日光温室番茄畦上覆膜沟灌增产和节水效果分析

以番茄品种东圣1号为试材,以传统沟灌为对照,研究了畦上覆膜沟灌(膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌)对番茄生长、产量及水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:在灌水量减少的情况下,膜上沟灌保持根区0～40 cm土层墒情的能力高于其他灌溉方式;膜下沟灌更有利于番茄的生长发育,植株长势较好,并且较传统沟灌显著增产11.34％;相对于传统沟灌,膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌分别节约灌溉用水31.33％和27.00％,水分生产效率提高50％以上.     

不同灌溉方式对大棚黄瓜生长和产量的影响

为了探索京郊春大棚黄瓜适宜的灌溉方式,以黄瓜"中农16"为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式对其生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明:膜下沟灌处理黄瓜产量最高为90443kg/hm2,与传统灌溉相比,增产8.6%,水分生产效率提高5.11kg/m3,处理间达到了显著性差异;其次是膜上沟灌处理,与传统沟灌相比,增产7.5%,水分生产效率提高6.23kg/m3,处理间达到了显著性差异。灌水带处理与传统灌溉相比,虽然产量有所增加,但是处理间没有达到显著性差异。综合产量和水分生产效率等指标,在本试验条件下,膜下沟灌和膜上沟灌能够获得较高的产量,是春大棚黄瓜适宜的灌溉方式。     

M畦膜下沟灌溉对水分利用率及番茄产量的影响

为了缓解水资源紧缺现状,研究果蔬类科学灌溉,全面提升水资源的利用率和水分生产效率.以“朝研229”番茄为试材,研究比较了M畦膜下沟灌溉、膜上灌溉和传统的畦灌对番茄水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:各处理番茄的株高、茎粗、叶面积,随生育期呈增加趋势,M畦膜下和膜上灌溉处理单果质量与小区产量、667 m2产量无显著差异,但与传统灌溉差异显著,M畦膜下沟灌溉、膜上灌溉比传统灌溉分别节水175.0、200.0 m3/667m2.设施果类蔬菜灌溉采用M畦膜下沟灌具有节水、节肥、增产、省时省工,提高水分生产的作用.     

不同灌溉方式对辣椒生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响

以农大602辣椒为试材,利用张力计控制辣椒灌溉时期与灌溉量,分别研究膜下滴灌、膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌3种灌溉方式对日光温室辣椒生长及产量的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌全生育期耗水量最少,辣椒产量和水分生产效率最高,水分生产效率较膜上沟灌、膜下沟灌分别提高2.04kg·m-3和1.81kg·m-3。综合耗水量、产量等因素,膜下滴灌是秋冬茬日光温室辣椒生产适宜的灌溉方式。     

不同灌溉方式对辣椒生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响

以农大602辣椒为试材,利用张力计控制辣椒灌溉时期与灌溉量,分别研究膜下滴灌、膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌3种灌溉方式对日光温室辣椒生长及产量的影响.结果表明:膜下滴灌全生育期耗水量最少,辣椒产量和水分生产效率最高,水分生产效率较膜上沟灌、膜下沟灌分别提高2.04 kg·m-3和1.81kg·m-3.综合耗水量、产量等因素,膜下滴灌是秋冬茬日光温室辣椒生产适宜的灌溉方式.     

灌溉方式对春大棚黄瓜产量、经济效益和灌溉水分生产效率的影响

以"北农佳秀"黄瓜为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式对其生长、产量、经济效益和水分生产效率的影响,以期明确不同灌溉方式节水增产效果。结果表明:膜下微喷和膜下滴灌均能促进黄瓜生长,提高产量、灌溉水分生产效率、品质和经济效益。与CK(覆膜沟灌,农户常规灌溉量)相比,D1(膜下滴灌,70%常规灌溉量)、D(膜下滴灌,85%常规灌溉量)、M1(膜下微喷,70%常规灌溉量)和M(膜下微喷,85%常规灌溉量)产量分别提高34.5%、33.4%、29.1%和21.4%,处理差异显著。经济效益分别增加3.53万、3.31万、3.27万、2.20万元/hm2。在该试验条件下,综合产量、水分生产效率和经济效益等指标,建议条件较好的农业园区采用滴灌技术,生产条件相对较差的地区采用膜下微喷技术。     

