杂种落叶松未成熟胚的体细胞胚发生和植株再生

以未成熟合子胚为外植体,建立杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导和植株再生体系.从日本落叶松5×长白落叶松77.3和日本落叶松5×兴安落叶松9两个家系诱导出胚性愈伤组织,授粉后65天左右采集的合子胚在添加0.5 mg·L-1 2,4-D+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.5 mg·L-1 KT的S培养基上胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高,为10%.从胚性愈伤组织中筛选出3个具有稳定分化能力的胚性细胞系,其中授粉后65天采集的日本落叶松5×长白落叶松77-3合子胚诱导的胚性细胞系的每克胚性愈伤组织形成的体胚数、体胚萌发率、植株再生率最高,分别为18.1个,77.O%,28.1%.再生植株的移栽成活率为41.8%.     

天山云杉体细胞胚的成熟及萌发条件

【目的】建立天山云杉体细胞胚成熟及萌发阶段的适宜培养条件,为该树种的体细胞胚大规模繁殖和工厂化生产提供基础。【方法】以天山云杉成熟合子胚为外植体所诱导形成的胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过14个株系、4种成熟培养基、接种量(100、150、200mg的新鲜胚性愈伤组织)、ABA浓度(1.9、3.8、7.6、19、38μmol·L^-1)等体细胞胚成熟培养条件,以及对不同起源(体细胞胚、合子胚和种子)的幼苗形态特征的比较,筛选出最优的天山云杉体细胞胚成熟与萌发条件。采用SPSS18.0等统计软件对体细胞胚进行统计分析。【结果】1)天山云杉14个株系诱导体细胞胚的结果表明,不同株系在同一成熟培养基上诱导体细胞胚的数量存在差异;其中4个株系及其接种量对体细胞胚形成数量影响的结果表明,不同株系及其接种量诱导体细胞胚的数量也存在差异,当接种量为100mg时,T36株系的体细胞胚诱导数量最高,为3470±546个,显著高于其他接种量和株系(P<0.05)。2)在4种不同成熟培养基上,均形成了成熟的体细胞胚,在1/2BLG+30g·L^-1麦芽糖培养基上形成的体细胞胚数量高于其他培养基,分别为2044个(T6株系)和2282个(T36株系),且与其他培养基差异显著(P<0.05)。3)不同ABA浓度对天山云杉体细胞胚诱导数量的影响无显著性差异(P>0.05),在ABA浓度为1.9~38μmol·L^-1时,其体细胞胚平均诱导数量为2850~2913个,其中以7.6μmol·L^-1ABA的浓度处理效果较好,平均获得2913个正常体细胞胚,高于其他处理。4)将不同起源(体细胞胚、合子胚和成熟种子)萌发的小植株进行对比,结果表明,体细胞胚和合子胚幼苗发育阶段基本一致,但合子胚的幼苗比体细胞胚的幼苗约大1倍,但二者间差异不显著(P>0.05);体细胞胚与合子胚子叶的平均数量一致,二者无显著差异(P>0.05),多数幼苗子叶数量为7~8个。【结论】天山云杉体细胞胚成熟阶段的适宜培养条件为胚性愈伤组织接种量100mg,1/2BLG培养基添加7.6μmol·L^-1的ABA及75%PEG4000、30g·L^-1麦芽糖,并添加750mg·L^-1的L-谷氨酰胺或50mg·L^-1L-天冬酰胺。不同株系在诱导体细胞胚的数量上存在差异。体细胞胚再生植株与合子胚植株在形态上相似。研究结果可为天山云杉体细胞胚的大规模繁殖和工厂化生产提供基础。     

黑松未成熟胚的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以未成熟合子胚为外植体,建立黑松体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生体系。研究基本培养基、2,4-D和6-BA对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响,探讨ABA和PEG对体细胞胚成熟及植株再生的影响。结果表明:在添加4mg·L-12,4-D+2mg·L-16-BA的DCR培养基上胚性愈伤组织诱导率为3.33%;在添加30mg·L-1ABA+25g·L-1PEG的培养基DCR上,每克愈伤组织体细胞胚数量达72个,体细胞胚的萌发率为63.8%、植株转化率为43.5%,高质量的黑松体胚能提高体胚萌发率和植株转化率,再生植株1个月移栽成活率为50%。该研究可为抗病黑松的快速大规模繁殖提供一条新途径。     

