谈城镇绿化树种的选择和配置

城镇绿化的关键内容就是树种的选择和合理配置,直接影响到环境绿化效果。城镇绿化树种选择与配置时,要充分考虑地域情况、成本因素等,选择合适的树种。有鉴于此,本文分析城镇绿化树种选择与配置要点。     

森林公园绿化树种的配置及效果调查分析与建议

对某市森林公园绿化树种的现状进行了调查,并对绿化树种的配置情况做了简要分析,最后基于如何做好森林公园绿化树种的选择和配置,提出了建议和规划,希望能够对今后类似公园绿化树种的配置提高参考。     

谈城镇绿化树种的选择与配置

本文分别从树种选择的方法、相关配置及生态效益三方面对树种选择问题进行了探讨,提出了解决城镇绿化树种选择和配置问题的有效方法,为城镇绿化建设工作提供理论支持。     

市政道路绿化中的植物配置

从市政道路绿化的规则入手,对市政道路绿化中的植物配置,市政道路树种选择的原则、树种的选择和配置等方面进行了分析,探究了高速公路、立交桥和城市干道的植物配置,意在帮助城市绿化规划人员合理配置市政道路的绿化植物。     

延安新区绿化树种的选择和配置

城市园林绿化过程中,树种的选择和配置将对园林整体绿化效果造成巨大影响,因此,在城市园林绿化规划和设计时,必须结合园林绿化目标和当地环境挑选合适的绿化树种。本文以延安新区为例,就绿化树种的选择和配置开展深入研究,希望对于相关方面的研究起到一定的补充作用。     

浅谈城市园林绿化中树种选择与配置

本文结合城市园林绿化要求,在园林绿化期间树种的选择及其配置方法进行详细研究,并对树种的配置路径与方法进行总结。     

道路绿化树种的选择及绿化配置方式探讨

城市道路绿化建设工作中对于树种的选择与绿化配置,需要专业技术指导,形成具有城市文化特色的道路景观,结合土壤环境进行选种,对于土壤情况进行反向补给。本文针对道路绿化树种的选种及绿化配置方式进行研究,旨在对于绿化工作提供参考。     

刍议东北地区小城镇绿化建设中的几个问题

论述了东北地区小城镇绿化建设中应遵循的原则,即要基于东北地区特有的气候、地理条件确定绿化植被,在进行绿化设计时要体现东北小城镇的人文历史特色;在绿化树种的选择上,首先要选择病虫害发生少、方便防治的乡土树种,在植被配置上要兼顾生物多样性以及功能性与观赏性的结合.     

浅议成都市道路绿化树种的选择

近年来,成都园林绿化建设取得了很大成绩,道路绿化也较以前大为改观。成都市道路绿化在树种选择上具有观赏价值高、功能性较强、多样性丰富及配置合理等几个特点,但在突出个性和文化特色以及彩叶植物、乡土树种的利用等方面还存在不足之处。本文对成都市道路绿化树种的选择进行分析,提出道路绿化所选树种应体现地域特色及凸显成都的文化特色,同时要加强彩叶植物和乡土树种的运用等几点建议,供道路绿化借鉴。     

现代城市道路绿化设计及植物选择

城市生态系统脆弱而不稳定,强调城市道路绿化要体现实用价值和观赏价值。文章基于城市景观、环境美化、交通改善等方面,阐述了城市道路的绿化功能;立足于功能构建的需求,分别系统的论述了人行道树绿带、分车绿带、高架道路绿化、路侧绿带等的设计;从树种选择及配置的视角,阐述了如何合理的选择树种及配置,以实现道路绿化的实用价值和观赏价值。     

Optimization of tree locations to reduce human heat stress in an urban park

Trees provide cooling benefits through shading and evapotranspiration; they are regarded as an important measure in heat-resilient urban planning and policies. Knowing where to plant trees for maximum cooling benefits, given practical and resource constraints, remains a challenge in both practice and research. Literature in the field of tree modeling and location optimization is limited, either by the incompleteness in accounting for tree shading, evapotranspiration, and the modifying effect of wind, or by the slow-running speed of the Computational Fluid Dynamics model, making them less applicable in practice. This paper describes a novel method to search for the optimal locations for trees to maximize their cooling benefits in an urban environment. A rapid simulation model was applied to assess on-site heat stress under the influences of trees, which was evaluated using field measurements conducted under hot, temperate, and cool weather conditions in an urban park in Hong Kong. It was then linked to a genetic algorithm in search of a near-optimal tree layout. The proposed method was tested in the same park, and it can automatically identify locations to plant new trees to minimize heat stress, subject to practical constraints such as avoiding existing buildings and utilities. It can also identify the optimal locations to rearrange the existing 55 trees, hypothetically, which can cool the park by up to 0.3 ℃ in on-site average equivalent temperature compared with the worse scenario. Trees can cool the most if they are concentrated on the leeward side of the park, rather than spread evenly. The proposed method runs significantly faster than existing approaches, and it can inform research and landscape design practices concerning park cooling as a goal.     

Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island

This paper presents a study of mitigation of the heat island effect in the built environment with urban (city) parks. The park cooling island (PCI) effect, considering park grass cover and trees’ density and age, is determined for selected extreme summer days at various wind speeds under the optimum soil water conditions in the root zone based on an all-day quasi-stationary thermal response. PCI was determined numerically by coupling a CFD model of an urban park and quasi-steady state, two-zone thermal response boundary condition models of each park element. The boundary models are evaluated in form of multi-parameter approximation polynomials taking into account the sensible and latent heat transfer and the geometrical, optical and thermal properties of park elements. Three-dimensional CFD modelling was used for the determination of temperature, humidity and air velocity fields in an urban park with a size of 140 m × 140 m. Based on the comparison of the measured and numerically determined air temperatures in the tree crowns, we proved that the method of linking the models is adequate for temperature and flow condition modelling in the city park environment.The results are presented in the form of local PCI as the difference between local air temperature in the pedestrian zone and the reference air temperature preceding the park. The study proved that it is possible to normalise the cooling effect using the specific dimensionless coefficient of leaf area (LAI_sp), which includes an approximation of the density of trees planted in the park and their size or age. It was found out that the cooling effect of the park is up to ?4.8 °C at LAI_sp, equal to 3.16, which corresponds to a planting density of 45 trees per hectare, with an age of 50 years. It was also found that with the length of the park cooling effect change decreases. The optimal length of the park with a LAI_sp 3 is 130 m.     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.     

浅谈雕塑公园规划与雕塑设计——以广州市雕塑公园为例

雕塑公园是中国近年来公园建设的新形式，并已有诸多优秀案例。广州市雕塑公园作为优秀的雕塑公园，无论在公园主题类型、后期维护管理，还是具体雕塑作品的材质、设计尺度与互动性注重方面都做得非常到位。文章即从以上几个方面以广州雕塑公园为例，探讨雕塑公园的规划与具体设计。     

老年人适用公园绿地建设评价调查

构建适宜老年人的城市公园绿地是老龄化社会的迫切需求。现对南京市3个公园绿地老龄使用者进行访问和问卷调查,并对评价结果进行分析。结果表明:中等规模的公园且有专门管理团队的公园更受老年人欢迎;休息座椅、小广场、园林建筑等设施是老年人在公园绿地活动喜欢的设施,但相对较为缺乏,公园来园安全程度较好;老年人对全市公园建设较为满意,同时老年人希望全市公园绿地需进一步加强管理、增加数量、扩大面积。     

Changes over time in tree cavity availability across urban habitats

In urban ecosystems, tree cavities provide critical habitat for a variety of wildlife, and their occurrence is influenced by tree health, management, and cavity excavators. Changes over time in vegetative structure, human use patterns, and built environment affect the formation and persistence of tree cavities, and these changes may differ in various urban habitats. Trees with some decay are often associated with tree cavities, however, parks and residential habitats which are highly managed often lack highly-decayed trees, and large trees which are dead and damaged are likely to be removed and replaced with saplings. We surveyed changes over seven years (in 2013 and 2020) in the abundance of both excavated woodpecker cavities and decay cavities, in three urban habitats (forest, park, and residential) in the Chicago region, IL, USA. We observed greater stability of cavity abundance in managed park and residential habitats over time. Low numbers of highly-decayed trees in park and residential habitats were associated with reduced excavated cavity presence compared to forests. As expected, in both 2013 and 2020, the probability of cavity presence for both excavated and decay cavities was increased with greater tree size and higher levels of tree decay, though the patterns of this association varied between habitat types and years. The continued replacement and maintenance of existing trees means that managed park and residential habitats were more stable than unmanaged forest remnants, which are vulnerable to large changes in tree characteristics which could foster unpredictable booms or busts in cavity supply. A stable inventory of tree-cavities depends on preserving large trees, and decay of urban trees benefits habitat quality for cavity-nesters. Pruning of branches or removal of dead trees curtails the life-cycle of tree cavities in decayed branches, so that more highly managed habitats contain fewer cavities than the number of trees could potentially support. Cavity abundance could be improved in stable habitats through reduced intervention where safe, allowing cavity development to occur in situ.     