不同滴灌量对日光温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

为明确京郊日光温室番茄滴灌条件下适宜的灌溉量,以番茄‘欧盾’为试验材料,研究不同滴灌量对其生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明:T1处理产量最高达到113 700 kg/hm2,较对照增产6.5%,果实品质有所提高,水分生产效率提高29.8%;其次是T2处理,较对照增产3.0%,水分生产效率提高54.4%;T3处理较对照产量有所降低。综合产量、品质和水分生产效率等指标,在该试验条件下,单次灌溉24 mm(T1处理)是温室番茄滴灌条件下较适宜的灌溉量。     

覆膜沟灌下灌水量对日光温室番茄生长动态、产量及水分生产效率的影响

以番茄为试材,采用田间试验方法,在日光温室条件下,设置单次灌水量分别为75、150、225、300、375m~3·hm~(-2),研究了不同灌水量对温室番茄的生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响,以期为番茄合理节水灌溉提供参考依据。结果表明:不同生长发育指标对灌水量处理的反应具有阶段性。在番茄需水量较大的盛果期株高、Fv/Fm和光合速率显现缺水限制效应,荧光反应显现进入采收期以后,而叶片数则在第5穗果坐果到摘心前显现。灌水量与番茄产量及田间耗水量均为二次曲线关系,灌水量低于75m~3·hm~(-2)显著降低产量,低于对照26.72%;随着灌水减少,水分利用效率显著增高,与对照相比增高16.19%～121.62%。综合考虑番茄生长产量和水分生产效率等指标,秋冬茬温室番茄覆膜沟灌方式灌溉以灌水量为930～1 230m~3·hm~(-2)。     

膜下沟灌方式对日光温室黄瓜产量及水分利用的影响

膜下沟灌技术具有节水效率高、成本低、操作简单、灌溉效率高、增产作用显著等优点。通过研究灌水沟大小对土壤水分变化和植株生长的影响,探索日光温室黄瓜膜下沟灌适宜大小的灌水沟。试验结果表明,黄瓜的产量以中沟(宽55cm,深15cm)处理为最高,分别比大沟(宽70cm,深20cm)和小沟(宽40cm,深10cm)处理高出12.2%和8.2%。水分生产效率也是以中沟处理为最高,分别比大沟和小沟高出19.0%和6.3%。     

不同灌水方式对大棚番茄植株生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

以番茄为试材,采用田间试验的方法,研究了膜下暗灌(G1)、膜下滴灌(G2)、隔沟交替灌溉(G3)和普通沟灌(G4)4种灌水方式对塑料大棚番茄植株生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,以期筛选出适合当地番茄的灌溉方式。结果表明:G1、G3和G4 3种灌溉方式较G2灌水方式均显著提高了番茄株高和茎粗。G2灌水量最少,为1 146m~3·hm~(-2),G3次之为1 601m~3·hm~(-2),G1和G4 2种灌水方式灌水量最大,约为2 000m~3·hm~(-2)。G2、G3较G4灌水方式分别节水44.2%和22.1%。G2灌水利用效率最高为48.1kg·m~-3,G1、G4最低为27kg·m~-3。与其它灌溉方式相比,G3显著增加了番茄地上部和地下部干质量;而普通沟灌根系干质量最小,根/冠比最低。综上可见,膜下滴灌和隔沟交替灌溉在不降低产量的前提下,可显著降低灌水量,提高灌水利用效率,为塑料大棚番茄合适的灌水方式。     

西北半干旱地区番茄窖水灌溉技术的研究

探讨了我国西北半干旱地区利用窖水采用不同方法灌溉对番茄生长发育、产量、产值、病害及土壤温、湿度的影响。结果表明 ,在一定灌水量的前提下 ,微灌效果最好 ,6 6 7m2 产量达4 0 18.6kg ,产值达 1932 .6元。病毒病、脐腐病发病率低 ,番茄植株根系生长良好。暗沟灌溉次之 ,穴灌由于灌水区域、时间相对集中 ,抑制了根系的伸展。而高垄畦灌灌水量偏少 ,影响了植株生长发育 ,产量、产值较低 ,病害发生较重 ,不宜采用     

