非洲菊保鲜技术及其弯茎影响因子研究进展

本文从低温贮藏、气调贮藏、能源物质、保鲜剂及植物激素等方面综述了目前非洲菊保鲜技术研究进展,并介绍了水分状况、机械组织和疏导组织状况以及乙烯等影响非洲菊弯茎形成的因子,简要讨论了非洲菊鲜切花保鲜中存在的一些问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

非洲菊鲜切花弯颈部位及有关原因

 研究了非洲菊鲜切花瓶插过程中弯颈易发部位(中部茎段) 及其上部、下部茎段水分平衡动态和某些生理指标的变化。结果表明, 非洲菊鲜切花瓶插过程中: ①鲜样质量和含水量先增后减, 吸水逐渐减少, 蒸腾失水相对稳定, 水分饱和亏缺增大; ②可溶性蛋白质含量呈下降趋势, 但上部茎段一直高于中部和下部茎段; ③MDA 的含量呈上升趋势, 上部茎段低于中部和下部茎段; ④中部茎段的粗纤维含量与上部茎段无显著差异, 但大大低于下部茎段; ⑤瓶插初期POD 活性略有下降, 后期迅速上升, 上部茎段POD 活性一直高于中部茎段和下部茎段。讨论了中部茎段易发生弯曲的原因。     

赤霉素对非洲菊生长开花的影响研究

对非洲菊品种"洛斯"采用不同浓度的GA处理,研究其对非洲菊开花的影响。结果表明:赤霉素可使株高、叶片数、茎粗和叶绿素含量都有增长,不同浓度的赤霉素对花卉的品质影响不同,赤霉素以50 mg/L为最佳浓度处理。     

无机离子对非洲菊切花弯颈现象的影响

以非洲菊大红品种(Gerbera jamesonii)为试材,以不同浓度的CoCl2和K2SO4为瓶插保鲜液,通过整体形态观察和生理指标测定相结合的方法,评定Co 和K 在抑制、减少或延缓非洲菊切花弯颈的作用.结果表明:K 对非洲菊切花水分的调节作用优于Co ,Co 对可溶性蛋白质、花青素和弯颈的抑制、减少或延缓作用优于K ,0.5 mmol·L-1CoCl2是最佳浓度.     

非洲菊无土栽培基质研究进展

非洲菊为世界五大切花之一,随着全球栽培面积的逐年增加,非洲菊切花的市场需求量不断增加,探究实践找出适合非洲菊快速繁殖生长基质,以获得高产量、高质量的切花成了研究热点。通过综述无土栽培混合基质、组织培养基质配方两大基质因素对非洲菊生长发育、产量和质量的影响及其研究进展,以期为非洲菊标准化,产量化生产提供参考依据。     

非洲菊耐弯茎新品种‘真情’

‘真情’非洲菊是从‘热带草原’和‘大雪桔’的杂交后代中选出的新品种。花红色,小半重瓣,花形平展,花心暗红色,花梗粗壮,直径约6.5 cm,可周年开花。耐弯茎,瓶插寿命12 ~ 13 d。适合种植于亚热带或温带地区,热带地区可在冬季栽培。     

非洲菊的盆栽技术

非洲菊，学名 Ｇｅｒｂｅｒａ ｊａｍｅｓｏｎｉｉ Ｂｏｌｕｓ，别名扶郎花、灯盏花、太阳花。原产于南部非洲，１８７８年英国人雷蒙首先在南非的德兰十瓦发现，当地人称之为“德兰十瓦雏菊”。由于它茎枝微弯、花朵倾垂的姿态颇似含羞的新娘挽扶着新郎，因此称之为“扶郎花”。非洲菊花朵硕大，色彩鲜艳，花枝挺拔，并具有“追求丰富人生，不怕艰苦困难，有毅力”的含义，从发现至今虽然只有一百多年历史，而今又成为世界名花之一，在国际花卉市场非常畅销，几乎与玫瑰、康乃馨等平起平坐。家庭盆栽非洲菊，如控制好花期，可长年欣赏其绚…     

