Advance in study of batokines

Brown adipose tissue is a type of adipose tissue and is present in all mammals. It is not only the main site for adaptive thermogenesis in vivo, but also secretes and releases many cytokines in the form of endocrine to regulate a variety of metabolic processes and prevent and treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Therefore, identification of the types and effects of brown adipocytokines (batokines) may be crucial for the treatment of a variety of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Based on the latest research progress, batokines and their functions are reviewed.     

CYP450 epoxygenase/EET pathway attenuates adipose inflammation of obese mice through HIF-1α

AIM To investigate the effects of cytochrome P450 （CYP450） epoxygenase/epoxyeicosatrienoic acid （EET） pathway on insulin resistance in obese mice， and to explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS High-fat diet-induced obesity model was established in C57BL/6Cnc mice， and the obese mice were randomly divided into 3 groups， including obesity group （treated with saline； n=10）， EET group （treated with 11，12-EET； n=10） and EET inhibitor 14，15-epoxyeicosa-5（Z）-enoic acid （EEZE） group （n=10）. Normal C57BL/6Cnc mice （n=10） treated with saline served as control. Protein expression of CYP2J2 （one of CYP450 epoxygenases） and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） was measured by Western blot. Vessel-like structure was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The serum levels of insulin， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1） were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In obese mice， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） values were increased， the protein level of CYP2J2 was reduced， and the protein level of HIF-1α was increased in adipose tissues as compared with the controls （P<0.05）. The serum levels of MCP-1， IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α were also significantly increased in obese mice （P<0.05）. After treatment with 11， 12-EET， the HOMA-IR values were decreased compared with vehicle-treated obese mice， HIF-1α expression levels were decreased in the adipose tissue， and the serum levels of MCP-1， IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced （P<0.05）. Immunohistochemical results of adipose tissue from vehicle-treated obese mice showed a marked decrease in vessel-like structures （CD31-positive） compared with normal control mice （P<0.05）. EET treatment significantly increased the newly formed vessel-like structures in the visceral adipose tissues of obese mice as compared with vehicle-treated obese mice （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION High-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance are closely related to the CYP450 pathway. Exogenous EETs effectively decrease obesity-induced insulin resistance possibly through pro-angiogenesis and attenuation of hypoxia and inflammation.     

Physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue

Mast cells are important cells for the innate immunity that reside in tissues including adipose tissue and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes by producing a range of biological mediators. Adipose tissue not only acts as an energy depot and regulator of energy homeostasis that can deposit excess energy and dissipate energy through heat, but also is an active endocrine organ capable of producing hormones and adipokines. The dysfunction of adipose tissue is highly correlated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and so on. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue.     

嘉定白蒜脱毒微鳞茎诱导的快繁技术研究

以嘉定白蒜为试材，研究了不同茎尖脱毒方法与不同外植体启动培养基对嘉定白蒜无菌苗建立与脱毒率的影响、不 同增殖培养基与切割方式对潜伏芽激活与增殖的影响，以及组培苗分株等级标准与培养基配方对诱导组培微鳞茎形成的影 响。结果显示：带1 个叶原基的茎尖，在MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1 的培养基上成苗率高，达76%；采用单株 假茎去顶后，取其基部1.0 cm 假茎茎段，再沿中轴线对半纵切的方式，在MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.10 mg·L^-1 的培养基 上能较好地激活叶腋潜伏芽，增殖倍数达3.22；1 个叶原基包裹的芽原基茎尖脱毒成效最好，达100%；假茎茎粗3 mm 的组 培苗单株，在MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+ 糖90 g·L^-1、pH 为7.0 的培养基中微鳞茎诱导率最高，达94.8%。茎尖脱毒方式、叶腋 潜伏芽激活切割方式和组培微鳞茎诱导的培养基配方，是嘉定白蒜脱毒与快繁的技术关键。     

