采摘果园发展现状及模式分析

采摘果园是全新的休闲农业产业发展模式，极大地丰富了我国全域旅游业态，已成为我国乡村振兴和美丽乡村建设的有效手段和重要途径，未来市场发展潜力巨大。目前我国休闲农业和采摘果园发展尚处于起步阶段，相关研究主要集中于某一区域的发展探析，而对于采摘果园发展路径和模式分析未见报道。因此，首先对现阶段我国采摘果园产业研究现状、发展现状及存在的问题进行了详细分析，然后基于案例分析对我国采摘果园发展模式进行了归纳总结，最后提出相关建议，以期为我国采摘果园发展提供参考。     

生态梨园的观光优势及建设建议

生态观光梨园具有观赏价值高、采摘时间长、管理方便、收益高、利于生态建设等优势。本文分析了生态梨园的园地选择、科学规划、优良品种的选择、科学定植、土肥水管理等措施,提出了严格按照果品质量安全规定操作等科学建立采摘梨园的建议,以打造集生态、休闲、观光、旅游为一体的生态观光果园景区,实现生态梨园的多样化、优质化及娱乐化,提高经济效益。     

桃树在观光采摘园建设中的地位

正山东省齐河县地处省会济南市主城区近郊、黄河北岸。近年来,20多家企业、种植大户紧跟"国家乡村振兴战略"实施和"美丽乡村"建设,立足本地优势,发展都市近郊观光果树采摘园、生态园,打造集休闲、生态、观光、旅游、养生为一体的生态观光采摘果园景区。齐河县和乐采摘园自2009年建园运行以来,通过多年的发展,建成占地25 hm~2设施完善配套的现代化农业果蔬观光采摘园,其中高标准温室20个、大棚28个,定植早     

创意果业模式及开发路径

创意果业是创意农业的重要组成部分，是以市场为导向，将水果生产与文化、艺术相结合，优化资源配置，提高水果生产及其产品附加值的一种新型果业经营方式。文章对观光果园（采摘园）、果树景观、艺术果品和果树废弃产品的再利用等4种创意果业模式进行了探讨，分析了各种模式下的具体形式，并探讨了各种创意果业模式的开发路径及生产中应注意的问题。     

辽北地区苹果高密度栽培技术

<正>目前，各地的观光采摘果园层出不穷。笔者通过调查发现，现已出现了集旅游、观光、体验、休闲、度假于一体，经济效益、生态效益和社会效益并重的观光采摘果园，其栽植的果树都是树体高大（3～5 m），成年人摘果还要借助采果器或登梯子，儿童只能在树下急的直蹦高，呆呆地看着大人采摘苹果。为了更好地让游客体验苹果采摘的乐趣，激发儿童对农业、     

半干旱地区苹果产业链发展模式探究——以平凉市静宁县为例

静宁县作为一个农业大县,苹果产业作为其支柱产业,切实改善了人民的生活水平。在对静宁苹果产业进行了分析之后,提出加强机械化生产,强化果园防灾减灾体系建设,打造果园生态循环系统,开展采摘、农业旅游等发展建议。     

观赏果树在休闲观光农业中的应用

<正>随着生活水平的提高,采摘时令水果、果树领养栽培、土地租赁种植等成为都市人群新的休闲方式。在休闲观光农业中,果树占据很大比例,大型采摘果园、科普果园、生态庄园、(葡萄)酒庄等蓬勃发展。观赏果树不仅具备果树最基本的生产功能,还以其独特的极具观赏性的叶、花、果、(树)形等,丰富了休闲观光农业类型,提     