水曲柳不同外植体胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

本研究以水曲柳不同外植体(无菌苗叶片和下胚轴、未成熟合子胚、成熟和未成熟合子胚子叶)为材料，在胚性愈伤组织诱导、胚性愈伤组织增殖、体胚形成、体胚萌发生根培养基上诱导分化。结果表明，附加了5.0 mg·L^-1 NAA和2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA的激素配比的MS培养基，为诱导水曲柳胚性愈伤组织最适培养基；在5种不同的外植体中，成熟和未成熟合子胚子叶更适合作为诱导胚性愈伤组织的外植体；在诱导胚性愈伤组织中，成熟合子胚子叶诱导率为11.7%,未成熟合子胚子叶诱导率为9.7%;胚性愈伤组织在继代培养过程中，WPM为最佳基础培养基，附加0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA和0.15 mg·L^-1 2,4-D的激素配比，胚性愈伤组织的增殖系数可达到1.54。在体胚成熟过程中，MS培养基内添加1.0 mg·L^-1 ABA时，体胚的诱导率最高，达到55%。在生根萌发的WPM基础培养基中附加1.0 mg·L^-1 IBA和1.0 mg·L^-1 IAA的激素配...     

香樟未成熟合子胚体胚发生及植株再生研究

以香樟的未成熟幼胚为外植体进行诱导体胚发生影响因素的研究.成功地从香樟幼胚中诱导出胚状体并获得再生植株,MS为基本培养基,蔗糖是最佳的碳源.经2年对初生胚的继代培养,获得胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织经体胚诱导、体胚成熟、体胚萌发3个过程的诱导后能够获得再生植株.     

火炬松成熟合子胚体胚发生与成熟试验

以火炬松成熟合子胚为外植体,开展成熟合子胚体胚诱导、胚性胚柄细胞团(ESM)维持与增殖培养及体胚成熟试验。结果表明:火炬松成熟合子胚体胚诱导率为3%,远远低于未成熟合子胚;诱导获得的多数ESM在连续的增殖培养中难以生存;不同胚性细胞系体胚发育和成熟能力不同,胚性细胞系AL-225经无植物生长调节剂培养基预培养后转入AL+ABA 50 mg·L-1+15%PEG8000培养基,体胚进一步发育,但未能获得完全成熟体胚。     

麦芽糖、NAA及ABA对华北落叶松体细胞胚成熟及生根的影响

研究了麦芽糖、NAA、ABA对华北落叶松体细胞胚发生及体细胞胚根发生和再生完整植株的影响。结果表明 :在胚性愈伤组织继代、增殖过程中 ,以 0 5mg·L- 1 的NAA代替 2 ,4 -D后 ,有利于体细胞胚的成熟和根发生。在ABA 16mg·L- 1 时 ,产生的华北落叶松体细胞胚 ,能够再生良好植株 ,ABA大于 2 0mg·L- 1 时对体细胞胚根的发育不利。在含 3%麦芽糖、4 %PEG4 0 0 0活性炭 1g·L- 1 的成熟培养基上 ,华北落叶松每克愈伤组织子叶胚达 10 6 7个 ,生根率达 5 7 89% ;显著地提高了成熟体细胞胚及其根的质量。     

杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导的研究

以杂种落叶松兴7×日77-2、日12×兴9、日3×兴9、日3×兴2、日5×兴9未成熟合子胚为外植体,初步建立杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导体系。结果表明:不同杂种落叶松在不同培养基和蔗糖浓度下的诱导情况不尽相同,基本培养基中MSG与MS培养基的诱导效果比较好,激素浓度的差异对杂种落叶松也有影响,2,4-D浓度为2.0 mg/L时,诱导率高,蔗糖浓度为30 g/L能诱导出胚性愈伤组织,高浓度的蔗糖反而抑制了胚性愈伤的形成。ABA分别为0、5、10、20、30 mg/L的5个处理中,除对照及ABA30 mg/L时没有诱导出体细胞胚,其他试验组均有一定数量的体细胞胚,但诱导率较低。几种杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导最适合的采样时间是7月中旬。     