非洲菊切花家庭瓶插液的研究

通过测定非洲菊瓶插寿命、花枝鲜重、水分平衡值、切花观赏值,初步探讨了不同浓度的蔗糖和洗洁精瓶插液对非洲菊切花保鲜的影响。结果表明：自来水瓶插的切花最易发生花梗折断或枯黄弯梗;只采用蔗糖作为瓶插液的切花管状花瓣易发霉;只采用洗洁精瓶插液的切花最外轮花瓣易失水变软;两种保鲜剂的最佳组合为：1.5％洗洁精＋2％蔗糖。     

非洲菊组培快繁生产中增殖系数调控及弱苗复壮试验初报

非洲菊商品化快繁生产中组培苗的增殖倍数及继代过程中弱苗复壮直接影响快繁速度和组培苗的质量，影响商品化生产的经济效益，为能掌握非洲菊组培苗的快繁增殖系数调控技术，及解决种源多代继代后出现苗质衰弱及时复壮问题，特进行了快繁增殖系数调控试验和弱苗复壮试验。主要是通过植物激素种类、绝对量和不同配比的调整．以期实现在组培增殖过程中保证苗质的前提下有较快、     

IAA和ZR对黄瓜分枝发育的协同调控

为揭示主要植物激素协同调控黄瓜分枝发育的生理机制,使用扫描电镜和ELISA法研究了IAA和ZR对黄瓜分枝发育的协同调控机理。结果表明:IAA不能独立的调控黄瓜的分枝性状,茎尖中IAA仅能抑制腋芽伸长生长的继续;根木质部汁液中ZR含量与黄瓜分枝发育呈负相关,茎尖中ZR的含量有自调、自稳的功能,茎尖IAA是根木质部汁液中ZR合成和运输的负调控信号;茎节处ZR/IAA的相对浓度不是唯一调控腋芽生长和发育的因素。该研究为黄瓜的分枝发育的调控机理奠定了基础。     

非洲菊切花茎堵塞的解剖结构观察

 基于花茎解剖结构的研究，对非洲菊切花采后的花茎堵塞现象及杀菌剂纳米银处理的影响进行了探讨。结果表明：非洲菊切花茎基端的导管堵塞严重，而上部与中部导管未见明显堵塞现象。扫描电镜观察证实，非洲菊切花茎导管中的堵塞物为细菌。非洲菊切花采后用纳米银溶液浸渍花茎基端处理24 h可明显减少和推迟导管中堵塞物发生，显著延长切花的瓶插寿命。     

Experiments on the Storage of Pears in Artificial Atmospheres.

Summary

Cut scapes of the four gerbera cvs Campitano, Dino, Sangria and Testarossa were preharvest sprayed and postharvest dipped or injected with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% CaCl₂. Vase life and bending incidence were determined during storage at 258C. Scape calcium content was determined at the end of vase life. Significant extension of vase life and decrease in bending incidence was observed in blooms of `Campitano', `Dino' and `Testarossa' gerberas injected with 1.0% CaCl<sub>2</sub>, followed by dipping in 1.0% CaCl<sub>2</sub> postharvest compared with the control. `Sangria' gerbera scapes preharvest sprayed with 1.0–1.5% CaCl₂ had the longest flower longevity and the lowest bending incidence. Scape calcium concentration of `Campitano', `Sangria' and `Testarossa' increased by 250, 130 and 370%, respectively, compared with the control; calcium treatments resulted in a 3–4 d increase in vase life and a 3-5 d delay in bending incidence relative to the control; treatments with 1.5% CaCl₂ considerably increased scape calcium content but did not contribute any additional increase in the vase life of the flowers. Although postharvest dipping with 1.0% CaCl₂ had moderate results compared with the other treatments it can be considered as a promising postharvest treatment to extend vase life of cut gerberas due to the ease of application.     

Storage temperature affects the quality of cut flowers from the Asteraceae

The respiration of cut flowers of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook.f. 'Vesuvio') and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased exponentially with increasing storage temperature. Poststorage vase life and negatively gravitropic bending of the neck of the flowers were both strongly affected by simulated transport at higher temperatures. Vase life and stem bending after dry storage showed highly significant linear relationships (negative and positive, respectively) with the rate of respiration during storage. The data indicate the importance of maintaining temperatures close to the freezing point during commercial handling and transport of these important commercial cut-flower crops for maximum vase life.     