组培脱毒嘉定白蒜原原种生产的技术关键点试验研究

以脱毒嘉定白蒜为试材，研究水肥供给对组培苗和组培鳞茎的生长及原原种质量的影响以及继代次数和组培鳞茎播期对原原种质量的影响，然后进行脱毒原种和常规蒜种的生产比较试验。通过水肥供给试验筛选出最佳处理组合（组织类型为组培鳞茎、32 孔穴盘、灌溉时间为30 min、补肥间隔为14 d）；15 代组培鳞茎相比8 代组培鳞茎更适合用于嘉定白蒜原原种繁育；相对晚播有利于提高原原种鳞茎中正常分瓣比例，但是显著影响鳞茎生物量的积累；在生产比较试验中，脱毒大蒜原种各项生长指标以及鳞茎质量均显著优于常规蒜种。试验结果为实现嘉定白蒜脱毒种苗的产业化提供了技术支持。     

Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy mediated by endocannabinoid N-arachidonic acid aminoethanol in ovarian cancer cells

AIM To study the effect of endocannabinoid N-arachidonic acid aminoethanol （AEA） on ovarian cancer and its mechanism. METHODS The serum levels of AEA in healthy control group and ovarian cancer group were analyzed by ELISA， and the diagnostic value of AEA in ovarian cancer patients was evaluated by ROC curve. The effects of AEA on the viability， migration and invasion abilities of the ovarian cancer cells were detected by CCK-8 assay， Transwell cell invasion test and Scratch test. The effect of AEA on ovarian cancer was further verified by the measurement of tumor volume， tumor weight and visual map of tumor tissue. Meanwhile， flow cytometry and Western blot were used to determine the effect of AEA on the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells， so as to explore the mechanism of AEA promoting the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through detecting the endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy related proteins by Western blot. RESULTS The serum levels of N-arachidonic aminoethanol in the patients with ovarian cancer were significantly decreased. ROC results suggested that AEA was a sensitive biological marker to distinguish the patients with ovarian cancer from healthy dedividuals. In addition， AEA inhibited the cell viability， migration and invasion abilities of ovarian cancer cells， and inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer tissues. CONCLUSION By promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and affecting autophagy of ovarian cancer cells， AEA promotes apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells.     

6种厚皮甜瓜的鲜切加工适宜性评价

针对6份厚皮甜瓜品种和优选组合材料开展了甜瓜鲜切加工后4 ℃下7 d冷藏货架期内产品品质变化的分析研究,通过对测定指标的统计分析、相关性分析和因子评价,确定了总体感官、组织电导率、可溶性固形物、果肉硬度、果肉色差b~*和L~*值、呼吸速率为鲜切甜瓜加工适宜性筛选的核心评价指标,通过层次分析确定了上述核心评价指标的权重分别为37.96%、23.73%、15.40%、10.02%、6.42%、4.01%和2.46%,采用灰色关联分析对冷藏7 d内供试样品的鲜切加工适宜性进行了排序和评价,筛选出较适宜的鲜切甜瓜样品为F204(川蜜金玉)和F89,其中F204表现最优。     

碱性土壤改良剂对盆栽黄瓜生长及枯萎病的防治效果

设施土壤长期连作导致的真菌病害发生与土壤理化性状变化密切相关,施用碱性土壤改良剂可以减轻设施酸化土壤上土传病害的危害。以黄瓜连作25 a的设施土壤为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验比较施用2.5 g · kg~(-1)腐植酸钾(pH 8.5)和硅钙钾镁肥(pH 9.96)两种碱性土壤改良剂对盆栽黄瓜生长及枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明:施用腐植酸钾和硅钙钾镁肥后,土壤pH比不施用改良剂的对照显著提高0.10和0.24个单位,促进了黄瓜幼苗生长,对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别达到45.8%和51.3%,显著提高了土壤交换性钾含量。与腐植酸钾相比,硅钙钾镁肥的促生和抑病效果较显著。     