A comparative study of young ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under drip and furrow irrigation. II. Growth, water use efficiency and nitrogen partitioning

The response of 3-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) to furrow and drip irrigation was quantified in terms of water status, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). Drip irrigation was applied daily according to best estimates of vineyard evapotranspiration while furrow irrigations were applied when 50% of the plant available soilwater content had been depleted. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status (midday leaf water potential, Ψ₁) and shoot growth patterns throughout the season. Dry weight partitioning was not significantly different between treatments but root mass was somewhat larger for the furrow than drip irrigated vines. Nitrogen concentrations of the fruit and roots were significantly (P < 0.05) less for the drip irrigated vines when compared with the furrow treatment. Similar WUE (kg water kg⁻¹ fresh fruit wt.) were obtained for both treatments indicating that furrow irrigation was as efficient as drip irrigation under the conditions of this study. The data indicate that drip irrigation may increase the potential for control of vine growth by making vines more dependent on irrigation and N fertilization than furrow irrigation.     

膜下微喷条件下不同灌水量对小型西瓜长势及产量的影响

膜下微喷技术是大兴区应用水肥一体化技术的新模式,笔者旨在研究膜下微喷水肥一体化技术模式下西瓜全生育期的适宜水量。设置18 mm、30 mm、42 mm和常规灌溉4个不同灌水量的处理,经过生长势测量和测产结果发现,每次灌水30 mm是小型西瓜在膜下微喷条件下的适宜灌水量,产量比常规灌溉提高了5.39%,比18 mm和42 mm的处理分别提高了22.25%和5.01%。因此,在大兴地区砂质土壤下可适用30 mm的灌水量对小型西瓜进行灌溉。     

A comparative study of young ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines under drip and furrow irrigation. I. Root and soil water distributions

Soilwater distribution, soilwater extraction, and root distributions were determined for young grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) grown under drip and furrow irrigation near Fresno, CA, USA. Soilwater content and extraction was determined to a depth of 0.9 m by neutron scattering from an array of nine access tubes installed throughout one-quarter of the soil volume available to each vine. Root distribution was determined from root intersections with vertical planes established parallel and perpendicular to the vine row. Drip irrigation was applied daily according to estimated evapotranspiration, and furrow irrigation was managed according to 50% depletion of the plant available soil water. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status and shoot growth patterns. There was a confined soil wetted zone beneath the emitter discharge that largely coincided with a confined and shallow root system of drip irrigated vines. In contrast, furrow irrigated vines had a deeper and more widespread root system. Differences between water applied and soilwater content 3 days after irrigation suggested large water losses by evaporation during that period for furrow irrigated vines. Consumptive use of furrow irrigated vines was 12.5% greater than drip irrigated vines, but similar irrigation efficiencies were obtained for both irrigation systems when soilwater status was carefully monitored. Water applications for both irrigation systems were less than 50% of the longterm mean for irrigation deliveries to farms in the area. Thus, the results indicate that a significant potential for water savings exists in the San Joaquin Valley by means of irrigation management. It is concluded that relatively high and similar irrigation efficiency can be obtained with both drip and furrow irrigation of young grapevines in arid and semiarid regions when careful management is used.     

春大棚番茄不同灌溉模式下节水栽培效果初探

为提高番茄种植过程中灌溉水利用率,减少水资源浪费现象,以常规膜下沟灌为对照,在塑料大棚内开展春茬番茄设施栽培3种灌溉模式筛选试验。通过综合数据比较,滴箭灌溉模式表现较好,番茄全生育期667 m~2灌溉量为270 m~3,比对照节水11%;667 m~2产量最高,为6 037 kg,且品质指标都高于其他2个处理,建议进行推广示范。     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。     

Growth,yield and water use efficiency response of greenhouse-grown hot pepper under Time-Space deficit irrigation

