水域与PM2.5呈负相关关系;建设用地、交通用地和未利用土地与PM2.5呈正相关关系;农业用地与PM10浓度具有季节性差异,冬季和春季农地会使PM10浓度降低,夏季和秋季会使PM10浓度增大。绿地斑块所占景观面积比、绿地最大斑块指数、面积加权平均斑块形状指数与PM2.5和PM10具有明显的负相关性,景观分离度指数与其呈正相关关系。     

乡村振兴背景下我国家庭生态农场发展问题研究

改善生态环境是实现经济可持续发展的重要基础，发展生态农业是改善生态环境的重要内容，家庭生态农场作为发展生态农业的重要载体，对促进农业农村现代化、提升农产品质量和改善农业生态环境发挥着重要作用。乡村振兴背景下，对我国家庭生态农场的发展提出了新要求，面临在发展过程中存在的诸多问题，诸如：扶持家庭生态农场的相关政策不完善、农场生产成本较高、农产品营销难和“三产”融合程度低。我国家庭生态农场需要通过发挥政府引导、降低生产成本、开拓销售渠道和加大“三产”融合力度等途径来实现农业的绿色可持续发展，促进生态环境的持续改善。     

阜平县北流河流域林地多功能评价及分区研究

由于人类对土地功能的认识单一，造成乡村地区土地利用不充分，导致土地资源的闲置与浪费。而土地单一功能利用模式转变的关键是探究土地多功能的利用。以北流河流域林地为研究区对象，从气候、土壤、地质、地形、植被要素进行综合分析，对林地土地的生产功能、生态功能、景观功能和材料功能进行空间定量化，运用热点分析和地理探测器评价北流河流域林地多功能性及影响因素；并通过K均值聚类分析划分林地土地多功能利用类型区。结果表明：(1)流域内林地多功能热点区域呈集聚分布，冷点区域呈带状分布在北流河流域的山麓。(2)北流河流域林地多功能空间分异的驱动力主要以植被因素为主，其中郁闭度、蓄积量、碳汇为主导因子，植被盖度对林地土地多功能空间分异的影响较小，应加强北流河流域内的植被保护和严禁过度开发林地；交互作用明显，交互作用均为双因子增强或非线性增强，气候、土壤、植被、地形、地质条件共同制约着北流河流域林地多功能水平。(3)通过伪F统计将北流河流域林地划分为3个主导区和1个提升区，分别为生产功能主导区、生态功能主导区、景观功能主导区以及综合功能提升区，其中生态功能主导区面积最大；并针对主导功能提出相应的利用方向。     

城市森林绿地空气负离子生态效益评价研究

对长兴县三种功能类型森林绿地空气负离子浓度进行测定,结果表明:城郊森林绿地的空气负离子浓度为1 823个/cm~3,城区公共绿地为1 296个/cm~3,单位、居住区绿地为958个/cm~3;在森林植物生长期间,空气负离子浓度从城区向城郊呈增加趋势;在郊区以高大乔木为主的近自然林,空气负离子浓度高,生态效应明显。综合上述分析,本文提出应按照近自然森林群落建设理念,推广种植乡土树种、乔木树种,营造城区核心林地,改善城市生态环境,提高城镇居民的生活品质。     

城乡绿道建设探析——以广东珠三角绿道建设为例

绿道是源自欧美发达国家的先进理念,绿道建设基本不占用建设用地,符合建设低碳城市的发展要求。近几年绿道建设率先在我国广东珠三角地区开展,随后在全国各地快速发展起来,全面提升了城乡居民的生活质量,完善了城市功能,强化了地方风貌特征。文章在综合分析国内外绿道建设与研究相关文献的基础上,以广东珠三角绿道建设为例,着重对绿道建设的生态功能、游憩功能进行了探析,并针对当前绿道建设存在的问题提出建议。     