刺槐未成熟合子胚的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以刺槐不同胚龄的未成熟合子胚为外植体,采用混合正交试验设计,研究幼胚胚龄和不同外源激素种类及质量浓度对刺槐胚性愈伤组织的诱导和体细胞胚分化、萌发的影响.结果表明:开花后8周(55天左右)是胚性愈伤组织和体胚诱导的最佳外植体取材时期;MS+2,4-D 5.0 mg·L-1 +BA0.5 mg·L-1是诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基,出愈率最高为95.42％±0.02％;MS +NAA0.5 mg·L-1 +BA0.5 mg·L-1+谷氨酰胺250 mg·L-1+水解酪蛋白500 mg·L-1是体细胞胚诱导和分化的最佳培养基,直接体细胞胚发生率最高为92.40％±0.12％,通过愈伤组织诱导体细胞胚发生的频率最高为90.73％ ±0.49％.一旦形成球形胚,将培养物转接到不含任何生长调节剂的MS培养基上,体细胞胚经成熟萌发可进一步形成完整小植株.     

长白落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚胎发生

【目的】以长白落叶松的未成熟合子胚为外植体,进行胚性愈伤组织的诱导、增殖培养及体细胞胚胎发生的相关研究,揭示影响长白落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导的关键因素,并探讨继代培养过程中添加不同种类、浓度的生长调节剂对胚性愈伤组织增殖及体胚发生的影响。【方法】采集长白落叶松3个家系优良单株的种子,诱导胚性愈伤组织,比较外植体采集时间、家系、2,4-D浓度及基本培养基对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。诱导出的胚性愈伤组织继代于含不同种类、浓度生长调节剂的增殖培养基,通过体胚发生途径获得体细胞胚。选取发育正常的体胚进行萌发,待体胚生根后移栽。【结果】不同时间采集的未成熟合子胚,其胚性愈伤组织诱导率存在较大差别,授粉后63天的合子胚诱导率为5.61%,授粉后70天诱导率为22.35%,而授粉后80天未诱导出胚性愈伤组织;‘长77-22’、‘长77-37’和‘长73-50’3个家系胚性愈伤组织的平均诱导率分别为6.69%,11.17%和3.11%;2,4-D浓度对长白落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导具有一定影响,在一定范围内胚性愈伤组织的诱导率会随2,4-D浓度升高而升高,当其浓度为1.5 mg·L~(-1)时胚性愈伤组织的诱导率最高,达到11.11%,而当2,4-D浓度超过1.5 mg·L~(-1)时,胚性愈伤组织的诱导率则开始下降;BM,MS,S培养基均能诱导出胚性愈伤组织,其中,BM培养基的诱导率最高,S培养基的诱导率次之,MS培养基的诱导率最低。胚性愈伤组织在含2,4-D 0.3 mg·L~(-1)、6-BA0.1 mg·L~(-1)及KT 0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BM培养基上增殖15天可获得相对较多的胚性愈伤组织,增殖率为345.93%;在含2,4-D 1.5 mg·L~(-1)、6-BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)及KT 0.5 mg·L~(-1)的BM培养基上培养14天,再经诱导可获得较多的体细胞胚胎,每克愈伤组织平均诱导179.87个体胚,并且这些体胚的萌发率及植株再生率相对较高,分别为75.00%,66.67%;再生植株移栽成活率为27.08%。【结论】不同长白落叶松家系的胚性愈伤组织诱导率不同,散粉后70天的合子胚适合诱导胚性愈伤组织,基本培养基为BM,添加2,4-D 1.5 mg·L~(-1)。胚性愈伤组织长期继代在含高浓度生长调节剂的培养基上易丧失胚性,且增殖速度慢,但体胚的发生量及萌发率相对较高;适当降低生长调节剂浓度利于愈伤组织保持胚性及增殖,但体胚的发生量及体胚的萌发率有所下降;当培养基中生长调节剂浓度较低时,不利于愈伤组织的增殖,但仍能使其胚性长期保持;采用浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)的NAA代替0.15 mg·L~(-1)的2,4-D有助于胚性愈伤组织的增殖,并能在一定程度上提高体胚的萌发率。因此,可根据不同阶段的培养目的,选择添加不同种类和浓度生长调节剂的增殖培养基进行继代。     