苹果花脸病田间病情发展及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播

为了明确苹果锈果类病毒（apple scar skin viroid，ASSVd）引起的苹果花脸病在田间的病情发展情况以及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播方式，2012—2015年对河北省顺平南神南村3个果园进行持续调查和检测。结果显示，果园A、B、C的显症率分别从3.00%、19.35%和10.00%上升至10.00%、34.41%和22.00%，带毒率分别从11.00%、20.43%和14.00%上升至23.00%、37.63%和30.00%，带毒率和显症率都逐年增加，而且带毒率大于显症率，即有些带毒果树不显症。发病果树田间分布有明显的发病中心。通过高通量测序发现显症果树ASSVd vsiRNA reads数是带毒未显症reads数的4.08倍，同时实时荧光定量PCR检测发现显症树ASSVd病毒积累量显著高于带毒未显症树。以携带ASSVd的组培苗和无毒组培苗为试材，利用RT-PCR检测明确了ASSVd可通过伤口沾染带毒汁液、组培剪污染、含毒培养基、根系接触进行传播，其中根系接触传染率较高。     

Effect of Mailuoning local perfusion on Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways in crush injury syndrome model pigs

AIM To investigate the effects of local perfusion of Mailuoning on Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathway in crush injury syndrome model pigs. METHODS A total of 24 Bama mini pigs were randomly divided into normal control group， model group， normal perfusion group and Mailuoning perfusion group， with 6 in each group. Except for normal control group， the other groups were established crush injury model. After modeling， the blood supply of the pigs in model group was immediately restored. The normal perfusion group and Mailuoning perfusion group were pre-processed for modeling， and were given normal perfusion and Mailuoning perfusion for 1 h to restore their blood supply. After the recovery of blood supply for 4 h， the skeletal muscle morphology was detected by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The ultrastructure of the skeletal muscle was observed under transmission electron microscope. The serum levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were measured by ELISA. The mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） were detected by RT-qPCR， and the protein levels of β-catenin， Delta-like ligand 4 （Dll4） and Notch in skeletal muscular tissue were observed by Western blot. RESULTS The HE results of model group showed disordered arrangement of skeletal muscle fibers， swollen or obviously constricted nucleus， shrunken sarcolemma， ruptured and swollen blood vessels， edematous interstitium， obvious infiltrating inflammatory cells. The results of electron microscopy in model group showed disorderly arranged and dissolved myofilaments， partial loss of I-band， A-line and Z-line muscle fibers， obviously swollen endoplasmic reticulum， mitochondria and nuclei， and a large number of aggregated and internally shifted nuclei. The above indexes in normal perfusion group were slightly lighter than those in model group. In Mailuoning perfusion group， the results of HE staining observation showed almost normal skeletal muscle， neatly arranged muscle fibers， almost invisible shrinkage or swelling muscle membrane， and basically returned to normal blood vessels； the results of electron microscopy showed clearly visible and regular muscle fiber I-band， A-line， Z-line and neatly arranged nuclei. Compared with normal control group， the proportion of tissue swelling and vascular damage， the percentage of abnormal Z-line， the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α， the mRNA expression of VEGF and MMP-2， the protein levels of nucleoprotein/total β-catenin， Dll4 and Notch in skeletal muscular tissue in model group were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the proportion of tissue swelling and vascular damage， the percentage of abnormal Z-line， the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α， the mRNA expression of MMP-2， the protein levels of nuclear/total β-catenin， Dll4 and Notch in skeletal muscular tissue in normal perfusion group， and the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α， the mRNA expression of VEGF and MMP-2， the protein levels of nuclear/total β-catenin， Dll4 and Notch in skeletal muscular tissue in Mailuoning perfusion group were decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with normal perfusion group， the proportion of tissue swelling and vascular damage， the percentage of abnormal Z-line， the serum levels of TNF-α， the mRNA expression of MMP-2， the protein levels of nuclear/total β-catenin， Dll4 and Notch in skeletal muscular tissue in Mailuoning perfusion group were decreased （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION Mailuoning local perfusion suppresses Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways， attenuates inflammation and vascular damage， thus realizing the protection of crush injury syndrome.     