Urban land use types contribute to grassland conservation: The example of Berlin

Urbanisation is an important driver of biodiversity loss, also contributing to habitat loss and fragmentation of grasslands at the urban-rural interface. While urban green spaces are known to include many grassland habitats, it is uncertain to what extent urban land use types harbour grasslands of special conservation interest and whether patch characteristics and connectivity of these differ from grasslands on agricultural land. By relating the city-wide biotope mapping to the land use mapping of Berlin, Germany, we assessed (1) to which specific urban land use types the major grassland biotope types belong, (2) differences in patch characteristics and connectivity, and (3) the conservation value of grassland patches at a typological level by means of their legal protection status. Grasslands cover 5% of Berlin's surface, and 43% of that area is assigned to legally protected grassland types. The majority of legally protected grassland (71%) lies on urban land opposed to 29% on agricultural land. Airports and historic parks, which only cover 2% of land in Berlin, contain one-third of all protected dry grasslands. Wet grassland is more confined to agricultural land. In airports and agricultural areas, grassland patches are larger but of a more complex shape than those in historic parks. In airports, grassland patches show greater connectivity as they are situated in grassland-dominated surroundings. Grassland in historic parks appears to be more vulnerable due to smaller patch sizes and higher fragmentation. The example of Berlin demonstrates that the urban green infrastructure can clearly contribute to grassland conservation and may thus partially compensate for the decline of traditional grasslands in cultural landscapes. It will be important to involve residents and landowners in urban grassland conservation and management because most grassland of special conservation interest (57%) was found outside of conservation areas.     

Impacts of road corridors on urban landscape pattern: a gradient analysis with changing grain size in Shanghai, China

Urbanization is one of the most important driving forces for land use and land cover change. Quantifying urban landscape pattern and its change is fundamental for monitoring and assessing ecological and socioeconomic consequences of urbanization. As the largest city in the country, Shanghai is now the fastest growing city in China. Using land use data set of 2002 and combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, we analyzed landscape pattern of Shanghai with increasing grain size to study the impacts of road corridors on urban landscape pattern. Landscape metrics were computed along a 51×9 km² transect cutting across Shanghai with a moving window. The results showed that the urban landscape pattern of Shanghai was greatly changed when road corridors were merged with urban patches and the variation of patch density would alter when grain size changed. As a linear land use type, road corridors exhibited a different spatial signature comparing with other land use types and distinctive behavior with increasing grain size. Merging road and urban patches resulted in a sharp reduction in patch density, mainly caused by segmentation of roads corridors. The results suggested that grain size around 7.5 m might be optimal for urban landscape analysis. Landscape patch density is significantly correlated with road percent coverage and the most important effect of road corridors in urban landscape is increased habitat fragmentation.     

Biodiversity and ecological value of conservation lands in agricultural landscapes of southern Ontario,Canada

In eastern North America, large forest patches have been the primary target of biodiversity conservation. This conservation strategy ignores land units that combine to form the complex emergent rural landscapes typical of this region. In addition, many studies have focussed on one wildlife group at a single spatial scale. In this paper, studies of avian and anuran populations at regional and landscape scales have been integrated to assess the ecological value of agricultural mosaics in southern Ontario on the basis of the maintenance of faunal biodiversity. Field surveys of avian and anuran populations were conducted between 2001 and 2004 at the watershed and sub-watershed levels. The ecological values of land units were based on a combination of several components including species richness, species of conservation concern (rarity), abundance, and landscape parameters (patch size and connectivity). It was determined that habitats such as thicket swamps, coniferous plantations and cultural savannas can play an important role in the overall biodiversity and ecological value of the agricultural landscape. Thicket swamps at the edge of agricultural fields or roads provided excellent breeding habitat for anurans. Coniferous plantations and cultural savannas attracted many birds of conservation concern. In many cases, the land units that provided high ecological value for birds did not score well for frogs. Higher scores for avian and anuran populations were recorded along the Niagara Escarpment and other protected areas as expected. However, some private land areas scored high, some spatially connected to the protected areas and therefore providing an opportunity for private land owners to enter into a management arrangement with the local agencies.     

Comparison of bird diversity between temperate floodplain forests and urban parks

Biodiversity in urban green areas has been widely explored in several bird studies because birds are known to be important bio-indicators. Many studies have investigated the different responses of bird communities to urbanization and land use changes in urban environments. However, there are still important knowledge gaps related to the impacts of the heterogeneity, spatial structure, and connectivity of green areas on avian diversity. Such information is needed for sustainable urban planning. In this study, we focused on the comparison of bird communities between urban parks in the heritage city of Olomouc and hardwood floodplain forests in the vicinity of the city. The results of the study indicate the high importance of urban parks for the maintenance of bird diversity even though urban parks are man-made habitats. The results highlight the importance of some native vegetation structures in urban parks (old trees, bush ecotones) for maintaining urban bird biodiversity. Some implications of the results can be widely used as a decision support tool for the management of urban green areas and for the planning of ecological networks in urban landscapes.     

河南周口市中心城区街旁绿地现状及对策分析

充分利用城市边角空地,加大街旁绿地建设,是提高城市绿化覆盖率和绿化水平的有效途径。文章对周口市中心城区街旁绿地现状进行分析,并提出相应对策,为周口市街旁绿地建设提供参考。