火炬松胚性愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的研究

火炬松胚性愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的研究唐巍欧阳藩（中国科学院化工冶金研究所生化工程国家重点实验室北京１０００８０）郭仲琛（中国科学院植物研究所北京１０００９３关键词火炬松,体细胞胚胎发生,植株再生本文于１９９６年１０月２８日收到。国家“８６３”资...     

Efficient embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from embryonic axis explants inQuercus acutissima

Embryogenic callus ofQuercus acutissima was successfully induced from embryogenic cultures, and plants were regenerated from the callus. The development of the techniques involved will allow mass propagation and gene transformation in this species. Embryogenic cultures were formed from embryonic axis explants (i.e., embryos without cotyledons) excised from immature embryos, after culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing indolebutyric acid and benzyladenine. Attempts to induce embryogenic cultures from cotyledon explants were unsuccessful. Embryogenic calli were induced at high frequency from embryogenic cultures on MS medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. However, benzyladenine inhibited embryogenic callus formation. Somatic embryo development from embryogenic calli occurred on MS medium in all of the seven cell lines tested. Germination of somatic embryos was induced on half strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. Finally, acclimated plants growing in soil were obtained.     

Influence of osmotic pressure on somatic embryo maturation in Pinus densiflora

The effect of an osmoticum, polyethylene glycol (PEG), on somatic embryo production was examined using embryogenic cells of Pinus densiflora. In the basal medium containing 30 μM abscisic acid and 6% maltose, the quality of the embryos formed was poor even though somatic embryos were produced. The addition of PEG with molecular weight of 4000 or 8000 significantly enhanced the development of both the quality and quantity of somatic embryos. Furthermore, higher levels of a constant osmotic pressure with PEG 8000 in a range from about 300 to 450 mmol/kg could remarkably enhance the morphogenesis of somatic embryos and their number of embryos produced. A higher stable osmotic pressure with an appropriate molecular weight of PEG is a key factor for the production of good quality somatic embryos in P. densiflora.     

利用悬浮培养和培养基选择改善火炬松的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生(英文)

三个基固型的火炬松成熟合子胚被培养在附加 8mg·L-12 ,4 D ,4mg·L-1BA ,4mg·L-1KT ,5 0 0mg·L-1水解酪蛋白和 5 0 0mg·L-1谷氨酰胺的愈伤组织诱导培养基上诱导愈伤组织 .来自于子叶、胚轴和胚根的愈伤组织在附加 1 6mg·L-12 ,4 D ,0 8mg·L-1BA和 0 8mg·L-1KT的愈伤组织增殖培养基上培养 9周后 ,可获得 16 9%的胚性愈伤组织 .通过建立胚性细胞悬浮系和研究ABA、PEG和活性炭对体细胞胚成熟的促进作用 ,优化的体细胞胚胎发生体系被建立 .71棵再生小苗被用于移栽试验 ,2 3棵小苗在田间移栽成活     

Simplified and improved somatic embryogenesis of hybrid larches (Larix × eurolepis and Larix × marschlinsii). Perspectives for breeding

? Development of clonal propagation method, such as somatic embryogenesis, has numerous applications such as mass-production of genetically improved plants and the amenability of embryogenic cultures to cryogenic storage. Since the 90’s, researchers at INRA have engaged in research on somatic embryogenesis in Larix species (Larix × eurolepis, Larix × marschlinsii).

? The aim of this work was to improve and to simplify all steps of somatic embryogenesis and to apply this protocol to the new hybrid variety REVE-VERT.

