荔枝DUS测试数量性状分级研究

【目的】荔枝特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试指南中的数量性状是极易受环境条件影响的性状。通过对荔枝测试指南中数量性状的分级研究,以期为荔枝品种数量性状客观准确的描述提供技术依据,以确保荔枝品种DUS测试工作顺利开展。【方法】以74个具有广泛代表性的荔枝品种为研究对象,对荔枝测试指南中9个数量性状进行观测,并依据各性状的特点选择最适的分级方法,对各数量性状的表达状态进行分级范围划分。【结果】9个数量性状变异范围为12.35%~33.09%,性状间相关系数分布在-0.14~0.75之间;正态性分析(K-S检验)结果表明,9个数量性状中有7个数量性状符合正态分布,采用最小显著差法分级,其他性状用极差法分级。【结论】对9个数量性状进行的分级范围研究结果可作为今后荔枝DUS测试数量性状描述分级的依据。     

姬松茸栽培工艺的研究

通过研究姬松茸栽培过程中制种料、栽培料、料厚度、指种量、播种方式、栽培料的处理方式及不同C/N等工艺参数与菇产量的相关性,确立了较好的栽培工艺。以稻草料为制种料,以改进的草菇科为栽培料,料厚13.5kg/m~2,播种量6％,面播,田栽处理的产量较高。但大面积推广宜采用床栽,栽培料加入864茵液堆制,菇产量扶对照提高54.38％。栽培料适宜的C/N为29∶1。     

Fractal characteristics of two-dimensional images of ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to two tree configurations after their winter pruning

The structural diagrams of apple trees are the comprehensive reflection of the effects of their training and pruning as well as their physiological and ecological characteristics and yield. However, there have been few research reports on the characteristics of the structural diagrams of apple trees. The study investigated the fractal dimension numbers and fractal characteristics of the two-dimensional images of 5-year-old and 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to the tall spindle configuration and the open-center configuration employing box-counting in combination with the image processing technology of the Photoshop. The two-dimensional images of apple trees with the different configurations differed and varied with their ages. The fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 10-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6625 and 1.6531 respectively while the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 5-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6429 and 1.6377 respectively. As the age of the apple trees increased, the spatial quantities and distributions of trunks and branches got slightly intensified, and the fractal dimension numbers of their two-dimensional images and the apple yield increased correspondingly. The comparison of the fractal characteristics of the apple trees with the same age, which were trained to the different configurations, revealed that under the same age, the branch quantities and the apple yield of the apple trees with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration, so that under the same age the fractal dimension numbers with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration. These results showed that the fractal dimension number of the two-dimensional images of apple trees depended upon their trunk and bough distribution and at the same time it increased with their apple yield as well. Therefore, the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of apple trees could be employed as an indicator for assessing training and pruning effects on apple trees and their fruit yield.     

牛角瓜花部综合特征与繁育系统

野外调查发现,牛角瓜（Calotropis gigantean）的自然坐果率较低,影响了利用其种子纤维的开发前景。研究了牛角瓜的传粉生物学,观察了云南元江牛角瓜居群的开花进程、花部特征和访花昆虫,检测了其花粉活力与柱头可授性,并对其进行了人工授粉辅助试验。结果表明：（1）牛角瓜花为聚伞形花序,花冠蓝紫色,花期全年,单花花期7 ~ 8 d,在开花整个过程中花粉一直保持较强活力且柱头具有可授性,花药一直低于柱头,由蜡质薄膜包裹的花粉粒形成花粉块,无法散落至柱头,花药和柱头间存在空间隔离。（2）牛角瓜的杂交指数为4,说明其繁育系统以异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。（3）人工授粉试验显示,牛角瓜不能在柱头表面完成授粉,而是在柱头腔中,且存在一定的传粉限制;没有自发的自花传粉现象,在自然条件下也没有无融合生殖现象,人工异株授粉结实率比自花授粉结实率高。（4）昆虫借助足部特殊结构将花粉块移出并将花粉块通过花药裂口插入柱头腔中以完成授粉;牛角瓜访花昆虫共有10余种,传粉昆虫主要有膜翅目的黑小蜜蜂、圆柄木蜂和木蜂。花粉限制是牛角瓜坐果率低的主要原因,可通过放养传粉昆虫来提高牛角瓜的坐果率,从而增加其种毛纤维的产量。     

滨海城市盐碱地园林绿化技术探讨

随着国民经济和社会的迅速发展,人口增长与耕地减少的矛盾日益突出,各类盐土资源,特别是我国海岸带盐土作为一种重要的土地后备资源,亟待去开发、利用和保护.现针对滨海盐碱地区土壤条件苛刻,土地生产力低,难于建立植被,严重制约这些地区园林绿化的质量和数量等问题,在原有滨海城市盐碱地园林绿化技术的基础上,通过物理措施、工程措施、化学措施、生物措施等改良盐碱地土壤环境并结合选择耐盐植物,为这一地区盐碱地改良及城市绿化提供适宜的树种和技术标准,丰富沿海地区园林树种,增加树种多样性,改善沿海发达地区的生态环境和投资环境,为我国东部沿海地区园林绿化成活率提供重要保障.     