非洲菊切花活性氧代谢的研究

 以非洲菊( Gerbera jamesonii) 切花为材料, 研究衰老过程中活性氧的变化, 比较外源乙烯、外源活性氧对衰老的效应, 寻找缓解衰老的措施。结果表明, 非洲菊切花衰老过程中活性氧代谢活跃, 对外源活性氧的敏感性大于外源乙烯, 采用以抑制活性氧为主要成分的瓶插液能有效缓解切花衰老。     

麝香百合切花采后主要病原菌鉴定及其对瓶插寿命的影响

以麝香百合"白天堂"品种切花为试材,对采后茎末端和瓶插液中的主要病原菌进行了分离、纯化和鉴定,并初步探讨了这些病原菌对瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明:该切花采后易于滋生的主要病原菌有假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)、鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)和木糖氧化产碱菌(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)4种;用不同浓度的上述病原菌液分别瓶插麝香百合切花,可不同程度地减少花枝的水分吸收、加速花枝的鲜重损失和缩短切花的瓶插寿命。     

不同保鲜剂对鲜切花保鲜效果的研究

以蔗糖、8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐、柠檬酸、磷酸二氢钠等配制的不同配方的保鲜剂对4种鲜切花(香石竹、非洲菊、菊花、月季)进行瓶插试验,观察了不同配方的保鲜剂在当地自然条件下对切花外观品质和瓶插寿命的影响,从中筛选出各种鲜切花的较佳保鲜配方。结果表明:处理1-3(5%蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐+50 mg/L醋酸银)对香石竹切花保鲜有较好的效果;处理2-2(3%蔗糖+150 mg/L柠檬酸+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐)对抑制非洲菊鲜切花弯头效果好,能有效地延长花期;处理3-1(3%蔗糖+30 mg/L硝酸银+150 mg/L柠檬酸)对菊花切花的保鲜效果较好;处理4-1(2%蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐+200 mg/L硝酸钙)和4-2(4%蔗糖+50 mg/L8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐+100 mg/L异抗坏血酸)对月季切花均有着较好的保鲜效果。     

The physiological responses of carnation cut flowers to exogenous nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive signaling molecule and plays a variety of physiological roles in plants. The research on the application of NO to postharvest preservation of flowers and fruits shows great promise in recent years. However, the physiological mechanism of exogenous NO to affect cut flowers is not very clear. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous NO on the vase life and physiological basis of Dianthus caryophyllus L. variety ‘Monte’. In the present study, 0.1 mmol L⁻¹ sodium nitroprussiate (SNP) was used as the NO donor, and 5 μmol L⁻¹ methylene blue (MB-1) was used as its scavenger based on the preliminary experiment. We evaluated the physiological index including increase of stem weight, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and cell protection enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The results showed that exogenous NO could significantly extend the vase life of cut carnation flowers and markedly increase fresh mass. The balance of water metabolism and the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX also showed improvement, while the production of MDA content and LOX activity were obviously decreased. The results suggest that exogenous NO could delay petal wilting in carination cut flowers, maintain water metabolism, the antioxidative enzymes activity and mass-eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and as well as cell membrane stability. Moreover, the results indicated that MB-1 had the ability to reverse the active effects of NO on different physiological indexes. Therefore, the vase life of cut carnation flowers was markedly extended by SNP treatment.     

纳米银预处理对麝香百合切花的保鲜效应研究

以麝香百合‘白天堂’为试材,研究了新型抗菌剂纳米银(Nano-silver,NS)处理对麝香百合(Lilium longiflorum)切花的保鲜效应。结果表明:用5～20mg/L NS溶液预处理麝香百合切花茎基端24h后再瓶插于去离子水中,可延长切花的瓶插寿命,并延缓花瓣和叶片的失水萎蔫、改善花枝的水分吸收和延缓花枝的鲜重损失,其中以10mg/L NS预处理效果最佳。进一步试验表明,10～20mg/L NS溶液对麝香百合切花采后易于滋生的假单孢菌属菌(Pseudomonassp.)、肠杆菌属菌(Enterobacter sp.)、鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)和木糖氧化产碱菌(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)等4种主要病原菌生长有显著的抑制作用。