百万市民观光果园采摘活动在"中国桃乡"--平谷启动

4月15日,在“中国桃乡”平谷小峪子桃花海举行的第六届北京平谷国际桃花节和2004“春华秋实--北京百万市民观光果园采摘游”启动仪式上,市区领导为荣获2003年北京十佳称号的观光果园颁奖,为新批准的百家定点观光果园授牌。平谷区金海湖采摘园果农代表京郊二百家定点果园发出盛情邀请,欢迎广大市民到郊区观光采摘、娱乐休闲、拥抱大自然。 北京百万市民观光采摘活动,是一项富民利民的大型公益活动,也是一项富有开创性的旅游文化工程。由北京市果树产业协会、北京森林旅游服务中心等单位联手发起,为果农和市民之间牵线搭桥,开展了丰富多彩的…     

鲁西南桃褐腐病发病因素及防控技术

<正>近年来,随着生态观光四季采摘果园的兴起,鲁西南经营四季果园的农户很多,效益也不错。但近年来,桃褐腐病在鲁西南露地桃园发生严重,对鲁西南桃安全生产构成严重威胁。因此,笔者对该病在鲁西南的发生情况与发病原因进行了调查、分析,并根据生态观光采摘桃园要求提出相应的防控对策。1发病规律及危害症状褐腐病病菌在病僵果和枝梢溃疡组织中越冬,翌年春季产生分生孢子进行初侵染。主要借风雨、昆虫及花粉等传播,从气孔、皮孔     

鲁西南桃褐腐病流行因素及绿色防控技术

桃园作为四季采摘果园之一在鲁西南有了长足的发展,但近年来桃褐腐病在鲁西南露地桃园发生严重,已对桃安全生产构成严重威胁。笔者对该病在鲁西南的发生情况与发生流行原因进行了调查、分析和研究,并根据生态观光采摘桃园提出相应的绿色防控对策。     

Ecological contributions to human health in cities

Context

Ecological research, from organismal to global scales and spanning terrestrial, hydrologic, and atmospheric domains, can contribute more to reducing health vulnerabilities. At the same, ecological research directed to health vulnerabilities provides a problem-based unifying framework for urban ecologists.

Objective

Provide a framework for expanding ecological research to address human health vulnerabilities in cities.

Methods

I pose an urban ecology of human health framework that considers how the ecological contributions to health risks and benefits are driven by interacting influences of the environment, active management, and historical legacies in the context of ecological self-organization. The ecology of health framework is explored for contrasting examples including heat, vector borne diseases, pollution, and accessible greenspace both individually and in a multifunctional landscape perspective.

Results

Urban ecological processes affect human health vulnerability through contributions to multiple hazard and well-being pathways. The resulting multifunctional landscape of health vulnerability features prominent hotspots and regional injustices. A path forward to increase knowledge of the ecological contributions to health vulnerabilities includes increased participation in in interdisciplinary teams and applications of high resolution environmental sensing and modeling.

Conclusions

Research and management from a systems and landscape perspective of ecological processes is poised to help reduce urban health vulnerability and provide a better understanding of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene.

     

A landscape index of ecological integrity to inform landscape conservation

Context

Conservation planning is increasingly using “coarse filters” based on the idea of conserving “nature’s stage”. One such approach is based on ecosystems and the concept of ecological integrity, although myriad ways exist to measure ecological integrity.

Objectives

To describe our ecosystem-based index of ecological integrity (IEI) and its derivative index of ecological impact (ecoImpact), and illustrate their applications for conservation assessment and planning in the northeastern United States.

Methods

We characterized the biophysical setting of the landscape at the 30 m cell resolution using a parsimonious suite of settings variables. Based on these settings variables and mapped ecosystems, we computed a suite of anthropogenic stressor metrics reflecting intactness (i.e., freedom from anthropogenic stressors) and resiliency metrics (i.e., connectivity to similar neighboring ecological settings), quantile-rescaled them by ecosystem and geographic extent, and combined them in a weighted linear model to create IEI. We used the change in IEI over time under a land use scenario to compute ecoImpact.

Results

We illustrated the calculation of IEI and ecoImpact to compare the ecological integrity consequences of a 70-year projection of urban growth to an alternative scenario involving securing a network of conservation core areas (reserves) from future development.

