痕量灌溉对温室生菜生长和产量及水分利用效率的影响

以生菜品种"北京101"和"皇帝"为试材,以常规滴灌和减量滴灌为对照,研究了痕量灌溉系统对日光温室生菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与常规滴灌相比,低痕量和高痕量灌溉不影响生菜的株高、单株外叶重和单株净菜干重;单株净菜鲜重、单株根鲜重/干重、经济产量和地上生物量以常规滴灌最高,但与痕量灌溉无显著差异;低痕量灌溉水分利用效率最高,较其它处理提高8.2～30.7kg/m3。     

交替根区滴灌对西瓜生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为探索设施西瓜栽培的最优灌水策略，以“早佳8424”西瓜为研究对象，在早春塑料大棚栽培模式下，以常规滴灌为对照，设置3个交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限分别为70%、80%、90%田间持水量)，研究不同灌溉模式对西瓜生长、产量、品质、养分吸收及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限和下限分别为90%和60%田间持水量)的综合性状最好，其主蔓长、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、平均单果质量、产量及果实中心可溶性固形物含量、全氮含量、全钾含量均较对照显著提高；理论产量达48 217.5 kg/hm²，水分利用效率达78.21 kg/m³，较对照分别增长11.09%和35.50%；且较对照节水33.01%，具有明显的节水效果和较高的水分利用效率，不仅促进了西瓜生长、品质提升以及养分吸收，同时可以实现高产、节水，有效提升灌溉水分利用效率。     

分区交替灌溉对黄冠梨生长结果和果实品质的影响

10～11年生黄冠梨树2年分区交替灌溉的试验结果表明,分区交替灌溉较常规灌溉用水量减少40%,显著抑制了树体的营养生长量,对花朵坐果率、花芽形成量、单果重和产量无显著影响,果实干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度显著提高,果实的含酸量显著降低。     

M畦膜下沟灌溉对水分利用率及番茄产量的影响

为了缓解水资源紧缺现状,研究果蔬类科学灌溉,全面提升水资源的利用率和水分生产效率.以“朝研229”番茄为试材,研究比较了M畦膜下沟灌溉、膜上灌溉和传统的畦灌对番茄水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:各处理番茄的株高、茎粗、叶面积,随生育期呈增加趋势,M畦膜下和膜上灌溉处理单果质量与小区产量、667 m2产量无显著差异,但与传统灌溉差异显著,M畦膜下沟灌溉、膜上灌溉比传统灌溉分别节水175.0、200.0 m3/667m2.设施果类蔬菜灌溉采用M畦膜下沟灌具有节水、节肥、增产、省时省工,提高水分生产的作用.     

不同水肥供应对结球甘蓝产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响

以京育1号为试材,研究了不同水、肥供应对西北地区结球甘蓝产量、品质、水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:比当地传统灌水量灌水下限降低10%灌溉(1 960 m3·hm-2)和节肥20%施肥量(氮304 kg·hm-2、磷204kg·hm-2和钾72 kg·hm-2)处理的结球甘蓝VC、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量较高,硝酸盐含量较低,均显著优于当地传统灌溉施肥处理;水分利用效率较高,氮素表观利用效率最高;经济产量和生物产量分别为91、132 t·hm-2,虽然与当地传统灌溉施肥处理无显著差异,但有节水节肥、保护环境的优势。综合评价,比当地传统灌水量灌水下限降低10%的灌溉和比当地传统施肥量节肥20%的施肥组合为较适宜当地结球甘蓝生长的水肥供应方案。     

不同结果部位对猕猴桃果实产量及品质的影响

为了给猕猴桃花果管理和果实适时采收提供理论依据,并为制定科学的猕猴桃栽培技术和管理措施提供参考,连续3a(2009～2011年)对猕猴桃不同结果部位的果实产量和质量进行研究。结果表明:在结果母蔓上顶芽、次芽和三芽等形成结果蔓的果实单果重、产量之间都存在差异显著水平;果实含糖量之间不存在差异显著水平,其大小顺序,次芽蔓果顶芽蔓果三芽蔓果;果实后熟时间,顶芽蔓果次芽蔓果三芽蔓果。在树体上部结果母蔓、中部结果母蔓和下部结果母蔓的果实单果重、产量之间都存在差异显著水平;果实含糖量之间不存在差异显著水平,其大小顺序为中部果下部果上部果;果实后熟时间,上部果中部果下部果。在结果蔓上第1、2、3节位果与第4节位果的单果重之间存在差异显著水平,而前3节位果实单果重相互之间不存在差异显著水平,第2节位与第1节位的果实产量之间不存在差异显著水平,第1节位与第3节位的果实产量和第3节位与第4节位果实产量之间都存在差异显著水平;果实含糖量之间不存在差异显著水平,其大小顺序,第3节位果第4节位果第2节位果第1节位果;果实后熟时间,第1节位果第2节位果第3节位果第4节位果。可见不同结果部位直接影响着果实的单果重、产量和果汁含糖量,也影响着果实在后熟过程中的单果失重率、果形指数和后熟时间等的变化程度。建议在猕猴桃生产上把不同结果部位作为疏花疏果和判断猕猴桃果实成熟的重要依据之一,为制定科学的猕猴桃栽培技术和管理措施提供参考。     