Greenhouse-grown hot pepper was used to investigate the effect of Time-Space deficit irrigation (TSDI), a newly developing irrigation technique based on regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), by measuring plant growth, yield and irrigation water use efficiency. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three factors, organized following an orthogonal L₉ (3)⁴ test design with four growing stages. Three irrigation strategies (conventional furrow irrigation with full-water when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity (F), conventional furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (D) and alternate furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (P)) as the main plot factor were applied to select the optimum irrigation parameter at different stages of crop development, the treatment in which irrigation water was applied to both sides of root system when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity during all stages was considered as control (FFFF). Water consumption showed some significant effect of irrigation treatment during the growing period of different drought stress patterns application, and therefore decreased in these treatments to a level around 54.68–70.33% of FFFF. Total dry mass was reduced by 1.17–38.66% in TSDI treatments compared to FFFF. However, the root–shoot ratio of FFFF was lower than other treatments and the differences from FFFF and other TSDI treatments were statistically significant. The highest total fresh fruit yield (19.57 T ha⁻¹) was obtained in the FFFF treatment. All deficit irrigations increased the water use efficiency of hot pepper from a minimum of 1.33% to a maximum of 54.49%. At harvest, although there was difference recorded as single fruit weight and single fruit volume were reduced under the TSDI treatments, total soluble solids concentration of fruit harvested under the water-deficit treatments were higher compared to FFFF.     

Influence of soil hydrothermal environment,irrigation regime,and different mulches on the growth and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L.) plants in a sub-temperate climate

Summary

The present study was undertaken over two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh (30°52'N, 77°11'E; 1,175 m asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols. The aim was to investigate the effects of irrigation and mulch material on the growth, flowering, fruiting behaviour, relative leaf water content (RLWC), yield, and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’). The drip irrigation treatments included irrigation with 100, 80, or 60% (coded 1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 V) of the total water requirement. Both mulches increased the minimum soil temperature to a depth of 5 cm. The drip and surface irrigation treatments raised the minimum soil temperature by 3.0º – 5.4ºC, and lowered the maximum temperature by 2.2º – 5.8ºC compared to the rainfed control. Hay mulch was more effective in raising the minimum temperature and lowering the maximum soil temperature than black polyethylene mulch. Moisture conservation increased by 2.8 – 12.8% under the black polyethylene mulch compared to the no-mulch treatment. Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulching, were found to be effective for enhancing the growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yield, and quality of strawberry plants. However, the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control. The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha^–1 m^–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha^–1 m^–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]; whereas, the lowest values (0.39 and 0.68 MT ha^–1 m^–1, respectively) were observed using treatment M1I2 (i.e., without mulch, plus surface irrigation). Fruit size, weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin content increased significantly under treatment M2I3 [i.e., hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] compared with all other treatments. Total soluble solids (TSS) contents and total acidity (TA) were highest under treatment M1I1 (i.e., no mulch, plus rainfed). A linear regression model could describe the variations in quality parameters of strawberry plants grown under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Root density was found to be the best indicator with which estimate fruit quality.     

膜下滴灌与膜下沟灌对设施黄瓜生长发育及生长环境的影响

研究了保护地黄瓜膜下沟灌、膜下滴灌和普通沟灌3种不同的灌溉方式对黄瓜产量、病虫害发生状况及室内环境状况的影响。结果表明:膜下沟灌和膜下滴灌方式分别比普通沟灌的室内湿度低3.8%～4.9%和3.3%～6.1%,昼夜温差分别达1.5～2.3℃和1.6～2.6℃,土壤温度相对较高。膜下沟灌和膜下滴灌方式黄瓜霜霉病和白粉病的发生率和病情指数比普通沟灌低,差异达显著或极显著水平。     

不同灌溉条件对萝卜产量和品质的影响

研究了高畦地膜覆盖下不同灌溉条件对萝卜产量、水分利用效率、干物质、可溶性糖和蛋白积累的影响。结果表明:高畦作地膜覆盖不浇水处理在各个指标方面都高于对照,且高畦作地膜覆盖不浇水处理达到了节水、高产和萝卜肉质根品质不下降的目的。