Conclusions

IEI and ecoImpact offer an effective way to assess ecological integrity across the landscape and examine the potential ecological consequences of alternative land use and land cover scenarios to inform conservation decision making.

     

Biophysical influences on the spatial distribution of fire in the desert grassland region of the southwestern USA

Context

Fire is an important driver of ecological processes in semiarid systems and serves a vital role in shrub-grass interactions. In desert grasslands of the southwestern US, the loss of fire has been implicated as a primary cause of shrub encroachment. Where fires can currently be re-introduced given past state changes and recent restoration actions, however, is unknown and controversial.

Objectives

Our objective was to evaluate the interactive effects of climate, urban development, and topo-edaphic properties on fire distribution in the desert grassland region of the southwestern United States.

Methods

We characterized the spatial distribution of fire in the Chihuahuan Desert and Madrean Archipelago ecoregions and investigated the influence of soil properties and ecological site groups compared to other commonly used biophysical variables using multi-model inference.

Results

Soil-landscape properties significantly influenced the spatial distribution of fire ignitions. Fine-textured bottomland ecological site classes experienced more fires than expected in contrast to upland sites with coarse soil textures and high fragment content that experienced fewer fire ignitions than expected. Influences of mean annual precipitation, distance to road/rail, soil available water holding capacity (AWHC) and topographic variables varied between ecoregions and political jurisdictions and by fire season. AWHC explained more variability of fire ignitions in the Madrean Archipelago compared to the Chihuahuan Desert.

Conclusions

Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of recent fires in desert grasslands is needed to manage fire and predict responses to climate change. The use of landscape units such as ecological sites presents an opportunity to improve predictions at management scales.

     

Habitat proximity exerts opposing effects on key ecological functions

Context

Connectivity is an important property of landscapes that shapes populations and ecosystem functioning. We do not know, however, whether and how different types of spatial linkages combine to influence ecological functions, and this hampers their integration into conservation planning.

Objectives

We used coral reef seascapes in eastern Australia as a model system to test whether the proximity of other reefs (habitat proximity) or the proximity of other habitats (seascape proximity) exert stronger effects on two key ecological functions (herbivory and piscivory).

Methods

We measured rates of herbivory (on fleshy macroalgae) and piscivory (on prey fish) on reefs that differed in their proximity to both other reefs and nearby mangroves and seagrass.

Results

The extent of habitat proximity between reefs significantly influenced both ecological functions, but in different ways: isolated reefs supported high herbivory but low piscivory, whilst, conversely, reefs that were closer to other reefs supported high piscivory but low herbivory. This was not caused by herbivores avoiding their predators, as the dominant piscivores (small predatory snappers) were too small to consume the dominant herbivores (large rabbitfishes). Seascape proximity (e.g., distance to mangroves or seagrass) was less important in shaping ecological functions on reefs in this system.

Conclusions

We suggest that the effects of seascape configuration on ecological functions depends on the type of spatial linkage, and the ecological functions in question. To better integrate connectivity into conservation, we must develop a deeper understanding of how different spatial linkages combine to shape ecosystem functioning across landscapes.

     

Surface metrics for landscape ecology: a comparison of landscape models across ecoregions and scales

Context

The patch-mosaic model is lauded for its conceptual simplicity and ease with which conventional landscape metrics can be computed from categorical maps, yet many argue it is inconsistent with ecological theory. Gradient surface models (GSMs) are an alternative for representing landscapes, but adoption of surface metrics for analyzing spatial patterns in GSMs is hindered by several factors including a lack of meaningful interpretations.

Objectives

We investigate the performance and applicability of surface metrics across a range of ecoregions and scales to strengthen theoretical foundations for their adoption in landscape ecology.

Methods

We examine metric clustering across scales and ecoregions, test correlations with patch-based metrics, and provide ecological interpretations for a variety of surface metrics with respect to forest cover to support the basis for selecting surface metrics for ecological analyses.