红富士苹果园节水灌溉方式试验研究

对果园采用畦灌、隔行交替灌溉、交替单侧沟灌和不灌溉4种灌溉方式,分析红富士苹果树叶光合活性、新梢生长量及果实品质,从水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率方面评价灌溉方式。试验结果表明:与不灌水和常规畦灌相比,红富士苹果生产中采用交替单侧沟灌,没有显著降低果品产量和质量,从经济产量的形成来看,显著提高了水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率,减少了果园生产用工,节约了生产用水,提高了灌溉收益率。     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。     

灌水量对温室自根与嫁接黄瓜根系分布及水分利用效率的影响

 为探求黄瓜适宜的节水灌溉方式,以温室栽培的黄瓜自根苗和嫁接苗为试验材料,设定每次灌水150、300和450 m³ · hm^-2的不同灌水量,研究灌水量对黄瓜根系分布、商品瓜产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与常规灌水量对照（每次450 m³ · hm^-2）相比,适度减少灌水量,在多数情况下不会显著影响黄瓜根系生长、垂直分布与水分利用,每次150 m³· hm^-2的灌水量对自根与嫁接黄瓜的产量无显著影响,水分利用效率显著提高。每次150 m³ · hm^-2灌水量下,嫁接黄瓜的根系旺盛且粗壮,同时诱发了大量毛细根向土壤深层分布,使其产量显著高于自根黄瓜,因此在减量灌溉条件下,嫁接具有良好的促根节水丰产的效果。     

调亏灌溉条件下鸭梨营养生长、产量和果实品质反应的研究

调亏灌溉条件下的研究结果表明,无论在1期(萌芽至盛花后25d)还是在2期(盛花后25～80d)进行调亏灌溉,树体营养生长受到显著抑制,新梢长度较对照下降15%～25%,夏季修剪量减少18%～33%,树体叶片的相对含水量显著下降,对成龄叶片叶面积和比叶重的影响差异不显著。各处理其花朵坐果率均大于85%,没有显著抑制果径和果实鲜重的增长。在水分胁迫处理结束时,2期胁迫和1+2胁迫处理果实的可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量和全K含量显著高于对照,1+2胁迫处理的果径和果实鲜重也受到了显著抑制。在采收时各水分胁迫处理与对照相比,在产量、单果重和果实可溶性固形物含量方面无显著差异。     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

不同灌溉方法对日光温室番茄生长、品质和产量的影响

为探讨科学合理的灌溉技术，用田间小区栽培试验的方法，研究了日光温室栽培番茄，普通渗灌、节点渗灌、滴灌和沟灌等4种灌溉方法对番茄生长、品质和产量的影响。结果表明：不同灌溉方法对番茄的株高、茎粗均无明显影响，而对果实膨大速度影响显著。其中，第一穗果果径的大小顺序是滴灌〉普通渗灌〉节点渗灌〉沟灌；第二、第三穗果果径的大小顺序相同，均为普通渗灌〉节点渗灌〉滴灌〉沟灌。不同灌溉方法番茄果实的Vc、可溶性糖含量以及总酸度和糖酸比均有显著差异，总的来看滴灌、普通渗灌和节点渗灌的Vc、可溶性糖含量较高而总酸度较低。番茄产量的顺序为普通渗灌〉节点渗灌〉滴灌〉沟灌。节点渗灌水分生产效率最高。由此可以得出，从灌溉方法的效果而论保护地栽培番茄应优选节点渗灌。     

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.     

根域加温对促成栽培绯红葡萄生长发育的影响

连续2年以“Y”形整枝的2年生葡萄绯红(VitisviniferaL.cv.Cardinal)品种为试材,在超早促成栽培的早期进行根域土壤加温处理,探讨其对根域土壤温度、树体发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明,根域加温提高促成栽培早期土壤温度约10℃,各物候期均早于未加温处理2～5d,新梢生长好,叶面积大;花穗发育好,单株果穗数显著增加;果汁含糖量和果皮花青素含量增加,可滴定酸降低,果实品质提高;果粒重量、果穗重量和单株产量均显著高于未加温处理。并就根域加温效果的形成机理进行了探讨。     

不同灌水量对日光温室番茄产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响

通过温室膜下滴灌试验,研究了不同灌水量对番茄产量、品质和水分利用率的影响。结果表明:灌水量对番茄产量和果实品质有显著的影响。灌水量为375mm的处理产量达到138108kg/hm~2,比对照增产74.96%,达到极显著水平,水分利用率为1.60kg/m~3;降低灌水量可提高果实中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和维生素C等可溶物的含量。     

