西北黄土高原红富士苹果树冻害的预防

西北黄土高原属大陆性气候,春季升温快,气温变化剧烈,容易使红富士苹果受冻。一般低洼地比高岗地严重,旱地比湿地严重。因此,除了尽量避开低洼地和风口建园,选择抗冻品种及砧木外,在防冻上还应做好以下几点：     

提高平原地区苹果品质的技术措施(上)

我省平原地区栽培有大面积的苹果,但由于生长期高温多雨,病虫害发生严重,用药次数较多,致使果面粗糙、着色不良、果实外观品质不佳,在市场上缺乏竞争力.为解决这一难题,我们推广了果树优质栽培综合技术.采取的主要措施是果实套袋,四季修剪、病虫害综合防治等,果品质量明显提高.     

鲁中山区苹果主要病虫害种类调查及灾变规律研究

对鲁中山区苹果病虫害的种类和发生情况进行了调查和研究,总结了鲁中山区苹果主要病虫害的种类,明确了优势种群,确定了主要防控对象,为该地区苹果病虫害科学防控提供依据。     

基于Android系统手机的苹果病虫害专家诊断系统设计

苹果病虫害严重制约着苹果产业的发展,专家诊断系统为快速有效的防控病虫害提供了技术支撑。现针对Android手机客户端,利用产生式规则和正向推理,创建了苹果病虫害多叉判定树和推理机,设计了基于Android系统手机的苹果病虫害专家诊断系统,该系统具有界面简单、易操作等特点,有较强的实用性和推广前景。     

有机苹果生产中病虫害有效治理方法概述

随着社会快速发展及消费者对有机食品的需求不断增加,有机苹果生产是未来发展趋势,而病虫害有效治理是有机苹果生产的关键。本文概述了有机苹果生产中病虫害农业防治、生物防治、物理防治与药剂防治四大方法,综合应用可有效控制苹果病虫害的发生、发展,确保有机苹果高质量生产。     

苹果病虫害防治的原则和关键技术

病虫害在苹果生产过程中时有发生,一旦发病,将严重影响苹果的产量和品质。近年来农药、化肥的滥用,降低了苹果的品质,增强了病虫的的抗药性,加剧了苹果病虫害发生程度,同时污染了环境。本文从生态学的角度提出了苹果病虫害防治的原则,介绍了农业防治、生物防治、化学防治3种防治方法。     

烟台地区苹果主要病虫害综合防控技术指导方案

<正>为进一步做好烟台地区苹果主要病虫害的防控,烟台市农业科学研究院烟台苹果综合试验站联合国家苹果产业技术体系病虫害防控研究室的岗位专家,研究制定了烟台地区主要病虫害防治试验方案,根据烟台地区的气候特点和病虫害实际发生情况,有针对性地开展药剂防治筛选研究。经连续多     

书讯

<正>谌有光研究员等的新著《无公害.绿色.有机苹果、梨病虫害防治》已由陕西科学技术出版社出版,各地书店公开发行。新书收录了西北黄土高原、环渤海和黄河故道三大苹果、梨产区最新病虫害防治历;系统介绍了苹果、梨主要病虫害的最新     

合阳县苹果病虫害发生防治现状、问题及对策

随着苹果栽植面积的扩大和生产年限的延长,苹果病虫害已经成为威胁苹果产量和质量的重要因素,严重制约着果农收入的增加。为此,结合当地实际情况,就如何做好苹果病虫害防治工作进行了探索,提出了对策措施。     

苹果园病虫危害情况调查及防治对策

2012年运城市苹果栽植面积15万hm2,年产苹果34．5亿kg,总产值69亿元,苹果产业已成为全市农民增收致富的支柱产业。为了引导广大果农科学用药,笔者于2012年对本地区万荣县苹果栽植示范园的病虫害发生情况进行了调查分析,提出病虫害防治年历,为广大果农提供病虫害防治关键技术参考,最终提高果农生产无公害苹果的水平,确保生产出安全的果品。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水分环境效应