Results

We identify several factors complicating the interpretation of surface metrics from a landscape perspective. First, not all surface metrics are appropriate for landscape analyses. Second, true analogs between surface metrics and patch-based, landscape metrics are rare. Researchers should focus instead on how surface measures can uniquely measure spatial patterns. Lastly, scale dependencies exist for surface metrics, but relationships between metrics do not appear to change considerably with scale.

Conclusions

Incorporating gradient surfaces into landscape ecological analyses is challenging, and many surface metrics may not have patch analogs or be ecologically relevant. For this reason, surface metrics should be considered in terms of the set of pattern elements they represent that can then be linked to landscape characteristics.

     

刍议椰心叶甲的危害与防治

前些年,海南、广东等省曾遭受了严重的"椰瘟"——椰心叶甲的危害,给我国的棕榈科植物资源和自然生态环境造成了严重的破坏,后经过长期不懈地努力使疫情得到有效地控制,生态基本实现动态平衡,现又出现反弹现象。结合自身的经验刍议椰心叶甲的危害与防治。     

对旅游景区中生态景观设计的思考

旅游景区具有良好的生态环境基础,是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,在其建设与发展中融入生态景观设计的思想,既有得天独厚的优势,又具有刻不容缓的紧迫性和重要性.在分析生态景观设计的内涵、在旅游景区建设中的意义及设计原则的基础上,通过对成都活水公园生态景观设计的个案分析,进一步阐明了旅游景区中生态景观设计的重要意义.     

The general ecological model of the Slovak Socialist Republic — Methodology and contents

Development of the general ecological model (EM) of the CSSR has been included in the state program for environmental policy - the Ecoprogramme of the CSSR — at a scale of 1:1 000 000 for the entire Czechoslovak territory and at a scale of 1:500 000 for the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR) and the Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). The objective of the first EM stage was to make a survey of spatial differentiation of the major ecological problems of the country. The EM consists of four parts, three analytical and one synthetic. These parts are:

1. The ecological state (value) of the current spatial structure of the landscape.
2. Ecological stress factors in the landscape.
3. Protection of nature and natural resources. From the spatial synthesis of these three groups (from their spatial encounters), the following synthetic group of conditions was obtained:
4. Regional ecological problems, a system of ecologically stable areas, environmental stress factors and factors endangering the ecological stability of the landscape, the natural resources and the human environment.

     

Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time

Two primary goals of landscape ecologists are to (1) evaluate changes in ecological pattern and process on natural landscapes through time and (2) determine the ecological consequences of transforming natural land-scapes to cultural ones. Paleoecological techniques can be used to reconstruct past landscapes and their changes through time; use of paleoecological methods of investigation in combination with geomorphic and paleoethnobiological data, historical records, and shorter-term ecological data sets makes it possible to integrate long-term ecological pattern and process on a nested series of temporal and spatial scales. Natural experiments of the past can be used to test alternative hypotheses about the relative influences of environmental change, biological interactions, and human activities in structuring biotic communities within landscape mosaics.On the absolute time scale of the Quaternary Period, spanning the past 1.8 million years, current distributional ranges of the biota have taken shape and modern biotic communities have assembled. Quaternary environmental changes have influenced the development of natural landscapes over time scales of centuries to hundreds of thousands of years; human cultural evolution has resulted in the transformation of much of the biosphere from natural to cultural landscapes over the past 5,000 years. The Quaternary extends to and includes the present and the immediate future. Knowledge of landscape changes on a Quaternary time scale is essential to landscape ecologists who wish to have a context for predicting future trends on local, regional, and global scales.     

屋顶花园中的植物景观

随着国内城市化进程的推进,建筑用地与居住环境的矛盾日益突出,建设可持续发展的建筑与城市成为当今最受关注的话题。在这样的大背景下,人们越来越关注城市生态环境的建设,屋顶花园的建设已经成为现代建筑发展的必然趋势。为了保持一个良好的城市人居生态环境,见缝插绿的观念已深入人心,屋顶绿化无疑会在将来的城市化进程中扮演重要角色。