The effect of salt stress on lime aphid abundance on Crimean linden (Tilia ‘Euchlora’) leaves

Many authors claim that trees planted along streets are weaker because of environmental pollution, especially high soil salinity, which results in greater susceptibility to attacks by pathogens. The Tilia ‘Euchlora’ (Crimean linden) is described as one of the urban greenery species that is most prone to the effects of salinity. The aim of this research was to assess the influence of salt stress on the lime aphid abundance on the leaves of Tilia ‘Euchlora’. The average number of aphids was lower for trees growing along the street and subjected to de-icing salt than in the controlled park area. It was strongly negatively correlated with the Na and Cl level in the leaves, whereas it was positively correlated with the content of N and P. The study showed that the aphids’ abundance was most strongly influenced by the N and Cl content in the leaves (although in opposite ways). When the amount of nitrogen increased by 1.0% (from 2.0 to 3.0%), the abundance of aphids increased by 116%. An increase by 1.0% (from 1.0 to 2.0%) in the Cl content in the leaves resulted in a decrease in the abundance of aphids by 36%. The toxic Cl level (over 1%) was exceeded only in the leaves of trees growing along a busy street (79% of the examined individuals in this location), whereas it ranged from 0.23% to 0.40% for the trees from the park. There was concluded that aphids probably prefer trees with healthier leaves for their feeding, i.e. leaves of lower amount of Cl and Na, while with higher concentration of N.     

Tree crown traits and planting context contribute to reducing urban heat

Urban warming affects many millions of city dwellers worldwide. The current study evaluated the extent to which trees reduce air and surface temperatures in urban settings across Greater Sydney, Australia. Summertime air and surface temperatures were measured directly in the shade of 470 individual trees planted in three contrasting contexts (parks, nature strips, asphalt) and compared with temperatures in paired adjacent areas receiving full sunlight. Differences between shade and sunlit temperatures were evaluated against measured morphological traits (leaf area index [LAI], clear stem height, crown depth, height and diameter at breast height) for all trees. On average, tree shade reduced mean and maximum air temperatures by 1.1 °C and 3.7 °C, respectively. Temperatures of standardised reference surfaces (black and white tiles and artificial grass) in tree shade were up to 45 °C lower compared to full-sun exposure, and were also lower in parks and nature strips compared to asphalt settings. The surface temperature of shaded natural grass was cooler compared to sunlit natural grass, although this difference did not vary between nature strip and park settings. The magnitude of air and surface temperature reductions due to tree shade was significantly, positively related to tree-level LAI and these relationships were stronger in asphalt and park contexts compared to nature strips. These findings can inform decisions made by urban managers and planners around the selection of tree characteristics to enhance cooling benefits in different contexts, as an important step towards more liveable and resilient cities.     

聊城市凤凰苑园林植物资源调查

通过对聊城市凤凰苑园林绿化植物种质资源的调查,得知凤凰苑内用于绿化的树种共有83种隶属43科49属,针对目前凤凰苑园林绿化植物运用中存在的一些问题,提出了解决问题的方法及建议,旨在为聊城市制定园林绿化规划、建设花园城市提供一定的理论依据和参考.     

广州市公园土壤重金属含量特征及潜在生态危害评价

为研究广州市公园的土壤重金属累积程度及其对环境的影响,在6公园中采集表层土壤样本,分析测定表层土壤中的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等5种重金属的含量及相关性,运用潜在生态危害指数法对6公园土壤污染状况进行评价。结果显示:Cu-Zn、Cd-Ni、Cd-Pb之间的相关性达到极显著水平,采用潜在生态危害指数评价各重金属的危害程度依次为:Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni。其中Cd是广州6个公园土壤的主要污染重金属元素。各公园潜在生态危害指数依次为:瀛州生态园(166.86)>人民公园(99.20)>珠江公园(94.27)>麓湖公园(88.83)>流溪河国家森林公园(54.55)>广东树木园(35.19)。