赤霉素对露地栽培月季‘卡罗拉’生长发育的影响

通过喷施不同浓度的GA_3(以喷水为对照),记录初花和谢花日期,于盛花期时调查花枝长、花柄长、株高及叶片长宽比等生长指标,研究赤霉素处理对露地栽培切花月季‘卡罗拉’生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同浓度GA_3处理对其株高、花枝长、花柄长均具有不同程度的促进作用。300 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理,平均花枝最长,叶片长宽比值最大;300和400 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理,平均花柄最长;500 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理,平均株高最高。对300 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理的植株材料进行扫描电镜观察及RT-PCR分析结果发现,RhGA2ox、RhGA20ox、RhGA_3ox及RhGID1基因表达上调,表明促进了体内GA_3的积累,诱导了生长素合成相关基因的表达,导致植物细胞伸长、细胞体积增大,因而促进植株增高、叶片变长;开花相关基因RhAP1、RhKSN和RhSOC1的表达先上升后下降;RhAP1、RhFT和RhSOC1的表达,尤其是开花素基因RhFT在21 d时的高水平表达可能造成比对照提早开花;而RhKSN基因高水平表达抑制了开花基因表达导致开花期延长。     

Effect of VEGF/bFGF complex peptide vaccine on toxicity and reproductivity in female-mice

AIM: To investigate the toxicity and reproductive effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) complex peptide vaccine (VBP3) on the female-mice. METHODS: The VBP3 was purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The female BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified VBP3. The antibody titer in the serum was detected by ELISA. The data of the body weight and the organ weight of the parent mice were gathered and analyzed, and the pathological changes of the organs were observed with HE staining to investigate the toxicity of VBP3. To investigate the toxicity of VBP3 in the F1 mice, the parent immunized female mice were mated with the parent non-immunized male mice. After the F1 mice were born, the survival rate was calculated, the change of the body weight and the organ weight of the F1 mice were also determined. The pathological changes of the organs in F1 mice were also observed with HE staining. RESULTS: In the parent mice, high titers of the antibodies were detected against VEGF and bFGF, and no difference of the body weight, the organ weight and the pathological change between the immunized mice and control mice was found. In the F1 mice, a low titer of anti-bFGF antibody was detected compared with blank group. The survival rate in control group was higher than that in immunized group. In the 2 groups of the F1 mice, no obvious difference of the weight of the spleen, kidney, lung and heart was observed, and there was some difference in the weight of liver between the 2 groups. The results of the HE staining in the F1 mice showed some difference in the liver between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: VEGF/bFGF complex peptide vaccine has no obvious organ toxicity in the parent female mice, but has some side effects on the reproductive and the healthy processes of F1 mice.     

栽培种管理应是菌种管理的重点

在食用菌生产中 ,母种、原种、栽培种各有其不同的功能 ,混淆各类菌种的功能 ,忽视对栽培种的管理 ,会对食用菌产业的发展带来严重的负面影响。因此 ,在菌种管理体制中应当以栽培种的质量控制为菌种管理重点     

干旱胁迫下外源物质对黄瓜幼苗的影响

用水杨酸、草酸、脯氨酸对黄瓜种子进行浸种处理以及对黄瓜幼苗进行叶面喷施处理,研究其幼苗在干旱胁迫下体内SOD、CAT、MDA、Pro、电导率以及叶片水势的变化及其与外源物质的关系,为减轻干旱对黄瓜幼苗的伤害采取措施提供理论依据.结果表明:浓度为1.0、2.0、4.0 mmol/L水杨酸浸种处理可以显著改善幼苗的生长状况,使植株低矮、粗壮,对形成黄瓜壮苗有积极的促进作用;水杨酸、草酸和脯氨酸对黄瓜种子进行浸种处理,在干旱胁迫下,水杨酸2.0 mmol/L浸种处理能提高黄瓜幼苗的耐旱性,随干旱胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜叶片电解质的渗出增加,CAT活性增强,MDA含量增加,叶片水势降低;水杨酸、草酸和脯氨酸在黄瓜幼苗四叶一心期进行叶面喷施处理,水杨酸0.1 mmol/L能显著缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,草酸5 mmol/L喷施处理效果次之,以上处理均能提高黄瓜幼苗的耐旱性;水杨酸、草酸和脯氨酸叶面喷施处理具有时效性,其有效处理在3 d之内作用效果明显,提高了黄瓜幼苗的耐旱性,在喷施药剂处理的第5天,作用效果明显减弱,喷施药剂的第7天,几乎完全没有作用;水杨酸可以提高黄瓜幼苗的耐旱性,使其保护酶活性提高,增加Pro含量,减少MDA积累对膜造成的伤害.     