Progress on regulation of PD-L1 expression by major inflammatory cytokines in tumor microenvironment

Programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 （PD-L1） is an important immune checkpoint protein， and its high expression in tumors often affects the effect of immunotherapy and promotes the malignant progression of tumors. Besides the own factors of the cells， the expression of PD-L1 is regulated by a variety of factors. In recent years， many studies have shown that some inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment， such as interferon-γ （IFN-γ）， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and so on， regulate PD-L1 expression through various mechanisms， thus promoting the immune escape of tumor cells and affecting the prognosis of patients. In this article， we briefly review the regulatory effects of major inflammatory cytokines on tumor cell PD-L1 expression and the mechanisms in order to provide a reference for improving the clinical efficacy of anti-PD-L1 treatment and studying new tumor immunotherapy pathways.     

减量施肥后不同水肥一体化模式对春大棚辣椒产量和效益的影响

以常规施肥为对照,连续两年在化肥总养分减少30%的条件下比较2种水肥一体化模式对浙江杭嘉湖地区春大棚辣椒产量和效益的影响。结果表明:与常规的穴施追肥相比,减量施肥的2种水肥一体化模式均促进了春大棚辣椒的生长,有效提高产量、效益和品质,其中半程水肥一体化模式明显优于全程水肥一体化模式。     

Repair effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanin on intestinal barrier injury in mice with ulcerative colitis induced by DSS

AIM To explore the repair effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanin on intestinal barrier injury of ulcerative colitis mice induced by dextrin sulfate sodium （DSS）. METHODS The mice were randomly divided into normal drinking group， DSS model group， different doses of purple sweet potato anthocyanin （12.5， 25， 50 and 75 mg/kg） groups， and 5-aminosalicylic acid （5-ASA） positive drug control group. Except using normal drinking water for control group， the mice in the other groups were treated with 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 7 days to induce the ulcerative colitis model. The mice in purple sweet potato anthocyanin treatment group and the 5-ASA positive drug control group were given the drug by intragastric gavage on the first day of modeling. The body weight of the mice and the hematocheziawere recorded every day. After continuous administration for 8 days， the mice in each group were killed and colon tissue was retained. Immunohistochemical technique （IHC） was used to detect the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin and inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the colon of mice. The expression of mucin in goblet cells of colon tissue was observed by glycogen PAS staining. The protein expression of ZO-1， occludin， TNF-α were determined by Western blot， Sirius red staining was used to detect colonic fibrosis in mice. RESULTS Compared with control group， the disease activity index and histological injury of DSS model mice were significantly increased（P<0.01）. Compared with model group， the disease activity index scores of the mice in different dose groups of purple sweet potato anthocyanin were decreased. The expression and distribution of ZO-1 and occludin in colon tissues were increased， and the expression and distribution of TNF-α and IL-6 in colon tissues were decreased. Glycogen PAS staining showed a significant increase in the distribution and expression of mucin in goblet cells of colon tissues in the purple sweet potato anthocyanin treatment group. Sirius red staining also showed that the degree of fibrosis in the purple sweet potato anthocyanin treatment groups was lower than that in model group. CONCLUSION Purple sweet potato anthocyanins has therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis in mice induced by DSS， mainly through up-regulating the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin， to protect the integrity of intestinal barrier， inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and intestinal fibrosis， to suppress the development of colonic inflammation.     

不同熏蒸剂杀灭无土栽培基质中尖孢镰刀菌的效果评价

通过人工接种尖孢镰刀菌于无土栽培基质,采用稀释涂抹平板法测定基质中尖孢镰刀菌的数量变化,研究威百亩、棉隆、氰氨化钙、甲醛、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫和甲基碘7种熏蒸剂不同浓度处理及作用时间对无土栽培基质中尖孢镰刀菌的作用效果。结果表明:7种熏蒸剂均可以显著降低基质中尖孢镰刀菌的数量。其中,120mg·L-142%威百亩和300mg·L-198%棉隆熏蒸5d对尖孢镰刀菌的灭杀率达100.00%;40%甲醛稀释50倍、800mg·L-1氰氨化钙、400mg·L-1二甲基二硫、150mg·L-11,3-二氯丙烯和300mg·L-1甲基碘熏蒸8d对尖孢镰刀菌的灭杀率分别达99.07%、98.71%、96.57%、94.86%和85.00%。由此得出,威百亩和棉隆对无土栽培基质中尖孢镰刀菌的灭杀效果最显著,且熏蒸时间短,其次为甲醛与氰氨化钙。     