塬面苹果园、农田和其它主要土地利用方式的比较研究表明,苹果园的水分环境效应表现为土壤高入渗率、降雨低产流率和强烈的蒸腾耗水作用形成的土壤低湿层,使土壤水库对干旱的调节作用丧失,导致苹果产量随年际降雨呈现较大波动。随着苹果种植面积的扩大,这种水分环境效应将加强土壤、植物、大气间的水分小循环,削弱降雨转化为地表水和地下水的比例,最终影响区域水资源的数量和果业的持续发展。     

2020年山东省泰沂山区苹果春季冻害调研报告

调查了2020年4月份3次大风降温天气对山东泰沂山区苹果主产县的影响情况。结果表明,4月5日低温冻害明显,9~12日低温冻害不明显,20~23日低温使个别地区冻害程度加剧;4月5日5~7时局部地区气温降至-6.1℃,沂水和沂源的苹果冻害严重,蒙阴稍轻,泰安、新泰和肥城基本未发生冻害;低洼地、近水地果树冻害明显高于山坡地;枝条、叶片、花瓣冻害较轻,雄蕊花药、花丝和雌蕊子房冻害较重,中心花较重边花较轻,均以子房受冻明显。在发生冻害的区域,富士品种受冻害严重,金冠、嘎拉受冻害较轻;受冻害程度晚熟品种>中熟品种>早熟品种,普通型品种>短枝型品种。     

庆阳市果园土壤养分动态变化及施肥措施

通过对庆阳市苹果园土壤养分状况的变化分析表明:苹果园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷的含量2006年较1980年均有所增加,分别增加2.36 g/kg、0.15 g/kg、8.3 mg/kg、2.8 mg/kg,速效钾含量2006年较1980年减少705 mg/kg.根据土壤肥力变化提出了保持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤肥力的培肥措施.     

黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响

 对黄土高原渭北地区旱作生草苹果园3～10月0～100 cm土层土壤水分观测结果表明: 在0～40 cm土层牧草与果树存在水分竞争, 但生草对40～80 cm土层水分具有调蓄作用, 生草种类不同, 对土壤贮水增减量的影响存在差异, 其影响主要发生在春季与秋季, 在降水丰水年影响较小, 但在降水欠水年生草对果园土壤贮水影响较大。     

黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分影响

 对黄土高原渭北旱地苹果园生草土壤养分测定结果表明：生草能提高0～60cm土层有机质含量,种植禾本科牧草有机质年积累0.1%,种植豆科牧草年积累0.15%;随生草年限的增加较深土层土壤有机质趋于增加。生草对N、P、K营养的影响主要表现在0～40cm土层,生草的前期土壤养分消耗大于积累,全N、全P、全K的演变呈现“S”型的演变过程,生草能提高0～40Cm土层水解N、速效P及速效K含量,黑麦草活化P的作用大于白三叶,而白三叶活化N的作用大于黑麦草。随着生草年限的增加,苹果产量及品质得到提高。     

The effect of short-term socio-economic and demographic change on landuse dynamics and its corresponding geomorphic response with relation to water erosion in a tropical mountainous catchment,Ecuador

The analysis of aerial photographs over a 33-year period (1962–1995) shows that land use in the study catchment is highly dynamic as a response to the land reform programs of the 1960s and 1970s and a strong population increase. The secondary forest is increasingly replaced by grassland while old grasslands are now used as cultivated land. Despite the increased pressure on the land, the upward movement of agricultural activity and the concurrent deforestation, the overall forest cover did not decline. The deforestation in the uplands is compensated for by a regeneration of secondary forest on abandoned rangelands and afforestation with Eucalyptus trees in the low-lying areas. The land use changes resulted in a strong decrease of the areas subject to intense soil degradation: afforestation with Eucalyptus trees on degraded lands was successful in controlling soil erosion in the lower parts of the catchment. The relationship between land use and sediment load in the river system is not straightforward. Statistical analysis of a time series of suspended sediment concentrations, which were measured at the outlet of three distinctive sub-catchments for a six-year period (1994 – 2000), revealed that the geomorphic response of the river system is not only dependent on the land use and the area affected by water erosion, but also on the spatial connectivity between sediment producing areas and the river network.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海城市耕地、果园土壤肥力状况