法律环境差异对食用菌出口集中度稳定性的影响

实证考察不同法律环境影响下食用菌的出口集中度稳定性。各国法律环境指数涉及到的3项综合指标为:保护生产者合法权益程度、保护消费者合法权益程度及保护知识产权程度,并用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数(HHI)和行业集中率(CRn)指数计算各项指标影响下2005年~2015年我国食用菌出口集中度稳定性。结果表明,在保护生产者合法权益程度与保护消费者合法权益程度的影响下,食用菌出口市场较为集中稳定;在保护知识产权程度的影响下,食用菌出口集中度稳定性较低,出口市场比较分散。基于以上结果,提出改善法律环境、推动出口产业集中度、拓展出口市场多元化、提升质量和国内需求等提高食用菌出口集中度稳定性的合理建议。     

Cell division and expansion in the cucumber fruit

The contributions of different fruit parts to the growth of a parthenocarpic cucumber fruit were analysed throughout fruit development. Growth in length and circumference were measured along the fruit. Cell size was measured at several places in the pericarp of the fruit during its development and the contribution of cell division and expansion to the growth of the fruit was quantified. All parts along the fruit expanded in length and thickness at approximately the same rate, except for the fruit ends, where the growth rate slowed down sooner than in the middle part. The increase in thickness of the fruit was the result of a constant increase in thickness of placenta and pericarp throughout development of the fruit. No specific expansion zones were observed. Cells expanded continuously throughout ovary and fruit development. Cell division, however, was restricted to the first part of the growing period. Cell size decreased from the peduncle end towards the blossom end of the fruit. Along the pericarp radius there was also a gradient in cell size with the largest cells in the middle of the pericarp. During fruit development the zone with the largest cells shifted a little towards the epidermis. Although there were marked differences in cell size within a fruit, all cells continuously expanded and cell division ceased in the whole fruit at approximately the same time.     

不同气体成分对意大利葡萄贮藏中乙醇、乙醛含量的影响

研究了9种气体组分对意大利葡萄中乙醇、乙醛含量的影响,初步确定了5%O2+3%CO2气调指标下意大利葡萄中乙醇、乙醛含量处于最低和较低水平;5%CO2+3%O2气调指标下,浆果中乙醛含量最高;8%CO2+5%O2气调指标下,浆果中乙醇含量最高。当CO2浓度低于5%时,CO2浓度对浆果中乙醇、乙醛含量均无影响;O2浓度、O2浓度与CO2浓度交互作用对浆果中乙醇含量有显著影响;O2浓度对浆果中乙醛含量有一定影响;O2浓度与CO2浓度交互作用对浆果中乙醛含量有显著影响。     

果树根构型及其与营养和激素的关系

不仅树型(株型)影响果树产量和质量,根构型对果树生产也有重要意义。介绍了根构型的特点、根构型对环境营养状况的反应及其对养分吸收的影响,以及营养因素和激素对根构型的影响。指出果树根构型比1年生作物更加多样化,骨干根与毛细根的发生和生长状况是影响根构型的主要因素,果树可以通过根系变长、变细以及数量和密度的增加等方式改变根构型;生长素、细胞分裂素、乙烯和赤霉素等植物激素对根构型构建起主要调节作用,营养元素可以通过内源激素调控果树的根构型。根构型与养分吸收有很大的关联,通过构型的改变,可以增加根系与介质的接触表面积,促进营养元素的吸收利用。加强果树根构型研究,揭示果树根构型与营养的关系,构建理想根构型,对于果树根系管理和养分的高效利用有重要价值。     