不同补光时长对日光温室番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

在日光温室条件下,以LED植物生长灯(红蓝光比例7∶2)为补光光源,以不补光为对照,研究不同补光时长(1、2、3 h)对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,补光2 h和3 h均能明显提高番茄的株高、茎粗和叶面积;补光3 h能够显著提高番茄的单果质量、单株结果数、产量,以及果实VC、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比,产量增加7.0%,每667 m~2利润增加528.9元。综上所述,补光3 h对促进番茄生长、提高产量及改善果实品质的效果最好。     

不同防渗承载模式对沙培辣椒生长和产量的影响

以辣椒品种特罗姆为供试材料,研究了条式栽培袋、土工布衬槽、塑料薄膜衬槽、砼板制作槽及普通多孔砖砌槽5种防渗承载模式对沙培辣椒产量及生长的影响,并对不同防渗承载模式进行了成本核算。结果表明,土工布衬槽、普通多孔砖砌槽、塑料薄膜衬槽、砼板制作槽处理分别比对照(素沙)增产17.6%、15.1%、8.7%、7.4%,条式栽培袋处理比对照减产19.5%。不同防渗承载模式下沙培辣椒产量和成本比较表明,土工布衬槽、普通多孔砖砌槽和塑料薄膜衬槽处理成本价格低、增产效果显著,适宜在沙漠温室栽培中推广应用。     

Advances in PDE5 inhibitors and diseases related to cGMP signaling pathway

Phosphodiesterase 5 （PDE5） inhibitors， as drugs to dilate the corpora cavernosa of the penis through sexual stimulation， are used to treat erectile dysfunction， and are also approved for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension. With the in-depth studies， PDE5 inhibitors have been approved to treat a variety of diseases， such as cardiovascular diseases， Alzheimer disease， etc， but there is currently no overall review on clinical applications of PDE5 inhibitors. As known， the classic pathway of PDE5 inhibitors promotes cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） production. However， reports on downstream pathways regulated by cGMP are still unclear. This review summarized the research and clinical application progress of PDE5 inhibitors in different diseases， and the pharmacological bases of PDE5 inhibitors through cGMP signaling pathway are discussed.     

唐菖蒲组培脱毒技术研究

 在MS培养基上，附加5 mg/L病毒唑培养唐菖蒲，再经38~40 ℃热处理，切取微茎尖两次，去除了危害唐菖蒲的3种主要病毒TMV、CMV和TVY。以MS+ BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg／L+KT l mg/L为继代培养基，1/2MS无激素培养基为成球培养基，进行快繁获得了脱毒种球，移植后，植株生长发育状况得到明显改善。     

马铃薯真菌病害拮抗菌株鉴定及初步应用

针对马铃薯真菌病害发生严重、多种病害混合发生、缺乏安全有效防治方法的问题，对前期筛选出的高效拮抗 菌株BA-26 进行分类鉴定，研究其胞外代谢产物的稳定性，明确防病促生作用。通过形态特征、生理生化特性鉴定以及 16S rDNA 序列分析，BA-26 菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），该菌株对8 种马铃薯病原真菌均表现出 较强的拮抗作用，对茄链格孢菌（Alternaria solani）、茄病镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）、燕麦镰刀菌（Fusarium avenaceum） 的抑菌率大于80%；胞外代谢产物经100 ℃处理30 min、紫外照射8 h、pH 2～10 酸碱处理、蛋白酶处理1 h 后，相对抑菌 率均维持在80% 以上；室内抑菌活性测定结果表明BA-26 滤液对茄病镰刀菌的抑制率为91.3%；盆栽试验中，每盆施用 20 mL 浓度为4.0×10⁹ cfu · mL^-1 的BA-26 发酵液使马铃薯根长、须根数、株高、叶片中叶绿素含量分别显著增加32.07%、 111.94%、48.0%、19.6%。表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26 对马铃薯真菌病害抑菌谱宽，胞外代谢产物稳定性强，有较强的防病 促生作用，具有开发为马铃薯专用生防菌剂的潜力。     

园艺植物中类胡萝卜素合成与调控的研究进展

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