2004年辽宁省土壤肥料总站在海城市采集土壤样品322个，对有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH值、有效硫、有效镁、有效硅、有效钙、有效硼、有效钼、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌等16项土壤养分指标进行了测试分析。结果表明，海城市土壤有机质含量较低，氮素和钾素含量不足，磷素含量丰富，中量元素除钙素外基本不缺，微量营养元素硼和钼缺乏，其他很丰富。菜田的土壤肥力较高，水稻田和果园次之，旱田土壤肥力最差。旱田和果园的碱解氮、水稻田的速效钾含量偏低。     

不同覆盖物对绿地土壤和杂草的影响

利用树皮、园林有机废弃物、透水砖进行绿地土壤覆盖试验,分析了覆盖材料对绿地土壤和杂草的影响。结果表明:覆盖树皮和园林有机废弃物对绿地土壤具有一定的调温、保水、增肥的作用,随着覆盖厚度的增加,其作用也随之增加;覆盖透水砖会导致土壤pH值和容重明显增加;3种覆盖物对于绿地杂草均具有很好的抑制作用。     

Hydrological behaviour of rain gardens and plant suitability: A study in the Veneto plain (north-eastern Italy) conditions

Since spring 2011 the roof of a building on the Agripolis Campus of the University of Padova (Italy) has been used as a drainage area for two rain gardens with a circular area of about 10% and 20% of the drainage area respectively. To improve soil infiltration, the topsoil was removed up to the depth of 1 m and filled with a mix of 50% sand, 25% compost and 25% of the existing topsoil. Herbaceous perennials were selected and planted to test their adaptability to different soil water conditions in the rain garden. To evaluate the capacity of each rain garden to manage stormwater runoff a simplified water balance was done, estimating actual evapotranspiration using the WUCOLS method. From autumn 2012 runoff volumes were collected just from one pitch of the roof, and directed only into the smaller rain garden that became equal to 15% of the new roof drainage area. We thus had the possibility to test the functionality of rain gardens with three different percentages of roof drainage area: 10, 15 and 20%, even if in different periods. Results are presented relating to a four-year experimental period. Regarding hydrological behaviour, the input water volumes caused a slight overflow only during a few rainfall events. Consequently, the results showed a high capacity to manage stormwater runoff and also in the smaller rain garden almost the total roof runoff volumes infiltrated into the soil. As regards plants, the results indicated that the growth is affected by their position in the rain garden, from the wettest condition in the centre to the driest at the perimeter, except for Hemerocallis hybrida that showed great adaptability in all positions. Aster novi-belgii, Echinacea purpurea, Iris pseudacorus, Molinia caerulea and Rudbeckia fulgida also showed good adaptation, even if not in all rain garden zones, with highly aesthetic results. Lythrum salicaria and Saponaria officinalis plants appeared to be unsuitable for rain gardens. The results of the experiment have shown that, in the Veneto plain environment, rain gardens with a size of 10–15% of the roof drainage area can ensure both the sustainable management of stormwater runoff and a high aesthetic functionality.     

生草果园土壤水分的变化

果园生草是现代苹果生产中普遍提倡的技术措施之一,也是目前最有争议的技术。为了掌握生草果园土壤水分的变化规律,我们通过不同时间对生草果园土壤不同土层水分含量进行测试,发现生草果园地表湿润是以消耗深层土壤水分为代价的。苹果树为深根性作物,深层土壤水分的减少势必影响树体正常生长结果。在降水量少、没有浇水条件的果园不适宜进行生草栽培,应以清耕栽培为主,以集中水分供给,保证树体健壮生长,促进产量提高,提升苹果生产效益。