? The somatic embryogenesis initiation frequency from immature zygotic embryos was high (65%) on a medium with reduced plant growth regulator concentrations (2.2 μM of 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.3 μM of 6-benzyladenine). Simplified cryopreservation method (no need of programmable freezer) of the embryonal masses resulted in 100% recovery of cryopreserved lines. Maturation of a large number of somatic embryos was greatly improved when embryonal masses were dispersed on filter paper placed on medium containing high concentration of gellan gum (8 g·L^?1). Under these conditions, 94% of the lines matured somatic embryos that developed into plantlets. Clearly ageing and cryopreservation did not reduce embryogenic potential of embryonal masses.

? Requirements for the effective integration of somatic embryogenesis into the larch breeding programme are discussed.

     

Oak somatic and gametic embryos maturation is affected by charcoal and specific aminoacids mixture

? Development of both somatic and gametic embryogenesis has many applications in clonal forestry and genetic improvement, for instance as mass-propagation of genetically improved plants and production of pure lines through doubled-haploid plant regeneration from gametic embryos.

? The goal of this work was to improve growth, maturation and plantlet regeneration of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) embryos from both somatic and gametic origin.

? Activated charcoal promoted a significant increase in growth in terms of relative size and weight of both somatic and doubled-haploid embryos, as well as a more efficient control of secondary somatic embryogenesis during development. A significant interaction was also observed with amino acid nutrition. While some amino acids (i.e., glutamine, arginine or asparagine) did not show significant differences with the controls, a mixture of these three amino acids or gamma amino butyric acid stimulated embryo growth. The highest survival rate during acclimation of plantlets from both somatic and doubled-haploid origin was obtained when the embryos had been previously cultured on basal medium with 3% sucrose and 1% activated charcoal for two months at 4 °C and germinated on medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-butyric acid.

? We obtained more than 900 cork oak plantlets acclimated from several embryogenic lines, with a high survival rate, demonstrating that this methodology is applicable for large scale plantlet production. We also report the first regeneration of doubled-haploid plantlets in cork oak.

     

Metabolite profiling reveals clear metabolic changes during somatic embryo development of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Progress on industrial-scale propagation of conifers by somatic embryogenesis has been hampered by the differences in developmental capabilities between cell lines, which are limiting the capture of genetic gains from breeding programs. In this study, we investigated the metabolic events occurring during somatic embryo development in Norway spruce to establish a better understanding of the fundamental metabolic events required for somatic embryo development. Three embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) with different developmental capabilities were studied during somatic embryo development from proliferation of proembryogenic masses to mature somatic embryos. The three different cell lines displayed normal, aberrant and blocked somatic embryo development. Metabolite profiles from four development stages in each of the cell lines were obtained using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate discriminant analyses of the metabolic data revealed significant metabolites (P ≤ 0.05) for each development stage and transition. The results suggest that endogenous auxin and sugar signaling affects initial stages of somatic embryo development. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of a timed stress response and the presence of stimulatory metabolites during late stages of embryo development.     

Polyamines in embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and red spruce (Picea rubens)

Embryogenic cultures of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were initiated from dissected mature zygotic embryos. The tissues were grown on either proliferation medium or maturation medium. On proliferation medium, the embryogenic tissue continued to produce early stage somatic embryos (organized meristems attached to elongated, suspensor-like cells), whereas on maturation medium fully mature embryos developed from the embryonic tissue. Analysis of polyamines in tissues grown on these two media showed that: (1) both putrescine and spermidine concentrations were always higher in cultures grown on proliferation medium than in cultures grown on maturation medium; (2) in both species, spermidine concentrations declined with time in the tissues grown on maturation medium; and (3) spermine was present in only minute quantities and showed only a small change with time. The presence of difluoromethylornithine in the culture medium had little effect on polyamine concentration, whereas the presence of difluoromethylarginine caused a decrease in putrescine concentrations in both red spruce and Norway spruce tissues grown on proliferation medium or maturation medium.     

核桃体细胞胚发生与转基因研究进展

总结了核桃体细胞胚发生的研究进展,列表统计已报道的核桃５个种和３个杂种体细胞胚发生的外植体与诱导条件,重点论述了影响核桃体细胞胚发生与次生胚发生的因素,介绍了核桃体细胞胚萌发与转化的方法。还总结核桃转基因研究的进展,提出了用核桃体细胞胚发生系统进行外源基因转移的操作模式。