根际低氧胁迫对网纹甜瓜光合作用、产量和品质的影响

 采用气雾法栽培系统, 研究了网纹甜瓜根际低氧(10%、5% O₂ ) 胁迫对果实发育期间光合 作用及产量和品质的影响。结果表明: 低氧胁迫明显降低了叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率( P_n ) 、气孔导度(G_s ) 、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i ) 、蒸腾速率( T_r ) 以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率( F_v /F_m ) 和PSⅡ潜在活性( F_v /F_o ) , 显著提高了气孔限制值(L_s ) ; 显著降低了单株产量和果实中维生素C、蛋白质、可溶性糖及主要芳香物质含量, 提高了有机酸含量, 降低了糖酸比。说明网纹甜瓜果实发育期间根际O₂浓度降到10%及以下时, 光合作用及果实发育就会受到显著抑制, 从而导致产量和品质降低。     

交替根区灌溉和施氮量对葡萄幼树生长特性的影响

该试验采用盆栽进行。以2年生‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌)和施氮水平(0.4、0.8、1.2 g/kg土,依次记为低氮、中氮、高氮),研究根区交替灌溉与不同施氮量对葡萄生长特性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,在新梢修剪前,新梢长度表现传统双侧滴灌最长(77.22 cm)、交替根区滴灌居中(68.53 cm)、固定根区滴灌最短(64.50 cm)。交替根区滴灌和固定根区滴灌的新梢长度依次比传统双侧滴灌降低11.3%、16.5%;葡萄新梢修剪量依次降低10.8%、21.3%。同一灌溉方式下,随着施氮量的增加,新梢修剪量增加。与传统双侧滴灌相比,交替根区滴灌叶面积略有降低,固定根区滴灌叶面积显著降低,在局部根区滴灌2种方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积均呈上升趋势,中氮和高氮处理差异不显著;在传统双侧滴灌方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积先增加后降低。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理,交替滴灌与中氮互作能够在减少灌溉量和施氮量的条件下优化树体生长。     

Water relations and yield of lysimeter-grown strawberries under limited irrigation

The effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD), as compared to deficit irrigation (DI) and full irrigation (FI), on strawberry (cv. Honeoye) berry yield, yield components and irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I) were investigated in a field lysimeter under an automatic rain-out shelter. The irrigation treatments were imposed from the beginning of flowering to the end of fruit maturity. In FI the whole root zone was irrigated every second day to field capacity viz. volumetric soil water content (θ) of 20%; while in DI and PRD 60% water of FI was irrigated to either the whole or one-half of the root system, respectively, at each irrigation event. In PRD, irrigation was shifted from one side to the other side of the plants when θ of the drying side had decreased to 8–11%. Compared to FI plants, leaf water potential was significantly lower in DI and PRD plants in 3 out of 10 measurement occasions, while stomatal conductance was similar among the three treatments. Leaf area, fresh berry yield (FY), individual berry fresh weight, berry water content, and berry dry weight (DW) were significantly lower in DI and PRD plants than those of FI plants; whereas the total number of berry per plant was similar among treatments. Compared with FI, the DI and PRD treatments saved 40% of irrigation water, and this led to a 28 and 50% increase of WUE_I based on berry FY and DW, respectively, for both DI and PRD. Conclusively, under the conditions of this study PRD had no advantage compared to DI in terms of berry yield and WUE_I. DI and PRD similarly decreased berry yield and yield components and thus cannot be recommended under similar conditions.     

模型模拟灌水量对日光温室袋培番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

采用番茄叶面积指数模型结合水分吸收模型计算番茄植株每日需水量的方法,研究不同灌水量(CK,经验型灌水量;W1,模型计算灌水量;W2,低于模型计算15%灌水量;W3,低于模型计算25%灌水量)对日光温室基质袋培番茄生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:番茄植株的株高、茎粗、果实横径、光合速率和地上部干质量等随灌水量的减少呈下降趋势;对照的单株产量最高,为4.66kg,分别比W1、W2和W3处理增产4.3%、23.3%和47.9%,但与W1处理差异不显著;适宜降低灌水量可增加果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比及VC含量,果实品质提高,其中W3处理最优,W1处理次之;W1处理的水分利用率最高,为51.76kg·m-3,分别比对照、W2和W3处理高出10.3%、0.6%和5.9%。在本试验条件下,W1处理在保证番茄产量和品质的基础上,显著提高了水分利用效率,该复合模型适合日光温室基质袋培番茄水分管理应用。     

A comparative study of young ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under drip and furrow irrigation. II. Growth, water use efficiency and nitrogen partitioning

The response of 3-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) to furrow and drip irrigation was quantified in terms of water status, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). Drip irrigation was applied daily according to best estimates of vineyard evapotranspiration while furrow irrigations were applied when 50% of the plant available soilwater content had been depleted. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status (midday leaf water potential, Ψ₁) and shoot growth patterns throughout the season. Dry weight partitioning was not significantly different between treatments but root mass was somewhat larger for the furrow than drip irrigated vines. Nitrogen concentrations of the fruit and roots were significantly (P < 0.05) less for the drip irrigated vines when compared with the furrow treatment. Similar WUE (kg water kg⁻¹ fresh fruit wt.) were obtained for both treatments indicating that furrow irrigation was as efficient as drip irrigation under the conditions of this study. The data indicate that drip irrigation may increase the potential for control of vine growth by making vines more dependent on irrigation and N fertilization than furrow irrigation.