短截修剪程度对‘红灯’甜樱桃~(13)C和~(15)N分配利用的影响

以2年生‘红灯’(Prunus avium L.‘Hongdeng’)/东北山樱(Cerasus sachalinensis Kom.)为试材,研究了不同短截程度对13C和15N分配和利用的影响。结果表明,新梢生长期,短截处理修剪促进了碳水化合物向根系分配,极重度短截处理使叶片和新梢中13C分配率分别减少了29.15%和7.3%,粗根和细根中13C分配率增加了46.65%和48.43%。随着时间的推移,短截处理的叶片和新梢的13C分配率均显著高于对照,多年生枝干的13C分配率随短截程度的增加而减小,根系的13C分配率以中短截最低,极重度短截最高。各处理15N利用率从高到底依次为中度短截对照极重度短截,在新梢停长期差别最大,3个处理15N利用率分别为6.91%、5.54%和3.60%;多年生枝干15N分配率随短截程度的增加而减小,短截处理叶片和新梢的15N分配率随短截程度的增加而增加。     

环剥宽度对冬枣果实发育及品质的影响

以4 a生冬枣果实为试材,分析环剥宽度处理对果实发育和品质的影响.结果表明:不同环剥宽度的处理对树体生长影响不同,环剥宽度为0.9 cm的试验树坐果率最高,环剥宽度1.2 cm的试验树枣果在含糖量和可溶性蛋白含量方面显著高于其它处理和对照,故从环剥宽度对试验树果实品质、树体产量和营养回流等方面的影响考虑,对于树势中庸的4 a生冬枣树在生产上建议采用盛花期0.9 cm左右的环剥宽度.     

蔷薇科12种植物导管类型的解剖学观察

该文初步研究了蔷薇科(Rosaceae)9属12种代表植物的导管类型、数量及导管分子的长度、口径,纤维分子的长度、口径。结果表明:较进化的树种,一般都是孔纹和网纹导管,较原始的树种,一般都是环纹和螺纹导管;导管分子长的则导管口径小,导管分子短的则口径大;纤维分子长度普遍大于导管分子长度,而纤维分子的口径也普遍小于导管分子的口径。     

玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇夏季出菇试验

玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇夏季出菇试验结果表明，双孢蘑菇新品种9801的产量、质量和抗逆性均有明显提高；培养料内添加食用菌专用发酵剂可以缩短发酵周期，提高发酵质量；培养料中和覆土内活加双孢蘑菇专用添加剂能提高双孢蘑菇子实体质量。玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇的生物学效率可达到50%以上，产量可达10kg/m^2以上。     

Reduced pollen tube growth and the presence of callose in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado

Pollen tube growth was studied in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado. Self-pollination of the male stage occurred but pollen tubes did not reach the ovary. When female and male stages were hand pollinated, fewer pollen tubes were present in the pistil of the male than in the female stage. A tube reached the ovary in only 1 of 110 male stage pistils, as compared with all female stage pistils observed. Flowers pollinated in the female stage were retained on the plant for longer than flowers pollinated in the male stage.Aniline blue-positive and resorcin blue-positive material (callose) was not present in the pistil of flowers in the female stage but occurred in 46% of the aniline blue-stained and 30% of the resorcin blue-stained pistils in the male floral stage. By 42 h after first opening, callose was present in every pistil observed, in association with the cell walls of the stigmatic papillae, the transmitting tissue, the vascular tissue or the cortex and epidermis or a combination of these tissues. Callose occurred earlier in pollinated than in unpollinated pistils, particularly in the transmitting tissue.It is suggested that reduced pollen tube growth in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado is associated with the presence of callose.     

《果树学报》2001—2007年载文作者群统计分析

运用文献计量学的方法,选用2001-2007年《果树学报》的论文共1066篇,重点从载文量的时间分布、作者群的地域和所属单位分布、核心作者群的数量及论文作者的合著率等方面进行统计分析,从作者研究的角度对该刊作为果树届的名刊进行论证,得出《果树学报》近7年发展的一些规律,即载文量增加,载文信息增大,论文作者涉及地域渐广,核心作者群已形成,作者合作意识较强,平均合著率97.08%,合著率高。     

大棚油桃生长发育的特点

调查了油桃主要栽培品种曙光、丹墨、早红艳和千年红在大棚内生长发育情况,结果表明:(1)长梢生长有3个高峰期,第一生长高峰比露地明显延后25d,主要是由于棚内低温寡照所致。(2)果实膨大遵从“双S”规律,第一膨大阶段比露地明显延长,硬核期比露地推迟16d。果实成熟期比露地推迟19d。(3)干周粗度与深层根系的须根量呈正相关,相关系数为r=0.86509,达显著水平。根系量越多,分布越深,树势就越旺。树势过旺,会影响树冠中下部短枝的花芽分化。